东非鲁武马盆地渐新统富砂深水朵体复合体特征及影响因素
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摘要
近年来的天然气发现证实地处东非被动大陆边缘的鲁武马盆地渐新统朵体复合体具有巨大的资源潜力和良好的勘探前景。朵体复合体具有粗粒、巨厚、宽厚比低、向单侧偏转的特征,明显异于常规席状砂。利用油气勘探过程中获得的岩芯、测井及地震信息,分析深水沉积朵体复合体不同级别的岩性特征、电性响应和地震反射特征;借助地震剖面解剖和沿层相干切片识别了不同级别的朵体复合体内部组成,分析朵体复合体的沉积过程,同时探讨了影响朵体复合体沉积的主要因素。研究表明,鲁武马盆地渐新统朵体复合体具有"无根"的外部形态及复杂的地震内部反射结构,可以分为朵体复合体、朵体、朵体单元及层-层组等四个级别。朵体复合体形成于块体搬运沉积之后和水道复合体沉积之前,为下降期体系域晚期的产物,推测海平面变化速率影响朵体复合体储层垂向分布,基准面下降速率越大,单层砂岩厚度越大,两者呈现出正相关的特征。朵体复合体沉积经历了多期朵体的沉积过程:早期填平补齐的限制性沉积,中期多期侧向迁移的非限制性沉积,以及末期边部高弯曲迁移的富泥水道沉积;从补给水道口向朵体复合体远端,伴随浊流强度逐渐衰减,携带粗粒物质的能力逐渐降低,近端及主体部位厚度大,砂泥比高,边缘及远端沉积厚度减薄,砂泥比降低;主体部位的砂泥比是补给水道口及较远端的2～3倍;陆架形态、地形坡度及与基准面之间的关系影响朵体复合体的沉积位置、外部形态及迁移方式:"窄陆架、陡陆坡"促使粗粒、富砂的朵体复合体近源堆积;地形坡度与基准面一致时浊流在陆坡区的"过路不留",导致朵体复合体形成"无根"的外部形态;沿陆坡走向的坡度变化导致朵体的侧向迁移。
In recent years, the natural gas discovery has proved that the Oligocene lobe complex in the Rovuma Basin, located at the edge of the passive continent of East Africa, has great potential for resources and a good prospect for exploration. The lobe complex is characterized by coarse grain, huge thickness, a low ratio of width to thickness and unilateral migration, which is obviously different from conventional sheet sand. The lithology characteristics, electrical response and seismic reflection characteristics of a deep-water sedimentary lobe complex were analyzed by using the core, logging and seismic information obtained during oil and gas exploration. The internal composition of the different hierarchies of the lobe complex was identified by means of seismic profile and coherence slices along horizon, and the deposition process of the lobe complex was analyzed. Meanwhile, the main factors affecting the deposition of the lobe complex were also discussed. The study shows that the Oligocene lobe complex in the Rovuma Basin has "rootless" external morphology and complex internal reflection configuration. It can be divided into four hierarchies: the lobe complex, the lobe, the lobe element, layer and the layer group. The lobe complex formed after the mass transport deposition and before the channel complex deposition was the product of the late falling-stage systems tract. It is inferred that the sea level fluctuate rate affects the vertical distribution of the lobe complex reservoir. The greater the base level descending rate, the greater the thickness of monolayer sandstone. There is a positive correlation between the two. The deposition of the lobe complex has undergone multiple stages of lobe deposition. In the early stage, the restricted deposition in the way of backfilling, the non restrictive deposition of mid-term multiphase lateral migration, and the mud-rich channels with high bending and migration at the end of the boundary were last phase. From the feeder channel to the distal end of the lobe complex, the ability to carry coarse particles gradually decreases with reduction gravity flow intensity. The sedimentary thickness of the near and proximate part is large, the ratio of sand to mud is high, the sedimentary thickness of the edge and the distal side is thinner, and the ratio of sand to mud decreases. The sand to mud ratio of the proximate body is 2～3 times that of the feeder mouth and the far side. The shape of the continental shelf, the relationship between the gradient of the slope and the sea level affect the location, the external form and the way of migration of the lobe complex. The narrow continental shelf and steep continental slope promote the near source accumulation of coarse sand-rich lobe complexes. When the terrain gradient is consistent with the base level, the turbidity currents in the slope do not deposit, leading to the formation of the "rootless" of the lobe complex. The slope changes along the slope strike to cause lateral migration of the lobe.
