提早化控对高产花生个体发育和群体结构影响
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摘要
为探究提早化控对高产花生个体发育和群体结构影响的生理基础,以花育22号为试验材料,设置清水(CK)和喷施多效唑(PBZ)处理,其中PBZ处理包括PBZ-1(主茎高25 cm喷施多效唑)、PBZ-2(主茎高30 cm喷施多效唑)、PBZ-3(主茎高35 cm喷施多效唑)3个处理,研究不同时期化控对高产花生植株性状、叶片生理特性、内源激素含量及荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响。结果表明,PBZ处理通过抑制赤霉素(GA)和生长素(IAA)的合成显著降低了主茎高、侧枝长、主茎节数和主茎绿叶数;通过促进玉米素核苷(ZR)的合成使分枝数显著增加,表现为化控时间越早效果越显著,其中PBZ-1和PBZ-2处理在饱果期GA含量分别较CK降低30.60%和26.45%,IAA含量分别降低17.29%和14.98%,ZR含量分别增加18.10%和10.14%。PBZ-1和PBZ-2处理显著提高了叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量,显著降低了GA/ABA和IAA/ABA值及成熟期ZR/ABA值,进而导致叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,PBZ-1处理使叶绿素含量、SOD和POD活性分别提高23.69%、36.80%和44.88%,PBZ-2处理分别提高19.28%、28.70%和34.26%,促进了光合产物向荚果的转运与积累。PBZ-1和PBZ-2处理显著增加了单株结果数,从而使单位面积荚果产量显著增加,2个试验点PBZ-1处理平均较CK增产17.94%,PBZ-2处理平均增产12.74%。PBZ处理均降低了籽仁蛋白质、总氨基酸含量和亚油酸相对含量,显著提高了脂肪含量、油酸相对含量和O/L值,且均表现为化控时间越早差异越显著。综上,以油用为主的高产花生在保证足够的营养器官建成的前提下,化控时间越早其增产效果越显著,品质也最优。本研究结果为花生高产、优产提供了理论与技术支撑。
To explore the physiological basis of the effects of early chemical control on individual plant development and group structure peanut,Huayu22 was used as materials to be treated with four treatments,such as CK( spraying water),PBZ-1( spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 25 cm),PBZ-2( spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 30 cm) and PBZ-3( spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 35 cm),and so on,to research the effects of chemical control at different stages on the plant trait,physiological characteristic,endogenous hormone content,pod yield and kernel quality of high-yield peanut. The results showed that PBZ treatments significantly reduced the main stem height,lateral branch length,node number of main stem and leaf number of main stem by inhibiting the gibberellin( GA) and auxin( IAA) synthesis. GA content at pod filling stage of PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 decreased by 30. 60% and 26. 45%relative to that of CK,and IAA content decreased by 17. 29% and 14. 98%,respectively. PBZ treatments increased the branch number by promoting zeatin nucleoside( ZR) synthesis,and the difference between effects of PBZ-1,PBZ-2 and PBZ-3 were most significant. ZR content at pod filling stage of PBZ-1 treatment and PBZ-2 treatment increased by18. 10% and 10. 14% relative to that of CK,respectively. PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 significantly incrased the abscisic acid( ABA) content of leaf,and reduced the GA/ABA,IAA/ABA ratio and the ZR/ABA ratio of mature leaf,and then induced significantly increase of the chlorophyll content,the activities of SOD,POD and CAT of leaf,and further promoted the photosynthate transport and accumulation to pod. Chlorophyll content,SOD and POD activity of PBZ-1 increased by 23. 69%,36. 80% and 44. 88% relative to that of CK,and increased by 19. 28%,28. 70% and 34. 26% of PBZ-2,respectively. Remarkably,PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 significantly improved the pod number of per plant,which is positive related to the pod yield. The pod yield on average of two test points increased by 17. 94% of PBZ-1,and12. 74% of PBZ-2 compared with CK,respectively. Spraying PBZ at different stages reduced the content of protein total amino acid and the relative content of linoleic acid,but significantly increased the fat content,the relative content of oleic acid and O/L. It is obvious that more significant difference was induced by earlier controlled. In conclusion,for highyield peanut cultivation,which is mainly used for oil, under the premise of ensuring adequate nutritional organ construction,the earlier chemical control,the more remarkable of the increase of pod yield,and also the kernel quality.This study provided theoretical and technical support for high yield and high quality production of peanut.
