成周城析论
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摘要
关于成周城的营建、位置、历史沿革、成周与王城的关系等诸问题,虽然有了一些趋同性认识,但争议依然存在。本文从文献出发,整合考古资料和金文资料,对成周城的相关问题进行探讨,涉及学界关注的西周若干重要史实。认为西周时期的洛邑即成周,周初周公营建的成周位于瀍河两岸,该城废弃于西周晚期。继之而起的是建于狄泉一带的西周晚期成周,该城即东周时期敬王东迁的东周成周。西周没有所谓"王城",王城建于春秋初年,是平王东迁雒邑所都之地,即今涧河两岸的东周王城。
In the current scholarship, the construction date, location and historical changes of Chengzhou as well as the relationship between Chengzhou(周城) and Wangcheng(royal capital王城) have been dabated for a long time. This article synthesizes textual evidence, archaeological records, and bronze inscriptions in order to clarify issues related to Chengzhou walled town in the context of the Western Zhou history. This article argues that the so-called Luoyi in the Western Zhou period should be Chengzhou, which was constructed by Duke of Zhou across both sides of the Chan River and abandoned in the Late Western Zhou. By then, another Chengzhou was built in Jiquan, which in general was considered as the Dongzhou Chengzhou to which the King Jing move after the splitting of the Zhou court. Besides, the Western Zhou did not have Wangcheng. In textual records, Wangcheng was built during the Early Spring and Autumn and served as the capital of Eastern Zhou dynasty after the relocation of the capital from Guanzhong to Luoyang. The location of Wangcheng should be the capital of Eastern Zhou occupying in both banks of the Jian River Valley.
In the current scholarship, the construction date, location and historical changes of Chengzhou as well as the relationship between Chengzhou(周城) and Wangcheng(royal capital王城) have been dabated for a long time. This article synthesizes textual evidence, archaeological records, and bronze inscriptions in order to clarify issues related to Chengzhou walled town in the context of the Western Zhou history. This article argues that the so-called Luoyi in the Western Zhou period should be Chengzhou, which was constructed by Duke of Zhou across both sides of the Chan River and abandoned in the Late Western Zhou. By then, another Chengzhou was built in Jiquan, which in general was considered as the Dongzhou Chengzhou to which the King Jing move after the splitting of the Zhou court. Besides, the Western Zhou did not have Wangcheng. In textual records, Wangcheng was built during the Early Spring and Autumn and served as the capital of Eastern Zhou dynasty after the relocation of the capital from Guanzhong to Luoyang. The location of Wangcheng should be the capital of Eastern Zhou occupying in both banks of the Jian River Valley.
引文
[1]陈公柔.西周金文中的新邑、成周与王城[C]//庆祝苏秉琦考古五十五年论文集.北京:文物出版社,1989:387.
[2]彭裕商.新邑考[J].历史研究,2000(5).
[3]同[2].
[4]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962:1555.
[5]叶万松等.西周洛邑城址考[J].华夏考古,1991(2).
[6]曲英杰.周都成周考[J].史学集刊,1990(1).
[7]中国社会科学院考古研究所洛阳汉魏城队.汉魏洛阳故城城垣试掘[J].考古学报,1998(3).
[8]叶万松,李德方.三代都洛水系考辨[C]//河南文物考古论集.郑州:河南人民出版社,1996:197.
[9]同[5].
[10]张剑.洛阳西周墓葬综论[C]//中原文物考古研究.郑州:大象出版社,2003:176-183.
[11]张应桥.洛阳北窑西周墓地性质初探[J].四川文物,2006(2).
[12]刘富良.洛阳市西周夯土基址[C]//中国考古学年鉴·2000.北京:文物出版社,2002:196.
[13]杨育彬,袁广阔.20世纪河南考古发现与研究[M].郑州:中州古籍出版社,1997:409.
[14]石艳艳.洛阳中州东路北西周祭祀坑发掘[C]//2009中国重要考古发现.北京:文物出版社,2010:53-57.
[15]唐复年.西周青铜器铭文分代史征器影集[M].北京:中华书局,1993:34,483.
[16]王炬.谷水与洛阳诸城址的关系初探[J].考古,2011(10).
[17]同[5].
[18]同[14].
[19]钱国祥.汉魏洛阳故城沿革与形制演变初探[C]//21世纪中国考古学与世界考古学.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002:438-439.
[20]同[7].
[21]张剑,蔡运章.洛阳白马寺三座西周晚期墓[J].文物,1998(10).