In recent years, the natural gas discovery has proved that the Oligocene lobe complex in the Rovuma Basin, located at the edge of the passive continent of East Africa, has great potential for resources and a good prospect for exploration. The lobe complex is characterized by coarse grain, huge thickness, a low ratio of width to thickness and unilateral migration, which is obviously different from conventional sheet sand. The lithology characteristics, electrical response and seismic reflection characteristics of a deep-water sedimentary lobe complex were analyzed by using the core, logging and seismic information obtained during oil and gas exploration. The internal composition of the different hierarchies of the lobe complex was identified by means of seismic profile and coherence slices along horizon, and the deposition process of the lobe complex was analyzed. Meanwhile, the main factors affecting the deposition of the lobe complex were also discussed. The study shows that the Oligocene lobe complex in the Rovuma Basin has "rootless" external morphology and complex internal reflection configuration. It can be divided into four hierarchies: the lobe complex, the lobe, the lobe element, layer and the layer group. The lobe complex formed after the mass transport deposition and before the channel complex deposition was the product of the late falling-stage systems tract. It is inferred that the sea level fluctuate rate affects the vertical distribution of the lobe complex reservoir. The greater the base level descending rate, the greater the thickness of monolayer sandstone. There is a positive correlation between the two. The deposition of the lobe complex has undergone multiple stages of lobe deposition. In the early stage, the restricted deposition in the way of backfilling, the non restrictive deposition of mid-term multiphase lateral migration, and the mud-rich channels with high bending and migration at the end of the boundary were last phase. From the feeder channel to the distal end of the lobe complex, the ability to carry coarse particles gradually decreases with reduction gravity flow intensity. The sedimentary thickness of the near and proximate part is large, the ratio of sand to mud is high, the sedimentary thickness of the edge and the distal side is thinner, and the ratio of sand to mud decreases. The sand to mud ratio of the proximate body is 2～3 times that of the feeder mouth and the far side. The shape of the continental shelf, the relationship between the gradient of the slope and the sea level affect the location, the external form and the way of migration of the lobe complex. The narrow continental shelf and steep continental slope promote the near source accumulation of coarse sand-rich lobe complexes. When the terrain gradient is consistent with the base level, the turbidity currents in the slope do not deposit, leading to the formation of the "rootless" of the lobe complex. The slope changes along the slope strike to cause lateral migration of the lobe.
引文
Anne G,Bruno S,Thierry M,Eliane G.2006.Sandy modern turbidite lobe:A new insight from high resolution seismic data.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(4):485~502.
Barker S P,Haughton P D W,Mccaffrey W D,Archer S G,Hakes B.2008.Development of rheological heterogeneity in clay-rich high-density turbidity currents:Aptian Britannia Sandstone Member,U.K.continental shelf.Journal of Sedimentary Research,78(2):45~68.
Bouma A H,Normark W R,Barnes N E.1985.Submarine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems.New Nork:Springer,351.
Bosellini A.1986.East Africa continental margins.Geology,14(1):76~78.
Bouroullec R,Tari G.2004.Petroleum traps in deepwater setting.St.Louis:Society of Exploration Geophysicists and European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers,419~456.
Catuneanu O.2006.Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1~343.
Deptuck M E,Piper D J W,Savoye B,Gervais A.2008.Dimensions and architecture of late Pleistocene submarine lobes off the northern margin of East Corsica.Sedimentology,55(4):869~898.
FerryJ N,Mulder T,Parize O,Raillard S.2005.Concept of equilibrium profile in deep-water turbidite systems:effects of local physiographic changes on the nature of sedimentary process and the geometries of deposits.Submarine slope systems:processes and products.London:Geological Society Special Publications 244(1):181~193.
Gervais A,Savoye B,Mulder T,Gonthier E.2006.Sandy modern turbidite lobes:A new insight from high resolution seismic data.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(4):485~502.
Heinio P,Davies R J.2007.Knickpoint migration in submarine channels in response to fold growth,western Niger Delta.Marine and Petroleum Geology,24(6):434~449.
IHS Energy.2009.Basin monitors:Rovuma basin.Houston:IHS Inc.
Jegou I,Savoye B,Pirmez C,Droz L.2008.Channel-mouth lobe complex of the recent Amazon Fan:The missing piece.Marine Geology,252(1):62~77.
Junssen M E,Stephenson R A,Cloetingh S.1995.Temporal and spatial correlation between changes in plate motion and the evolution of rifted basins in Africa.GSA Bulletin,107(11):1317~1332.
Kneller B,Buckee C.2010.The structure and fluid mechanics of turbidity currents:A review of some recent studies and their geological applications.Sedimentology,47(s1):62~94.
