我国生态农场建设的思考
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摘要
生态农场作为生态农业的落地载体,兼顾生态环境保护与经济社会可持续发展,具有市场灵活性,在带动农户发展专业化、标准化、绿色化生产方面具有明显优势。新形势下,各地已形成了一批各具特色的生态农场典型案例。2016—2017年,作者重点围绕面源污染防控与农业清洁生产,以我国东部15个省市的468家生态农场为研究对象,制定调查问卷开展典型案例调查研究。研究结果表明, 90%的农场成立时间在15年以下,生态农场经营者的平均年龄为47.5岁,土地面积在6.6～16.6hm2的农场占到40%,土地平均租金为11 040元·hm?2·a?1;以公司、合作社和家庭农场为组织形式的农场各占23%、40%和30%;进行了农产品质量认证的农场占到73%;生态农业措施采用率排在前5位的是有机肥/堆肥、人工/机械除草、轮作、清洁田园、杀虫灯/秸秆还田;养殖农场的生态意识较为淡薄,生态措施的采用情况也不乐观。在农场投入方面,种植农场的肥料投入和养殖农场的饲料投入最高,劳动力工资平均在3～4万元·cap.?1·a?1;种植农场收益率为?21%～70%,养殖农场为13%～337%,种养结合农场为?21%～152%;50%的农场获得过农业补贴。从调研结果看,我国生态农场有着良好的发展势头,但还处于初级阶段,缺乏相应的指导。文章在调研的基础上还从技术应用、产业融合、成本收益、销售途径及补贴政策等方面分析了生态农场发展过程中面临的问题和挑战,并提出了相应的对策建议,以期对我国生态农场健康有序发展提供指导。
Eco-farm, as a practical carrier of eco-agriculture, can meet the needs of eco-environmental protection, sustainable socio-economic development and market flexibility. It has obvious advantages in promoting specialization, standardization and green production of agriculture. Under this new approach, a number of typical cases of eco-farms have been developed. A questionnaires survey of 468 eco-farms was carried out in 15 provinces in East China during the period 2016–2017. The results showed that 90% of the farms were less than 15 years old. The average age of eco-farm managers was 47.5 years; 40% of eco-farms had land area of6.6–16.6 hm2 with lease fees of 11 040 $ per hectare per year. The farms with organization forms of corporation, cooperative and family accounted respectively for 23%, 40% and 30% of the surveyed farms. 73% of surveyed farms were certified for agro-products.The top five eco-measures applied in the eco-farms were organic manure/compost application, artificial/mechanical weeding, rotation,farmland cleaning and insecticide lamp/straw return. Ecological awareness of animal production farms was weak and adoption of ecological measures was not optimistic. In terms of farm input, fertilizer cost for crop farms and feed cost of animal farms were highest. The average labor wage of eco-farm was 30 000–40 000 $ per person per year. The range of profit of crop farms was ?21%to 70%, that of animal farms was 13% to 337%, and that of farming-animal husbandry combination farms was ?21% to 152%. 50%of the farms received agricultural subsidies. From the survey results, eco-farms in China had a strong momentum for development,but were still in the preliminary stage, lacking corresponding guidance. On the basis of the investigation, this paper also analyzed the problems and challenges faced in the development of eco-farms from the aspects of technology application, industrial integration,cost-benefits, sales channels and subsidy policies. To provide guidance for the healthy and orderly development of eco-farms in China, a series of corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were also advanced, which were 1) to establish national policy for transformation of conventional farm to eco-farm; 2) to improve cognition of eco-farm of government, farmers and publics; 3) to set up the construction and evaluation standards of eco-farm, and to implement the affirmation of eco-farm; 4) to recommend the eco-farm technologies and promote agricultural subsidies of eco-farm; 5) to construct information and selling internets of eco-agricultural products; 6) to launch scientific and technological research projects to provide technological support for eco-farm.
