1960—2016年陕西省降水同位素的云下二次蒸发效应
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摘要
基于陕西省1960—2016年逐日气象观测资料,利用改进后的Stewart模型,对陕西省36个气象站点的云底与地面雨滴中过量氘变化量(Δd)进行模拟,并分析了相对湿度、雨滴蒸发剩余比、蒸发速率与Δd的关系。结果表明:①从季节变化上看,陕北、关中和陕南3大区域Δd的最低值出现月份各不相同,但最高值均出现在9月。3大区域年平均Δd与陕西省多年平均Δd相比,陕北地区Δd低于全省,关中与陕南地区Δd均高于全省;近57 a来,陕北和关中地区年平均Δd呈线性递减趋势,陕南地区呈现略微上升趋势;通过Mann-Kendall检验,陕北、关中和陕南地区年平均Δd突变年份各不相同,分别是2011年、1972年和1977年。②无论在月尺度还是年尺度上,陕西省降水Δd都存在明显的空间差异。降水Δd、相对湿度和蒸发剩余比总体呈现由北向南递增的趋势,蒸发速率呈现由北向南递减的趋势。③在月尺度与年际尺度上,相对湿度、蒸发剩余比、蒸发速率与Δd均存在明显的相关性。
A modified Stewart model was applied to simulate the variation of d-excess( Δd) in raindrops based on the daily meteorological data from 36 meteorological stations in Shaanxi Province during the period from 1960 to 2016. The relationships between Δd and other factors including relative humidity,remaining fraction and evaporation rate of raindrops were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) Regarding the seasonal variations,all the highestΔd values in northern,central and southern Shaanxi Province occurred in September,and the lowest ones were found in different months. The Δd value in northern Shaanxi was lower than that of the provincial mean,and it was relatively higher in central and southern Shaanxi. During the study period,Δd in southern Shaanxi was in an increase trend,but it was slightly decreased in northern and central Shaanxi. According to the Mann-Kendall test,the abrupt changes of Δd for northern,central and southern Shaanxi occurred in 2011,1972 and 1977 respectively;(2) There was a spatial difference of Δd value in Shaanxi Province on both monthly and annual scales. The Δd value,relative humidity and remaining fraction showed an increasing pattern from the north to the south,and the trend of evaporation rate was opposite;(3) There was a significant correlation between Δd and other factors,such as relative humidity,remaining fraction and evaporation rate on the monthly and interannual scales.
A modified Stewart model was applied to simulate the variation of d-excess( Δd) in raindrops based on the daily meteorological data from 36 meteorological stations in Shaanxi Province during the period from 1960 to 2016. The relationships between Δd and other factors including relative humidity,remaining fraction and evaporation rate of raindrops were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) Regarding the seasonal variations,all the highestΔd values in northern,central and southern Shaanxi Province occurred in September,and the lowest ones were found in different months. The Δd value in northern Shaanxi was lower than that of the provincial mean,and it was relatively higher in central and southern Shaanxi. During the study period,Δd in southern Shaanxi was in an increase trend,but it was slightly decreased in northern and central Shaanxi. According to the Mann-Kendall test,the abrupt changes of Δd for northern,central and southern Shaanxi occurred in 2011,1972 and 1977 respectively;(2) There was a spatial difference of Δd value in Shaanxi Province on both monthly and annual scales. The Δd value,relative humidity and remaining fraction showed an increasing pattern from the north to the south,and the trend of evaporation rate was opposite;(3) There was a significant correlation between Δd and other factors,such as relative humidity,remaining fraction and evaporation rate on the monthly and interannual scales.
引文
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[2]Stewart M K.Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling waterdrops:Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(9):1 133-1 146.
[3]Liu Z F,Yoshimura K,Kennedy C D,et al.Water vaporδD dynamics over China derived from SCIAMACHY satellite measurements[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(4):813-823.
[4]孟玉川,刘国东.长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):327-334.[Meng Yuchuan,Liu Guodong.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation the stable isotopes in precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):327-334.]
[5]赵诗坤,庞朔光,文蓉,等.海河流域降水稳定同位素的云底二次蒸发效应[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1 031-1 038.[Zhao Shikun,Pang Shuoguang,Wen Rong,et al.Influence of below cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in the Haihe River Basin,China[J].Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1 031-1 038.]
[6]靳晓刚,张明军,王圣杰,等.基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1 241-1 248.[Jin Xiaogang,Zhang Mingjun,Wang Shengjie,et al.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation in precipitations over the Loess Plateau based on the stable isotope of hydrogen and oxygen[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1 241-1 248.]