Kong Xiangyu.2013.Petroleum geologic characteristics and exploration prospect in Rovuma basin,East Africa.Lithologic Reservoirs,25(3):21~27(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Lei,Wang Yingmin,Xuqiang,Huang Zhichao.2012.Deep-water gravity flow depositional elements and depositional systems in passive margin:case studies in deep-water areas of Niger delta and Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouth basin.Geological Review,58(5):846~853(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Lowe D R.1982.Sediment-gravity flows,II:Depostional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,52(1):279~297.
Mahanjane E S,Franke D.2014.The Rovuma delta deep-water fold-and-thrust belt,offshore Mozambique.Tectonophysics,614(3):91~99.
Mayall M,Jones E,Casey M.2006.Turbidite channel reservoirskey elements in facies prediction and effective development.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(8):821~841.
Morley C K,King R,Hillis R,Tingay M,Backe G.2011.Deepwater fold and thrust belt classification,tectonics,structure and hydrocarbon prospectivity:A review.Earth Science Reviews,104(1):41~91.
Mulder T,Etienne S.2010.Lobes in deep-sea turbidite systems:State of the art.Sedimentary Geology,229(3):75~80.
Mutti E,Sonnino M.1981.Compensation cycles:a diagnostic feature of turbidite sandstone lobes.International Association of Sedimentologists,Second European Regional Meeting,120~123.
Mutti E,Tinterri R,Benevelli G,Angella S,diBiase D,Fava L,Mavilla N,Caanna G,Cotti A.2003.Deltaic,mixed and turbidite sedimentation of ancient foreland basins.Marine and Petroleum Geology,20(6):733~755.
Normark W R.1970.Growth patterns of deep-sea fans.AAPGBulletin,54:2170~2195.
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Postma G,Nemec W,Kleinspehn K L.1988.Large floating clasts in turbidites:a mechanism for their emplacement.Sedimentary Geology,58(1):47~61.
Prather B E.2003.Controls on reservoir distribution,architecture and stratigraphic trapping in slope settings.Marine and Petroleum Geology,20(6):529~545.
Prelat A,Covault J A,Hodgson D M,Fildani A,Flint S S.2010.Intrinsic controls on the range of volumes,morphologies and dimensions of submarine lobes.Sedimentary Geology,232(1):66~76.
Prélat A,Hodgson D M,Flint S S.2009.Evolution,architecture and hierarchy of distributary deep-water deposits:a highresolution outcrop investigation from the Permian Karoo basin,South Africa.Sedimentology,56(7):2132~2154.
Reading H G,Richards M.1994.Turbidite systems in deep-water basin margins classified by grain size and feeder system.AAPG Bulletin,78(5):792~822.
Roberts D G,Bally A W.2012.Regional Geology and Tectonics:Principles of Geologic Analysis.London:Elsevier,837~864.
Salazar M U,Baker D,Francis M,Kornpihl D.2013.West T.Frontier exploration offshore the Zambezi delta,Mozambique.EAGE,First break 31:135~144.
Salman G,Abdula L.1995.Development of the Mozambique and Rovuma sedimentary basins,offshore Mozambique.Sedimentary Geology,96(1-2):7~41.
Shanmugam G,Moiola R J.1991.Types of submarine fan lobesmodels and implications.AAPG Bulletin,75(1):156~179.
Shanmugan G.2000.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s,1990s):Deepwater processes and facies models:A critical perspective.Marine and Petroleum Geology,17(2):285~342.
Smith R.2004.Silled sub-basins to connected tortuous corridors:Sediment distribution systems on topographically complex subaqueous slopes.Confined Turbidite Systems.London:Geological Society,23~43.
Spychala Y T,Hodgson D M,Elat A P,Kane I A,Flint S S,Mountney N P.2017.Frontal and lateral submarine lobe fringes:comparing sediment facies,architecture and flow processes.Journal of Sedimentary Research,87(1):75~96
Sun Hui,Fang Guozhang,LǚFuliang,Xu zhicheng,Ma Hongxia.2011.Sedimentary characteristics of Pliocene slope channel complexes in the Rakhine basin,offshore Myanmar.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,21(9):695~703(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun Hui,Tang Pengcheng,Chen Yuhang,Lu Yintao,Liu Shaozhi.2016.Characteristics and controlling factors of deepwater deposites on the continental slope of the Rovuma basin,East Africa.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,36(3):59~68(in Chinese with English abstract).
Walker R G.1978.Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:Models for exploration for stratigraphic traps.AAPG Bulletin,62(5):932~966.
Weimer P,Slatt R M.2007.Introduction to the petroleum geology of deepwater settings.AAPG Studies in Geology,57:111~418.
