风险矩阵和流程分析法挖掘小麦粉加工中质量安全追溯信息
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摘要
小麦粉加工中原辅料来源多样、追溯信息复杂,已有追溯信息的确定或依靠经验判别或根据信息获取难易程度确定。该研究基于原国家食品药品监督管理总局公布的2014年1月1日-2018年3月31日的共15518批次小麦粉抽检数据,分析其不合格率状况,得到影响小麦粉质量安全的主要因素为脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、过氧化苯甲酰、铝、铅、镉、苯并芘、脱氢乙酸等7种物质;采用LD50值、致癌性等不同的危害程度指标,对7种风险进行了风险赋值;构建了以风险发生可能性和风险危害程度为核心的风险二维矩阵图,通过识别得到,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇风险最高,为四级;苯并芘风险为三级;过氧化苯甲酰、铝、铅、镉风险均为二级;脱氢乙酸风险最低,为一级。通过对小麦加工流程分析,对危害物质进行了定位,得到小麦粉追溯的关键节点是原料入库、原粮储藏、物质添加、检化验等4个动态环节以及设备状态、包装材料特性等2个静态特征;以此为基础,从批次编码关联和追溯关键点信息采集角度构建了小麦粉追溯系统;与已有系统相比,该研究在扩展追溯链、优化追溯信息采集内容方面具有优势;为追溯系统研究中质量安全信息的挖掘与分析提供了有益方法。
Traceability information in wheat flour processing is complex because of various sources of raw and auxiliary materials. Collecting and confirmation of the information in existed method depends on developer's experience or information availability. The lack of in-depth mining and analysis has affected the efficiency of information collection and the continuous application of traceability. The study is based on the data of 15 518 batches of wheat flour sampled by the former State Food and Drug Administration from January 1, 2014 to March 31, 2018. The geographical distribution of the unqualified products and the causes of the unqualified products were analyzed. In the 74 batches of unqualified products, 45 batches were caused by deoxynivalenol. The result from benzoperoxide is 12 batches. The other substances such as aluminum, lead, cadmium, benzopyrone and dehydroacetic acid, is respectively 10 batches, 2 batches, 2 batches, 2 batches and 1 batch. Therefore, the ranking of seven main factors causing wheat flour quality and safety were deoxynivalenol, benzoperoxide, aluminum, lead/cadmium/benzopyrone and dehydroacetic acid. The ranking was acted as the probability of hazard occurrence. According to different international measurement indicators, the risk was assigned to 7 kinds of risks by using different hazard indicators such as LD50 value and carcinogenicity. The higher assessment value was, the higher risk harm degree. In the 7 substances, benzopyrone had the highest risk harm degree and benzoperoxide had the lowest risk harm degree. A two-dimensional risk matrix was constructed based on the probability of hazard occurrence and the severity of hazard occurrence. According to the risk identification, the risk of deoxynivalenol was the highest, which was level 4; the risk of benzopyrone was level 3; the risk of benzoperoxide, aluminum, lead and cadmium was the second level; the risk of dehydroacetic acid was the lowest. Through wheat processing flow analysis and hazard substances orientating, the key nodes of wheat flour traceability was identified, which included dynamic links such as raw material storage, raw grain storage and material addition, as well as static status of equipment and packaging materials feature. Based on the risk analysis result, the wheat flour processing management and traceability system was designed and developed with the batches coding and association rules of raw batches, processing batches and traceability batches, and the key traceable information. The system includes basic information management, raw material storage information collection, raw material storage information management, processing information collection, testing information collection, bar code generation and printing, query and statistics and system management functions. This paper proposes a key traceability information mining method based on risk matrix method and process analysis in wheat flour processing, and is applied to the development of actual traceability system. Compared with existing systems, the traceability of the processing process can be realized by correlating the different batches of raw materials, processing batches and finished products with this system. The traceability accuracy can be improved. When quality and safety problems occur, the system is more conducive to the realization of accurate recall. On the other hand, the system is improved by combining the traceability and hierarchical information of mining, which can improve the efficiency and pertinence of information acquisition in the process of wheat flour processing and facilitate the application of the system in wheat flour processing enterprises.