[7]刘洁遥,张福平,冯起,等.西北地区降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):1-10.[Liu Jieyao,Zhang Fuping,Feng Qi,et al.Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(5):1-10.]
[8]Froehlich K,Kralik M,Papesh W,et al.Deuterium excess in precipitation of Alpine regions-moisture recycling[J].Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,2008,44(1):61-70.
[9]Kong Y L,Pang Z H,Froehlich K.Quantifying recycled moisture fraction in precipitation of an arid region using deuterium excess[J].Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,2013,65(1):19 251.
[10]Peng T R,Wang C H,Huang C C,et al.Stable isotopic characteristic of Taiwan’s precipitation:A case study of western Pacific monsoon region[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,289(3/4):357-366.
[11]Chen F L,Zhang M J,Wang S J,et al.Relationship between subcloud secondary evaporation and stable isotope in precipitation of Lanzhou and surrounding area[J].Quaternary International,2015,380/381:68-74.
[12]Wang S J,Zhang M J,Che Y J,et al.Influence of below-cloud evaporation on deuterium excess in precipitation of arid central Asia and its meteorological controls[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(7):1 973-1 984.
[13]Crawford J,Hollins S E,Meredith K T,et al.Precipitation stable isotope variability and subcloud evaporation processes in a semi-arid region[J].Hydrological Process,2017,31(1):20-34.
[14]Salamalikis V,Argiriou A A,Dotsika E.Isotopic modeling of the sub-cloud evaporation effect in precipitation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,544:1 059-1 072.
[15]张生春.陕西省现代大气降水氢氧同位素组成特征研究[J].陕西地质,1989,2(7):57-66.[Zhang Shengchun.Characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen isotope compositions of contemporarily atmospheric sedimentation in Shaanxi Province[J].Geology of Shaanxi,1989,2(7):57-66.]
[16]王晓艳,卢爱刚,蒋缠文,等.渭南大气降水中氢氧同位素特征与水汽来源关系[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(8):122-128.[Wang Xiaoyan,Lu Aigang,Jiang Chanwen,et al.Characteristics ofδD andδ18O in precipitation and the moisture origin in Weinan[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment,2017,31(8):122-128.]
[17]田华,段昭毅.陕西关中盆地大气降水同位素研究[J].地下水,2007,29(2):1-2.[Tian Hua,Duan Zhaoyi.Research on isotopes of the meteoric rainfall in the Guanzhong Basin[J].Ground Water,2007,29(2):1-2.]
[18]李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.黄河流域大气降水氢、氧稳定同位素时空特征及其环境意义[J].地质学报,2013,87(2):269-277.[Li Xiaofei,Zhang Mingjun,Wang Shengjie,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in the Yellow River Basin and its environmental significance[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(2):269-277.]
[19]陕西省地理国(省)情监测工作领导小组办公室.陕西基本地理省情[J].西安:陕西省测绘地理信息局,2011.[Office of Leading Group of National(Provincial)Geographical Situation Monitoring of Shaanxi Province.Basic geographical situation of Shaanxi Province[J].Xi’an:Shaanxi Bureau of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation,2011.]
[20]Friedman I,O’Neil J R.Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest[C]//Fleischer M.Data of Geochemistry.Washington:US Geological Survey,1977.
[21]Criss R E.Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution[M].New York:Oxford University,1999.
[22]Kinzer G D,Gunn R.The evaporation,temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1951,8(2):71-83.
[23]孙修贵.中国主要城市降雨雨强分布和Ku波段的降雨衰减[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.[Sun Xiugui.The Rain Intensity Distribution and Ku Band Rain Attenuation in Major Cities of China[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2004.]
[24]王圣杰,张明军.新疆天山降水稳定同位素的时空特征与影响因素[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(5):1 119-1 130.[Wang Shengjie,Zhang Mingjun.Spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing facors of stable isotopes in precipitation across the Chinese Tianshan Mountains[J].Quaternary Sciences,2017,37(5):1 119-1 130.]
[25]Li T,Liu F,Abels H A,et al.Continued obliquity pacing of East Asian summer precipitation after the Mid-Pleistocene transition[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2017,457:181-190.
[26]Meng X Q,Liu L W,William B,et al.Dolomite abundance in Chinese loess deposits:A new proxy of monsoon precipitation intensity[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2016,42(23):10 391-10 398.