Wen Zhixin,Wang Zhaoming,Song Chengpeng,He Zhengjun,Liu Xiaobing.2015.Structural architecture difference and petroleum exploration of passive continental margin basins in eastAfrica.Petroleum Exploration and Development,42(5):671~680(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu Shiguo,Qin Yunshan.2009.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Sea.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,27(5):922~930(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Guangya,Liu Xiaobing,Wen Zhixin,Wang Zhaoming,Song Chengpeng.2015.Structural and sedimentary characteristics of passive continental margin basins in East Africa and their effect on the formation of giant gas fields.China Petroleum Exploration,20(4):71~80(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Leifu,Pan Mao,Wang Hongliang.2017.Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits:A Review of the Research Frontiers.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(1):283~300.
Zhao Pengfei,Yang Xianghua,Zhang Huilai,Bu Fangqing,Wu Jing.2017.The sedimentary architecture characteristics and fluid system of the deep sea turbidite-lobe complex sandbodies:A case study of the deep-water region in the Niger delta front.Earth Science,42(11):1972~1983(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Barker S P,Haughton P D W,Mccaffrey W D,Archer S G,Hakes B.2008.Development of rheological heterogeneity in clay-rich high-density turbidity currents:Aptian Britannia Sandstone Member,U.K.continental shelf.Journal of Sedimentary Research,78(2):45~68.
Bouma A H,Normark W R,Barnes N E.1985.Submarine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems.New Nork:Springer,351.
Bosellini A.1986.East Africa continental margins.Geology,14(1):76~78.
Bouroullec R,Tari G.2004.Petroleum traps in deepwater setting.St.Louis:Society of Exploration Geophysicists and European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers,419~456.
Catuneanu O.2006.Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1~343.
Deptuck M E,Piper D J W,Savoye B,Gervais A.2008.Dimensions and architecture of late Pleistocene submarine lobes off the northern margin of East Corsica.Sedimentology,55(4):869~898.
FerryJ N,Mulder T,Parize O,Raillard S.2005.Concept of equilibrium profile in deep-water turbidite systems:effects of local physiographic changes on the nature of sedimentary process and the geometries of deposits.Submarine slope systems:processes and products.London:Geological Society Special Publications 244(1):181~193.
Gervais A,Savoye B,Mulder T,Gonthier E.2006.Sandy modern turbidite lobes:A new insight from high resolution seismic data.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(4):485~502.
Heinio P,Davies R J.2007.Knickpoint migration in submarine channels in response to fold growth,western Niger Delta.Marine and Petroleum Geology,24(6):434~449.
IHS Energy.2009.Basin monitors:Rovuma basin.Houston:IHS Inc.
Jegou I,Savoye B,Pirmez C,Droz L.2008.Channel-mouth lobe complex of the recent Amazon Fan:The missing piece.Marine Geology,252(1):62~77.
Junssen M E,Stephenson R A,Cloetingh S.1995.Temporal and spatial correlation between changes in plate motion and the evolution of rifted basins in Africa.GSA Bulletin,107(11):1317~1332.
Kneller B,Buckee C.2010.The structure and fluid mechanics of turbidity currents:A review of some recent studies and their geological applications.Sedimentology,47(s1):62~94.
Kong Xiangyu.2013.Petroleum geologic characteristics and exploration prospect in Rovuma basin,East Africa.Lithologic Reservoirs,25(3):21~27(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Lei,Wang Yingmin,Xuqiang,Huang Zhichao.2012.Deep-water gravity flow depositional elements and depositional systems in passive margin:case studies in deep-water areas of Niger delta and Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouth basin.Geological Review,58(5):846~853(in Chinese with English abstract).
LoweD R,1979.Sediment-gravity flows:Their classification,and some problems of applications to natural flows and deposits.In:Doy le L J,Pilkey O H,eds.Geology of Continental Slopes.Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication,27:75~82.
Lowe D R.1982.Sediment-gravity flows,II:Depostional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents.Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,52(1):279~297.
Mahanjane E S,Franke D.2014.The Rovuma delta deep-water fold-and-thrust belt,offshore Mozambique.Tectonophysics,614(3):91~99.
Mayall M,Jones E,Casey M.2006.Turbidite channel reservoirskey elements in facies prediction and effective development.Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(8):821~841.
Morley C K,King R,Hillis R,Tingay M,Backe G.2011.Deepwater fold and thrust belt classification,tectonics,structure and hydrocarbon prospectivity:A review.Earth Science Reviews,104(1):41~91.