Traceability information in wheat flour processing is complex because of various sources of raw and auxiliary materials. Collecting and confirmation of the information in existed method depends on developer's experience or information availability. The lack of in-depth mining and analysis has affected the efficiency of information collection and the continuous application of traceability. The study is based on the data of 15 518 batches of wheat flour sampled by the former State Food and Drug Administration from January 1, 2014 to March 31, 2018. The geographical distribution of the unqualified products and the causes of the unqualified products were analyzed. In the 74 batches of unqualified products, 45 batches were caused by deoxynivalenol. The result from benzoperoxide is 12 batches. The other substances such as aluminum, lead, cadmium, benzopyrone and dehydroacetic acid, is respectively 10 batches, 2 batches, 2 batches, 2 batches and 1 batch. Therefore, the ranking of seven main factors causing wheat flour quality and safety were deoxynivalenol, benzoperoxide, aluminum, lead/cadmium/benzopyrone and dehydroacetic acid. The ranking was acted as the probability of hazard occurrence. According to different international measurement indicators, the risk was assigned to 7 kinds of risks by using different hazard indicators such as LD50 value and carcinogenicity. The higher assessment value was, the higher risk harm degree. In the 7 substances, benzopyrone had the highest risk harm degree and benzoperoxide had the lowest risk harm degree. A two-dimensional risk matrix was constructed based on the probability of hazard occurrence and the severity of hazard occurrence. According to the risk identification, the risk of deoxynivalenol was the highest, which was level 4; the risk of benzopyrone was level 3; the risk of benzoperoxide, aluminum, lead and cadmium was the second level; the risk of dehydroacetic acid was the lowest. Through wheat processing flow analysis and hazard substances orientating, the key nodes of wheat flour traceability was identified, which included dynamic links such as raw material storage, raw grain storage and material addition, as well as static status of equipment and packaging materials feature. Based on the risk analysis result, the wheat flour processing management and traceability system was designed and developed with the batches coding and association rules of raw batches, processing batches and traceability batches, and the key traceable information. The system includes basic information management, raw material storage information collection, raw material storage information management, processing information collection, testing information collection, bar code generation and printing, query and statistics and system management functions. This paper proposes a key traceability information mining method based on risk matrix method and process analysis in wheat flour processing, and is applied to the development of actual traceability system. Compared with existing systems, the traceability of the processing process can be realized by correlating the different batches of raw materials, processing batches and finished products with this system. The traceability accuracy can be improved. When quality and safety problems occur, the system is more conducive to the realization of accurate recall. On the other hand, the system is improved by combining the traceability and hierarchical information of mining, which can improve the efficiency and pertinence of information acquisition in the process of wheat flour processing and facilitate the application of the system in wheat flour processing enterprises.
引文
[1]Regattieri A,Gamberi M,Manzini R.Traceability of food products:General framework and experimental evidence[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2007,81(2):347-356.
[2]杨信廷,钱建平,孙传恒,等.农产品及食品质量安全追溯系统关键技术研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):212-222.Yang Xinting,Qian Jianping,Sun Chuanheng,et al.Key technologies for establishment agricultural products and food quality safety traceability systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(11):212-222.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[4]Dabbene F,Gay P,Tortia C.Traceability issues in food supply chain management:A review[J].Biosystems Engineering,2014,120(3):65-80.
[5]Stewart Walker G.Food authentication and traceability:An Asian and Australian perspective[J].Food Control,2017,72:168-172.
[6]王雅君,张浩,时君丽,等.基于过程的海产食品质量信息可追溯系统[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(14):264-271.Wang Yajun,Zhang Hao,Shi Junli,et al.Quality information traceability system based on seafood’s production process[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(14):264-271.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Wang J,Yue H L,Zhou Z N.An improved traceability system for food quality assurance and evaluation based on fuzzy classification and neural network[J].Food Control,2017,79:363-370.