To explore the physiological basis of the effects of early chemical control on individual plant development and group structure peanut,Huayu22 was used as materials to be treated with four treatments,such as CK( spraying water),PBZ-1( spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 25 cm),PBZ-2( spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 30 cm) and PBZ-3( spraying PBZ when the main stem height was 35 cm),and so on,to research the effects of chemical control at different stages on the plant trait,physiological characteristic,endogenous hormone content,pod yield and kernel quality of high-yield peanut. The results showed that PBZ treatments significantly reduced the main stem height,lateral branch length,node number of main stem and leaf number of main stem by inhibiting the gibberellin( GA) and auxin( IAA) synthesis. GA content at pod filling stage of PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 decreased by 30. 60% and 26. 45%relative to that of CK,and IAA content decreased by 17. 29% and 14. 98%,respectively. PBZ treatments increased the branch number by promoting zeatin nucleoside( ZR) synthesis,and the difference between effects of PBZ-1,PBZ-2 and PBZ-3 were most significant. ZR content at pod filling stage of PBZ-1 treatment and PBZ-2 treatment increased by18. 10% and 10. 14% relative to that of CK,respectively. PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 significantly incrased the abscisic acid( ABA) content of leaf,and reduced the GA/ABA,IAA/ABA ratio and the ZR/ABA ratio of mature leaf,and then induced significantly increase of the chlorophyll content,the activities of SOD,POD and CAT of leaf,and further promoted the photosynthate transport and accumulation to pod. Chlorophyll content,SOD and POD activity of PBZ-1 increased by 23. 69%,36. 80% and 44. 88% relative to that of CK,and increased by 19. 28%,28. 70% and 34. 26% of PBZ-2,respectively. Remarkably,PBZ-1 and PBZ-2 significantly improved the pod number of per plant,which is positive related to the pod yield. The pod yield on average of two test points increased by 17. 94% of PBZ-1,and12. 74% of PBZ-2 compared with CK,respectively. Spraying PBZ at different stages reduced the content of protein total amino acid and the relative content of linoleic acid,but significantly increased the fat content,the relative content of oleic acid and O/L. It is obvious that more significant difference was induced by earlier controlled. In conclusion,for highyield peanut cultivation,which is mainly used for oil, under the premise of ensuring adequate nutritional organ construction,the earlier chemical control,the more remarkable of the increase of pod yield,and also the kernel quality.This study provided theoretical and technical support for high yield and high quality production of peanut.
引文
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[2]赵明,李建国,张宾,董志强,王美云.论作物高产挖潜的补偿机制[J].作物学报,2006,32(10):1566-1573
[3]钟瑞春,陈元,唐秀梅,蒋菁,韩柱强,贺梁琼,李忠,熊发前,唐荣华.3种植物生长调节剂对花生的光合生理及产量品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(15):112-116
[4]张佳蕾,郭峰,李新国,杨莎,耿耘,孟静静,张凤,万书波.提早化控对高产花生节间分布和产量构成的影响[J].花生学报,2017,46(4):63-67
[5]Sachiko S,Akihiro I.Effects of paclobutrazol on dry matter distribution and yield in peanut[J].Plant Production Science,2003,6(1):90-94
[6]Sachiko S,Akihiro I.Effects of paclobutrazol on podding and photosynthetic characteristics in peanut[J].Plant Production Science,2003,6(3):190-194
[7]郑明辉.3种植物生长调节剂在花生生产上的应用[J].亚热带农业研究,2008,4(4):258-260
[8]孔繁华,刘震,孙竹波,马冲.多效唑和烯效唑调节花生生长对比试验[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(5):74-75
[9]程增书,徐桂真,李玉荣,王延兵.多效唑对花生生长、产量和品质的影响[J].花生学报,2006,35(3):32-36
[10]叶梅荣,朱昌华,甘立军,夏凯.激素间相互作用对植物茎伸长生长的调控综述[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(4):228-231
[11]唐志鹏,蒋晔,甘霖,熊兴耀.乙烯利和多效唑对鸡嘴荔内源激素和花芽分化的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报,2006,32(2):135-140
[12]黄诚梅,江文,吴建明,杨柳.萘乙酸与多效唑对茉莉成花及新梢内源激素含量的影响[J].西北植物学报,2009,29(4):742-748
[13]丁君辉,程鹏,王若仲,童建华,洪亚辉.多效唑和脱落酸对白兰花内源激素及光合速率的影响[J].亚热带植物科学,2012,41(3):29-32
[14]Fletcher R A,Gilley A,Sankhlam N,Davis T D.Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants[J].Horticultural Reviews,2000,24:55-138
[15]潘瑞炽.植物生长延缓剂的生化效应[J].植物生理学通讯,1996,32(3):161-168
[16]张佳蕾,王媛媛,孙莲强,魏彤彤,顾学花,高芳,李向东.多效唑对不同品质类型花生产量、品质及相关酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2850-2856
[17]张佳蕾,李向东,杨传婷,王媛媛,郭峰,李新国,万书波.多效唑和海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(3):322-328
[18]张佳蕾,郭峰,杨佃卿,孟静静,杨莎,王兴语,陶寿祥,李新国,万书波.单粒精播对超高产花生群体结构和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3757-3766
[19]Arnon DⅠ.Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast,polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgari[J].Plant Physiol,1949,24:1-5
[20]王爱国,罗广华,邵从本,吴淑君,郭俊彦.大豆种子超氧物歧化酶的研究[J].植物生理学报,1983,9(1):77-83
[21]华东师范大学.植物生理学实验指导[M].上海:人民教育出版社,1980
[22]Chance B.Methods on Enzymology[M].New York:Academic Press,1955:764-765
[23]林植芳,李双顺,林桂珠,孙谷畴,郭俊彦.水稻叶片的衰老与超氧物歧化酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的关系[J].植物学报,1984,26(6):605-615
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