Mulder T,Etienne S.2010.Lobes in deep-sea turbidite systems:State of the art.Sedimentary Geology,229(3):75~80.
Mutti E,Sonnino M.1981.Compensation cycles:a diagnostic feature of turbidite sandstone lobes.International Association of Sedimentologists,Second European Regional Meeting,120~123.
Mutti E,Tinterri R,Benevelli G,Angella S,diBiase D,Fava L,Mavilla N,Caanna G,Cotti A.2003.Deltaic,mixed and turbidite sedimentation of ancient foreland basins.Marine and Petroleum Geology,20(6):733~755.
Normark W R.1970.Growth patterns of deep-sea fans.AAPGBulletin,54:2170~2195.
Pearson P N,Mcmillan I K,Wade B S,Dunkley J T,Coxall H K,Bown P R,Lear C H.2008.Extinction and environmental change across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Tanzania.Geology,36(2):179~182.
Postma G,Nemec W,Kleinspehn K L.1988.Large floating clasts in turbidites:a mechanism for their emplacement.Sedimentary Geology,58(1):47~61.
Prather B E.2003.Controls on reservoir distribution,architecture and stratigraphic trapping in slope settings.Marine and Petroleum Geology,20(6):529~545.
Prelat A,Covault J A,Hodgson D M,Fildani A,Flint S S.2010.Intrinsic controls on the range of volumes,morphologies and dimensions of submarine lobes.Sedimentary Geology,232(1):66~76.
Prélat A,Hodgson D M,Flint S S.2009.Evolution,architecture and hierarchy of distributary deep-water deposits:a highresolution outcrop investigation from the Permian Karoo basin,South Africa.Sedimentology,56(7):2132~2154.
Reading H G,Richards M.1994.Turbidite systems in deep-water basin margins classified by grain size and feeder system.AAPG Bulletin,78(5):792~822.
Roberts D G,Bally A W.2012.Regional Geology and Tectonics:Principles of Geologic Analysis.London:Elsevier,837~864.
Salazar M U,Baker D,Francis M,Kornpihl D.2013.West T.Frontier exploration offshore the Zambezi delta,Mozambique.EAGE,First break 31:135~144.
Salman G,Abdula L.1995.Development of the Mozambique and Rovuma sedimentary basins,offshore Mozambique.Sedimentary Geology,96(1-2):7~41.
Shanmugam G,Moiola R J.1991.Types of submarine fan lobesmodels and implications.AAPG Bulletin,75(1):156~179.
Shanmugan G.2000.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s,1990s):Deepwater processes and facies models:A critical perspective.Marine and Petroleum Geology,17(2):285~342.
Smith R.2004.Silled sub-basins to connected tortuous corridors:Sediment distribution systems on topographically complex subaqueous slopes.Confined Turbidite Systems.London:Geological Society,23~43.
Spychala Y T,Hodgson D M,Elat A P,Kane I A,Flint S S,Mountney N P.2017.Frontal and lateral submarine lobe fringes:comparing sediment facies,architecture and flow processes.Journal of Sedimentary Research,87(1):75~96
Sun Hui,Fang Guozhang,LǚFuliang,Xu zhicheng,Ma Hongxia.2011.Sedimentary characteristics of Pliocene slope channel complexes in the Rakhine basin,offshore Myanmar.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,21(9):695~703(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun Hui,Tang Pengcheng,Chen Yuhang,Lu Yintao,Liu Shaozhi.2016.Characteristics and controlling factors of deepwater deposites on the continental slope of the Rovuma basin,East Africa.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,36(3):59~68(in Chinese with English abstract).
Walker R G.1978.Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:Models for exploration for stratigraphic traps.AAPG Bulletin,62(5):932~966.
Weimer P,Slatt R M.2007.Introduction to the petroleum geology of deepwater settings.AAPG Studies in Geology,57:111~418.
Wen Zhixin,Wang Zhaoming,Song Chengpeng,He Zhengjun,Liu Xiaobing.2015.Structural architecture difference and petroleum exploration of passive continental margin basins in eastAfrica.Petroleum Exploration and Development,42(5):671~680(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu Shiguo,Qin Yunshan.2009.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Sea.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,27(5):922~930(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Guangya,Liu Xiaobing,Wen Zhixin,Wang Zhaoming,Song Chengpeng.2015.Structural and sedimentary characteristics of passive continental margin basins in East Africa and their effect on the formation of giant gas fields.China Petroleum Exploration,20(4):71~80(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Leifu,Pan Mao,Wang Hongliang.2017.Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits:A Review of the Research Frontiers.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),91(1):283~300.
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