[8]Zhang X S,Zhang J,Liu F,et al.Strengths and limitations on the operating mechanisms of traceability system in agro food,China[J].Food Control,2010,21(6):825-829.
[9]Bosona T,Gerbresenbet G.Food traceability as an integral part of logistics management in food and agricultural supply chain[J].Food Control,2013,33(1):32-48.
[10]王姗姗,赵春江,钱建平,等.批次清单结合Petri网追溯模型提高小麦粉加工过程追溯精度[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(14):263-271.Wang Shanshan,Zhao Chunjiang,Qian Jianping,et al.Bill of lots combined with Petri tracing model improving traceability of wheat flour processing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(14):263-271.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Fr?schle H K,Gonzales-Barron U,McDonnell K,et al.Investigation of the potential use of e-tracking and tracing of poultry using linear and 2D barcodes[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2009,66(2):126-132.
[12]Ruiz-Garcia L,Lunadei L.The role of RFID in agriculture:Applications,limitations and challenges[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2011,79(1):42-50.
[13]Qian J P,Yang X T,Wu X M,et al.Farm and environment information bidirectional acquisition system with individual tree identification using smartphones for orchard precision management[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,116(8):101-108.
[14]Voulodimos A S,Patrikakis C Z,Sideridis A B,et al.Acomplete farm management system based on animal identification using RFID technology[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2010,70(2):380-388.
[15]于丽娜,张国锋,贾敬敦,等.基于区块链技术的现代农产品供应链[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(增刊):387-393.Yu Lina,Zhang Guofeng,Jia Jingdun,et al.Modern agricultural product supply chain based on block chain technology[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(Supp.):387-393.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Lavelli V.High-warranty traceability system in the poultry meat supply chain:A medium-sized enterprise case study[J].Food Control,2013,33(1):148-156.
[17]Morenas J D L,Garcia A,Blanco J.Prototype traceability system for the dairy industry[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2014,101(2):34-41.
[18]钱建平,吴晓明,范蓓蕾,等.基于条码-RFID关联的蔬菜流通过程追溯精确度提高方法[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(18):3857-3863.Qian Jianping,Wu Xiaoming,Fan Beilei,et al.A solution for improving vegetable circulation traceability precision based on barcode-RFID correspondence[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(18):3857-3863.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王东亭,付峰,饶秀勤,等.基于分级处理生产线的脐橙全程追溯系统[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):228-236.Wang Dongting,Fu Feng,Rao Xiuqin,et al.Fruit traceability system based on processing and grading line[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(7):228-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]赵海燕,郭波莉,魏益民,等.近红外光谱对小麦产地来源的判别分析[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(7):1451-1456.Zhao Haiyan,Guo Boli,Wei Yimin,et al.Identification of geographical origins of wheat with discriminant analysis by near infrared spectroscopy[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(7):1451-1456.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]魏帅,魏益民,郭波莉.小麦制粉系统各粉路产品铅、镉含量特征[J].中国食品学报,2016,16(9):206-210.Wei Shuai,Wei Yimin,Guo Boli.Pb and Cd concentration in different flour flow of wheat milling system[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,2016,16(9):206-210.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]李慧静,田益玲,李宁,等.转谷氨酰胺酶对小麦面粉加工品质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):232-236.Li Huijing,Tian Yiling,Li Ning,et al.Effects of transglutaminase on processing quality of wheat flour[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(2):232-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]国家食品安全风险评估中心.食品中不同化学物健康风险分级技术指南[R].北京:国家食品安全风险评估中心,2015.
[24]周少君,顿中军,梁骏华,等.基于半定量风险评估的食品风险分级方法研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2015,27(5):576-585.Zhou Shaojun,Dun Zhongjun,Liang Junhua,et al.Risk ranking method for chemical and biological hazards in food based on semi-quantitative risk assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene,2015,27(5):576-585.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations.International Programme on Chemical Safety[Z].http://www.inchem.org/
[26]World Health Organization.Food Safety Databases[Z].http://www.who.int/foodsafety/databases/en/
[27]FAO/WHO.Application of risk analysis to food standards issues.Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation[C]//Switzerland:Geneva,1995:5-7.