[22]陈国梁等.汉魏洛阳故城两周时期墓葬发掘取得新收获[N].中国文物报,2007-12-05(2).
[23]刘富良.洛阳西周陶器墓研究[J].考古与文物,1998(3).
[24]a.中国社会科学院考古研究所.洛阳发掘报告[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,1989:83-106.b.洛阳市文物工作队.洛阳瞿家屯发掘报告[M].北京:文物出版社,2010:146-168.
[25]同[19].
[26]唐兰.西周铜器铭文分代史证[M].北京:中华书局,1986:280.
[27]史为乐.西周营建成周考辨[J].郑州大学学报,1982(1).
[28]a.李民.说洛邑、成周与王城[J].郑州大学学报,1982(1).b.梁云.成周与王城考辨[J].考古与文物,2002(5).c.朱凤瀚.《召诰》、《洛诰》、何尊与成周[J].历史研究,2006(1).
[29]同[28]b.
[30]同[28]c.
[31]郭沫若.两周金文辞大系考释[M].北京:科学出版社,1957:25.
[32]徐昭峰.成周与王城考略[J].考古,2007(11).
[33]徐昭峰,朱磊.洛阳瞿家屯东周大型夯土建筑基址的初步认识[J].文物,2007(9).
[34]方孝廉.洛阳东周王城城址相关问题研究[J].河洛春秋,2004(1).
[35]李学勤.东周与秦代文明[M].北京:文物出版社,1984:29.
[2]彭裕商.新邑考[J].历史研究,2000(5).
[3]同[2].
[4]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962:1555.
[5]叶万松等.西周洛邑城址考[J].华夏考古,1991(2).
[6]曲英杰.周都成周考[J].史学集刊,1990(1).
[7]中国社会科学院考古研究所洛阳汉魏城队.汉魏洛阳故城城垣试掘[J].考古学报,1998(3).
[8]叶万松,李德方.三代都洛水系考辨[C]//河南文物考古论集.郑州:河南人民出版社,1996:197.
[9]同[5].
[10]张剑.洛阳西周墓葬综论[C]//中原文物考古研究.郑州:大象出版社,2003:176-183.
[11]张应桥.洛阳北窑西周墓地性质初探[J].四川文物,2006(2).
[12]刘富良.洛阳市西周夯土基址[C]//中国考古学年鉴·2000.北京:文物出版社,2002:196.
[13]杨育彬,袁广阔.20世纪河南考古发现与研究[M].郑州:中州古籍出版社,1997:409.
[14]石艳艳.洛阳中州东路北西周祭祀坑发掘[C]//2009中国重要考古发现.北京:文物出版社,2010:53-57.
[15]唐复年.西周青铜器铭文分代史征器影集[M].北京:中华书局,1993:34,483.
[16]王炬.谷水与洛阳诸城址的关系初探[J].考古,2011(10).
[17]同[5].
[18]同[14].
[19]钱国祥.汉魏洛阳故城沿革与形制演变初探[C]//21世纪中国考古学与世界考古学.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002:438-439.
[20]同[7].
[21]张剑,蔡运章.洛阳白马寺三座西周晚期墓[J].文物,1998(10).
[22]陈国梁等.汉魏洛阳故城两周时期墓葬发掘取得新收获[N].中国文物报,2007-12-05(2).
[23]刘富良.洛阳西周陶器墓研究[J].考古与文物,1998(3).
[24]a.中国社会科学院考古研究所.洛阳发掘报告[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,1989:83-106.b.洛阳市文物工作队.洛阳瞿家屯发掘报告[M].北京:文物出版社,2010:146-168.
[25]同[19].
[26]唐兰.西周铜器铭文分代史证[M].北京:中华书局,1986:280.
[27]史为乐.西周营建成周考辨[J].郑州大学学报,1982(1).
[28]a.李民.说洛邑、成周与王城[J].郑州大学学报,1982(1).b.梁云.成周与王城考辨[J].考古与文物,2002(5).c.朱凤瀚.《召诰》、《洛诰》、何尊与成周[J].历史研究,2006(1).
[29]同[28]b.
[30]同[28]c.
[31]郭沫若.两周金文辞大系考释[M].北京:科学出版社,1957:25.
[32]徐昭峰.成周与王城考略[J].考古,2007(11).
[33]徐昭峰,朱磊.洛阳瞿家屯东周大型夯土建筑基址的初步认识[J].文物,2007(9).
[34]方孝廉.洛阳东周王城城址相关问题研究[J].河洛春秋,2004(1).
[35]李学勤.东周与秦代文明[M].北京:文物出版社,1984:29.