[27]Meng X Q,Liu L W,Wang T,et al.Mineralogical evidence of reduced East Asian summer monsoon rainfall on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the early Pleistocene interglacials[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2018,486:61-69.
[28]Zhang H L,Yu K F,Zhao J X,et al.East Asian summer monsoon variations in the past 12.5 Ka:High-resolutionδ18O record from a precisely dated aragonite stalagmite in central China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,2013,73(8):162-175.
[29]Tan L C,Cai Y J,Cheng H,et al.Summer monsoon precipitation variations in central China over the past 750 years derived from a high-resolution absolute-dated stalagmite[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,2009,280(3):432-439.
[30]Zhang Z K,Li G J,Yan H,et al.Microcodium in Chinese loess as a recorder for the oxygen isotopic composition of monsoonal rainwater[J].Quaternary International,2017,464:364-369.
[31]谭亮成,蔡演军,安芷生,等.石笋氧同位素和微量元素记录的陕南地区4 200~2 000 a B.P.高分辨率季风降雨变化[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(6):1 238-1 245.[Tan Liangcheng,Cai Yanjun,An Zhisheng,et al.High-resolution monsoon precipitation variations in southern Shaanxi,central China during 4 200-2 000a B.P.as revealed by speleothemδ18O and Sr/Ca records[J].Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(6):1 238-1 245.]
[32]周厚云,刘淑华,彭小桃,等.中国季风区石笋氧同位素气候指示意义:主要争议与几个重要问题[J].热带地理,2016,36(3):448-456.[Zhou Houyun,Liu Shuhua,Peng Xiaotao,et al.Paleoclimatic interpretations of speleothemδ18O record in monsoonal China:Controversies and some key issues[J].Tropical Geography,2016,36(3):448-456.]
[2]Stewart M K.Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling waterdrops:Applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1975,80(9):1 133-1 146.
[3]Liu Z F,Yoshimura K,Kennedy C D,et al.Water vaporδD dynamics over China derived from SCIAMACHY satellite measurements[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(4):813-823.
[4]孟玉川,刘国东.长江流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):327-334.[Meng Yuchuan,Liu Guodong.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation the stable isotopes in precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):327-334.]
[5]赵诗坤,庞朔光,文蓉,等.海河流域降水稳定同位素的云底二次蒸发效应[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1 031-1 038.[Zhao Shikun,Pang Shuoguang,Wen Rong,et al.Influence of below cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in the Haihe River Basin,China[J].Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1 031-1 038.]
[6]靳晓刚,张明军,王圣杰,等.基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1 241-1 248.[Jin Xiaogang,Zhang Mingjun,Wang Shengjie,et al.Effect of below-cloud secondary evaporation in precipitations over the Loess Plateau based on the stable isotope of hydrogen and oxygen[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1 241-1 248.]
[7]刘洁遥,张福平,冯起,等.西北地区降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):1-10.[Liu Jieyao,Zhang Fuping,Feng Qi,et al.Influence of below-cloud secondary evaporation on stable isotope composition in precipitation in Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(5):1-10.]
[8]Froehlich K,Kralik M,Papesh W,et al.Deuterium excess in precipitation of Alpine regions-moisture recycling[J].Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,2008,44(1):61-70.
[9]Kong Y L,Pang Z H,Froehlich K.Quantifying recycled moisture fraction in precipitation of an arid region using deuterium excess[J].Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,2013,65(1):19 251.
[10]Peng T R,Wang C H,Huang C C,et al.Stable isotopic characteristic of Taiwan’s precipitation:A case study of western Pacific monsoon region[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,289(3/4):357-366.
[11]Chen F L,Zhang M J,Wang S J,et al.Relationship between subcloud secondary evaporation and stable isotope in precipitation of Lanzhou and surrounding area[J].Quaternary International,2015,380/381:68-74.
[12]Wang S J,Zhang M J,Che Y J,et al.Influence of below-cloud evaporation on deuterium excess in precipitation of arid central Asia and its meteorological controls[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(7):1 973-1 984.
[13]Crawford J,Hollins S E,Meredith K T,et al.Precipitation stable isotope variability and subcloud evaporation processes in a semi-arid region[J].Hydrological Process,2017,31(1):20-34.
[14]Salamalikis V,Argiriou A A,Dotsika E.Isotopic modeling of the sub-cloud evaporation effect in precipitation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,544:1 059-1 072.
[15]张生春.陕西省现代大气降水氢氧同位素组成特征研究[J].陕西地质,1989,2(7):57-66.[Zhang Shengchun.Characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen isotope compositions of contemporarily atmospheric sedimentation in Shaanxi Province[J].Geology of Shaanxi,1989,2(7):57-66.]