Eco-farm, as a practical carrier of eco-agriculture, can meet the needs of eco-environmental protection, sustainable socio-economic development and market flexibility. It has obvious advantages in promoting specialization, standardization and green production of agriculture. Under this new approach, a number of typical cases of eco-farms have been developed. A questionnaires survey of 468 eco-farms was carried out in 15 provinces in East China during the period 2016–2017. The results showed that 90% of the farms were less than 15 years old. The average age of eco-farm managers was 47.5 years; 40% of eco-farms had land area of6.6–16.6 hm2 with lease fees of 11 040 $ per hectare per year. The farms with organization forms of corporation, cooperative and family accounted respectively for 23%, 40% and 30% of the surveyed farms. 73% of surveyed farms were certified for agro-products.The top five eco-measures applied in the eco-farms were organic manure/compost application, artificial/mechanical weeding, rotation,farmland cleaning and insecticide lamp/straw return. Ecological awareness of animal production farms was weak and adoption of ecological measures was not optimistic. In terms of farm input, fertilizer cost for crop farms and feed cost of animal farms were highest. The average labor wage of eco-farm was 30 000–40 000 $ per person per year. The range of profit of crop farms was ?21%to 70%, that of animal farms was 13% to 337%, and that of farming-animal husbandry combination farms was ?21% to 152%. 50%of the farms received agricultural subsidies. From the survey results, eco-farms in China had a strong momentum for development,but were still in the preliminary stage, lacking corresponding guidance. On the basis of the investigation, this paper also analyzed the problems and challenges faced in the development of eco-farms from the aspects of technology application, industrial integration,cost-benefits, sales channels and subsidy policies. To provide guidance for the healthy and orderly development of eco-farms in China, a series of corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were also advanced, which were 1) to establish national policy for transformation of conventional farm to eco-farm; 2) to improve cognition of eco-farm of government, farmers and publics; 3) to set up the construction and evaluation standards of eco-farm, and to implement the affirmation of eco-farm; 4) to recommend the eco-farm technologies and promote agricultural subsidies of eco-farm; 5) to construct information and selling internets of eco-agricultural products; 6) to launch scientific and technological research projects to provide technological support for eco-farm.
引文
[1]李文华,刘某承,闵庆文.中国生态农业的发展与展望[J].资源科学,2010,32(6):1015-1021LI W H,LIU M C,MIN Q W.Progress and perspectives of China’s ecological agriculture[J].Resources Science,2010,32(6):1015-1021
[2]骆世明.农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(1):1-7LUO S M.Agroecology transition and suitable pathway for eco-agricultural development in China[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(1):1-7
[3]徐祥浩.生态农场的概念及其意义[J].生态科学,1983,(2):122-125XU X H.Eco-farm:Concept and significance[J].Ecology Science,1983,(2):122-125
[4]郭琦.生态农场的建设探讨[J].农业与技术,2014,34(7):227GUO Q.Discussion on the construction of eco-farm[J].Agriculture and Technology,2014,34(7):227
[5]高尚宾.中国生态农场案例调查报告[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2018GAO S B.Survey on Eco-Farm Cases in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2018
[6]YANG Z Z.Demographic changes in China’s farmers:The future of farming in China[J].Asian Social Science,2013,9(7):136-143
[7]顾晓峰.小型种养结合生态家庭农场模式的探索与研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2010GU X F.Small breeding with ecological family farm mode and research[D]Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2010
[8]冯彦敏,赵海波.社区支持农业(CSA)--推动城乡一体化发展的绿色之路[J].云南农业大学学报,2014,8(5):67-72FENG Y M,ZHAO H B.Community supported agriculture:Agreen road for the integration of urban-rural development[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2014,8(5):67-72
[9]周怡岑,陈晓亮,彭文武.我国农业补贴政策的问题与改进建议[J].农业经济,2017,(3):87-89ZHOU Y C,CHEN X L,PENG W W.Problems and suggestions for improvement of agricultural subsidy policy in China[J].Agricultural Economy,2017,(3):87-89
[2]骆世明.农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(1):1-7LUO S M.Agroecology transition and suitable pathway for eco-agricultural development in China[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(1):1-7
[3]徐祥浩.生态农场的概念及其意义[J].生态科学,1983,(2):122-125XU X H.Eco-farm:Concept and significance[J].Ecology Science,1983,(2):122-125
[4]郭琦.生态农场的建设探讨[J].农业与技术,2014,34(7):227GUO Q.Discussion on the construction of eco-farm[J].Agriculture and Technology,2014,34(7):227
[5]高尚宾.中国生态农场案例调查报告[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2018GAO S B.Survey on Eco-Farm Cases in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2018
[6]YANG Z Z.Demographic changes in China’s farmers:The future of farming in China[J].Asian Social Science,2013,9(7):136-143
[7]顾晓峰.小型种养结合生态家庭农场模式的探索与研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2010GU X F.Small breeding with ecological family farm mode and research[D]Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2010
[8]冯彦敏,赵海波.社区支持农业(CSA)--推动城乡一体化发展的绿色之路[J].云南农业大学学报,2014,8(5):67-72FENG Y M,ZHAO H B.Community supported agriculture:Agreen road for the integration of urban-rural development[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2014,8(5):67-72
[9]周怡岑,陈晓亮,彭文武.我国农业补贴政策的问题与改进建议[J].农业经济,2017,(3):87-89ZHOU Y C,CHEN X L,PENG W W.Problems and suggestions for improvement of agricultural subsidy policy in China[J].Agricultural Economy,2017,(3):87-89