[28]刘清珺,陈婷,张经华,等.基于风险矩阵的食品安全风险检测模型[J].食品科学,2010,31(5):86-90.Liu Qingjun,Chen Ting,Zhang Jinghua,et al.Risk matrix-based risk monitoring model of food safety[J].Food Science,2010,31(5):86-90.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]钱建平,吉增涛,刘学馨,等.基于批次的面粉追溯链编码研究[J].粮油加工,2010,10:52-55.
[30]杨信廷,钱建平,孙传恒,等.蔬菜安全生产管理及质量追溯系统设计与实现[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(3):162-166.Yang Xinting,Qian Jianping,Sun Chuanheng,et al.Design and application of safe production and quality traceability system for vegetable[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(3):162-166.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]杨信廷,孙传恒,钱建平,等.基于流程编码的水产养殖产品质量追溯系统的构建与实现[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):159-164.Yang Xinting,Sun Chuanheng,Qian Jianping,et al.Construction and implementation of fishery product quality traceability system based on the flow code of aquaculture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(2):159-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]Qian J,Yang X,Wu X,et al.A traceability system incorporating 2D barcode and RFID technology for wheat flour mills[J].Computers and electronics in agriculture,2012,89:76-85.
[2]杨信廷,钱建平,孙传恒,等.农产品及食品质量安全追溯系统关键技术研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):212-222.Yang Xinting,Qian Jianping,Sun Chuanheng,et al.Key technologies for establishment agricultural products and food quality safety traceability systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(11):212-222.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Smith G C,Tatum J D,Belk K E,et al.Traceability from a US perspective[J].Meat Science,2005,71(1):174-193.
[4]Dabbene F,Gay P,Tortia C.Traceability issues in food supply chain management:A review[J].Biosystems Engineering,2014,120(3):65-80.
[5]Stewart Walker G.Food authentication and traceability:An Asian and Australian perspective[J].Food Control,2017,72:168-172.
[6]王雅君,张浩,时君丽,等.基于过程的海产食品质量信息可追溯系统[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(14):264-271.Wang Yajun,Zhang Hao,Shi Junli,et al.Quality information traceability system based on seafood’s production process[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(14):264-271.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Wang J,Yue H L,Zhou Z N.An improved traceability system for food quality assurance and evaluation based on fuzzy classification and neural network[J].Food Control,2017,79:363-370.
[8]Zhang X S,Zhang J,Liu F,et al.Strengths and limitations on the operating mechanisms of traceability system in agro food,China[J].Food Control,2010,21(6):825-829.
[9]Bosona T,Gerbresenbet G.Food traceability as an integral part of logistics management in food and agricultural supply chain[J].Food Control,2013,33(1):32-48.
[10]王姗姗,赵春江,钱建平,等.批次清单结合Petri网追溯模型提高小麦粉加工过程追溯精度[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(14):263-271.Wang Shanshan,Zhao Chunjiang,Qian Jianping,et al.Bill of lots combined with Petri tracing model improving traceability of wheat flour processing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(14):263-271.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Fr?schle H K,Gonzales-Barron U,McDonnell K,et al.Investigation of the potential use of e-tracking and tracing of poultry using linear and 2D barcodes[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2009,66(2):126-132.
[12]Ruiz-Garcia L,Lunadei L.The role of RFID in agriculture:Applications,limitations and challenges[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2011,79(1):42-50.
[13]Qian J P,Yang X T,Wu X M,et al.Farm and environment information bidirectional acquisition system with individual tree identification using smartphones for orchard precision management[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,116(8):101-108.
[14]Voulodimos A S,Patrikakis C Z,Sideridis A B,et al.Acomplete farm management system based on animal identification using RFID technology[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2010,70(2):380-388.