[16]王晓艳,卢爱刚,蒋缠文,等.渭南大气降水中氢氧同位素特征与水汽来源关系[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(8):122-128.[Wang Xiaoyan,Lu Aigang,Jiang Chanwen,et al.Characteristics ofδD andδ18O in precipitation and the moisture origin in Weinan[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment,2017,31(8):122-128.]
[17]田华,段昭毅.陕西关中盆地大气降水同位素研究[J].地下水,2007,29(2):1-2.[Tian Hua,Duan Zhaoyi.Research on isotopes of the meteoric rainfall in the Guanzhong Basin[J].Ground Water,2007,29(2):1-2.]
[18]李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.黄河流域大气降水氢、氧稳定同位素时空特征及其环境意义[J].地质学报,2013,87(2):269-277.[Li Xiaofei,Zhang Mingjun,Wang Shengjie,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in the Yellow River Basin and its environmental significance[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(2):269-277.]
[19]陕西省地理国(省)情监测工作领导小组办公室.陕西基本地理省情[J].西安:陕西省测绘地理信息局,2011.[Office of Leading Group of National(Provincial)Geographical Situation Monitoring of Shaanxi Province.Basic geographical situation of Shaanxi Province[J].Xi’an:Shaanxi Bureau of Surveying,Mapping and Geoinformation,2011.]
[20]Friedman I,O’Neil J R.Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest[C]//Fleischer M.Data of Geochemistry.Washington:US Geological Survey,1977.
[21]Criss R E.Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution[M].New York:Oxford University,1999.
[22]Kinzer G D,Gunn R.The evaporation,temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops[J].Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1951,8(2):71-83.
[23]孙修贵.中国主要城市降雨雨强分布和Ku波段的降雨衰减[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.[Sun Xiugui.The Rain Intensity Distribution and Ku Band Rain Attenuation in Major Cities of China[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2004.]
[24]王圣杰,张明军.新疆天山降水稳定同位素的时空特征与影响因素[J].第四纪研究,2017,37(5):1 119-1 130.[Wang Shengjie,Zhang Mingjun.Spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing facors of stable isotopes in precipitation across the Chinese Tianshan Mountains[J].Quaternary Sciences,2017,37(5):1 119-1 130.]
[25]Li T,Liu F,Abels H A,et al.Continued obliquity pacing of East Asian summer precipitation after the Mid-Pleistocene transition[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2017,457:181-190.
[26]Meng X Q,Liu L W,William B,et al.Dolomite abundance in Chinese loess deposits:A new proxy of monsoon precipitation intensity[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2016,42(23):10 391-10 398.
[27]Meng X Q,Liu L W,Wang T,et al.Mineralogical evidence of reduced East Asian summer monsoon rainfall on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the early Pleistocene interglacials[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2018,486:61-69.
[28]Zhang H L,Yu K F,Zhao J X,et al.East Asian summer monsoon variations in the past 12.5 Ka:High-resolutionδ18O record from a precisely dated aragonite stalagmite in central China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,2013,73(8):162-175.
[29]Tan L C,Cai Y J,Cheng H,et al.Summer monsoon precipitation variations in central China over the past 750 years derived from a high-resolution absolute-dated stalagmite[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,2009,280(3):432-439.
[30]Zhang Z K,Li G J,Yan H,et al.Microcodium in Chinese loess as a recorder for the oxygen isotopic composition of monsoonal rainwater[J].Quaternary International,2017,464:364-369.
[31]谭亮成,蔡演军,安芷生,等.石笋氧同位素和微量元素记录的陕南地区4 200~2 000 a B.P.高分辨率季风降雨变化[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(6):1 238-1 245.[Tan Liangcheng,Cai Yanjun,An Zhisheng,et al.High-resolution monsoon precipitation variations in southern Shaanxi,central China during 4 200-2 000a B.P.as revealed by speleothemδ18O and Sr/Ca records[J].Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(6):1 238-1 245.]
[32]周厚云,刘淑华,彭小桃,等.中国季风区石笋氧同位素气候指示意义:主要争议与几个重要问题[J].热带地理,2016,36(3):448-456.[Zhou Houyun,Liu Shuhua,Peng Xiaotao,et al.Paleoclimatic interpretations of speleothemδ18O record in monsoonal China:Controversies and some key issues[J].Tropical Geography,2016,36(3):448-456.]