[15]于丽娜,张国锋,贾敬敦,等.基于区块链技术的现代农产品供应链[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(增刊):387-393.Yu Lina,Zhang Guofeng,Jia Jingdun,et al.Modern agricultural product supply chain based on block chain technology[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(Supp.):387-393.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Lavelli V.High-warranty traceability system in the poultry meat supply chain:A medium-sized enterprise case study[J].Food Control,2013,33(1):148-156.
[17]Morenas J D L,Garcia A,Blanco J.Prototype traceability system for the dairy industry[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2014,101(2):34-41.
[18]钱建平,吴晓明,范蓓蕾,等.基于条码-RFID关联的蔬菜流通过程追溯精确度提高方法[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(18):3857-3863.Qian Jianping,Wu Xiaoming,Fan Beilei,et al.A solution for improving vegetable circulation traceability precision based on barcode-RFID correspondence[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(18):3857-3863.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王东亭,付峰,饶秀勤,等.基于分级处理生产线的脐橙全程追溯系统[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):228-236.Wang Dongting,Fu Feng,Rao Xiuqin,et al.Fruit traceability system based on processing and grading line[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(7):228-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]赵海燕,郭波莉,魏益民,等.近红外光谱对小麦产地来源的判别分析[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(7):1451-1456.Zhao Haiyan,Guo Boli,Wei Yimin,et al.Identification of geographical origins of wheat with discriminant analysis by near infrared spectroscopy[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(7):1451-1456.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]魏帅,魏益民,郭波莉.小麦制粉系统各粉路产品铅、镉含量特征[J].中国食品学报,2016,16(9):206-210.Wei Shuai,Wei Yimin,Guo Boli.Pb and Cd concentration in different flour flow of wheat milling system[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,2016,16(9):206-210.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]李慧静,田益玲,李宁,等.转谷氨酰胺酶对小麦面粉加工品质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):232-236.Li Huijing,Tian Yiling,Li Ning,et al.Effects of transglutaminase on processing quality of wheat flour[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(2):232-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]国家食品安全风险评估中心.食品中不同化学物健康风险分级技术指南[R].北京:国家食品安全风险评估中心,2015.
[24]周少君,顿中军,梁骏华,等.基于半定量风险评估的食品风险分级方法研究[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2015,27(5):576-585.Zhou Shaojun,Dun Zhongjun,Liang Junhua,et al.Risk ranking method for chemical and biological hazards in food based on semi-quantitative risk assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene,2015,27(5):576-585.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations.International Programme on Chemical Safety[Z].http://www.inchem.org/
[26]World Health Organization.Food Safety Databases[Z].http://www.who.int/foodsafety/databases/en/
[27]FAO/WHO.Application of risk analysis to food standards issues.Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation[C]//Switzerland:Geneva,1995:5-7.
[28]刘清珺,陈婷,张经华,等.基于风险矩阵的食品安全风险检测模型[J].食品科学,2010,31(5):86-90.Liu Qingjun,Chen Ting,Zhang Jinghua,et al.Risk matrix-based risk monitoring model of food safety[J].Food Science,2010,31(5):86-90.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]钱建平,吉增涛,刘学馨,等.基于批次的面粉追溯链编码研究[J].粮油加工,2010,10:52-55.
[30]杨信廷,钱建平,孙传恒,等.蔬菜安全生产管理及质量追溯系统设计与实现[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(3):162-166.Yang Xinting,Qian Jianping,Sun Chuanheng,et al.Design and application of safe production and quality traceability system for vegetable[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(3):162-166.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]杨信廷,孙传恒,钱建平,等.基于流程编码的水产养殖产品质量追溯系统的构建与实现[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):159-164.Yang Xinting,Sun Chuanheng,Qian Jianping,et al.Construction and implementation of fishery product quality traceability system based on the flow code of aquaculture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(2):159-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]Qian J,Yang X,Wu X,et al.A traceability system incorporating 2D barcode and RFID technology for wheat flour mills[J].Computers and electronics in agriculture,2012,89:76-85.