种植小麦与牧草对西北风蚀区秦王川灌区粉砂壤土风蚀的影响
|
摘要
为了探讨种植小麦和牧草对秦王川灌区农田风蚀的影响,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)和混播牧草披碱草(Elymus nutans)+苜蓿(Medicago sativa)及其下部土壤为研究对象,通过测定植被(或残茬)的盖度、高度和地上生物量及其下部地表的粗糙度、湿度、含水率和风蚀量来探索植被特征指标与土壤风蚀量的变化趋势以及它们之间的定量关系。结果表明:在整个风蚀季节,农田风蚀表现为秋末冬初风蚀较大、冬季较小、春季又明显增强的"U"形曲线模式,风蚀最严重季节为3—5月,而9—10月的风蚀危害也不容忽视;混播牧草的盖度、高度和地上生物量均显著大于单播小麦(P<0.05);各处理地表粗糙度、湿度和土壤含水量大小顺序均为披碱草+苜蓿地>小麦地>裸地,而风蚀量正好相反;相关分析显示,地表风蚀量与植被特征指标中的地上生物量间的相关性最强(r=-0.841),其后依次为与植被盖度(r=-0.816)和与植被高度(r=-0.726)间的相关性;回归分析显示,植被的地上生物量每提高1 g·m~(-2),可使其下部土壤的风蚀量减少6.0 g·m~(-2);从风蚀最严重时间(3—5月)分析,小麦地与裸地的风蚀量相近,说明该区种植春小麦不利于降低土壤风蚀,而混播种植披碱草+苜蓿可显著降低农田风蚀危害,下降幅度可达57%。为了减弱秦王川灌区农田风蚀危害和改善兰州新区生态环境,当地应减少春播小麦的种植面积,大力推广种植多年生牧草(如披碱草+苜蓿)。
To explore effects of Triticum aestivum and forage grass( Elymus nutans + Medicago sativa) plantation on soil wind erosion in Qinwangchuan irrigated region,through measuring the coverage,height and above-ground biomass of the vegetation( or crop stubble) and the roughness,humidity,soil moisture content and wind erosion of the soil surface,analysis was done of the vegetation for characteristic indices and of the soil erosion under vegetation. Results show that during the whole wind erosion season,the amount of soil loss was big in late autumn and beginning winter,then became very small in winter,and once again became bigger when spring came,the dynamic cured line of erosion liked"U"shape. The most severe season of wind erosion was from March to May,and the wind erosion from September to October should not be ignored. The coverage,height and above-ground biomass of mixed sowing grass were significantly higher than that of wheat alone( P<0. 05). The order of roughness,humidity and soil moisture of these treatments were mixed bowing grass land>wheat land>bare land,while the order of wind erosion was opposite. Correlation analysis indicates that the coefficients between soil erosion and above-ground biomass was the highest( r =-0. 841),followed by vegetation coverage( r =-0. 816)and vegetation height( r =-0. 726). Regression analysis demonstrates that for every 1 g·m~(-2) of increase in biomass,the soil erosion decreased by 6. 0 g·m~(-2). From analysis of the most severe wind erosion period( March to May),planting spring wheat couldn't prevent soil wind erosion,because the erosion of wheat land was similar to that of bare land,while planting Elymus nutans+Medicago sativa might significantly reduce wind and soil erosion declining rates up to 57%. Obviously,in order to reduce soil erosion in Qinwangchuan irrigated region and improve the ecological environment of Lanzhou New Area,it was necessary to reduce the planting of spring wheat,and vigorously promote the planting of perennial grass( such as Elymus nutans+Medicago sativa).
To explore effects of Triticum aestivum and forage grass( Elymus nutans + Medicago sativa) plantation on soil wind erosion in Qinwangchuan irrigated region,through measuring the coverage,height and above-ground biomass of the vegetation( or crop stubble) and the roughness,humidity,soil moisture content and wind erosion of the soil surface,analysis was done of the vegetation for characteristic indices and of the soil erosion under vegetation. Results show that during the whole wind erosion season,the amount of soil loss was big in late autumn and beginning winter,then became very small in winter,and once again became bigger when spring came,the dynamic cured line of erosion liked"U"shape. The most severe season of wind erosion was from March to May,and the wind erosion from September to October should not be ignored. The coverage,height and above-ground biomass of mixed sowing grass were significantly higher than that of wheat alone( P<0. 05). The order of roughness,humidity and soil moisture of these treatments were mixed bowing grass land>wheat land>bare land,while the order of wind erosion was opposite. Correlation analysis indicates that the coefficients between soil erosion and above-ground biomass was the highest( r =-0. 841),followed by vegetation coverage( r =-0. 816)and vegetation height( r =-0. 726). Regression analysis demonstrates that for every 1 g·m~(-2) of increase in biomass,the soil erosion decreased by 6. 0 g·m~(-2). From analysis of the most severe wind erosion period( March to May),planting spring wheat couldn't prevent soil wind erosion,because the erosion of wheat land was similar to that of bare land,while planting Elymus nutans+Medicago sativa might significantly reduce wind and soil erosion declining rates up to 57%. Obviously,in order to reduce soil erosion in Qinwangchuan irrigated region and improve the ecological environment of Lanzhou New Area,it was necessary to reduce the planting of spring wheat,and vigorously promote the planting of perennial grass( such as Elymus nutans+Medicago sativa).
引文
[1]李昂,高天鹏,张鸣,等,西北风蚀区植被覆盖对土壤风蚀动态的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):120-123.[LI Ang,GAO Tian-peng,ZHANG Ming,et al.Influences of Vegetation Cover on Dynamic Changes of Soil Wind Erosion in Wind Erosion Region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(6):120-123.]
[2]农业部.中国出现沙尘暴的尘源主要来自农田[EB/OL].(2008-07-30)[2017-08-15].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2008/07-30/1329140.shtml.[China's Ministry of Agriculture.The Dust Source of Dust Storm in China Mainly Comes From Farmland[EB/OL].(2008-07-30)[2017-08-15].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2008/07-30/1329140.shtml.]
[3]李昂,张鸣,蔺海明,等.西北风蚀区种植甘草对地表微环境和土壤物理性状的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):128-132.[LI Ang,ZHANG Ming,LIN Hai-ming,et al.Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Vegetation on the Ground Surface Microenvironment and Soil Physical Properties in Wind Erosion Region in Northwest China[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(10):128-132.]
[4]李昂,吴应珍,陈伟,等.甘草植被覆盖对西北风蚀区农田土壤养分及风蚀的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(2):295-301.[LI Ang,WU Ying-zhen,CHEN Wei,et al.Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Plantation on Soil Nutrients and Wind Erosion Stricken Region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(2):295-301.]
[5]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.免耕对农牧交错带农田休闲期土壤风蚀及其相关土壤理化性状的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3778-3784.[QIN Hong-ling,GAO Wang-sheng,MA Yuecun,et al.Effects of No-Tillage on Soil Properties Affecting Wind Erosion During Fallow in Ectone of North China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3778-3784.]
[6]李昂,张鸣,蔺海明,等.种植甘草预防土壤风蚀效应[J].草业科学,2014,31(5):839-843.[LI Ang,ZHANG Ming,LIN Haiming,et al.Erosion-Resistance Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Vegetation Coverage[J].Pratacultural Science,2014,31(5):839-843.]
[7]孙铁军,肖春利,滕文军.不同草地建植模式对荒坡地土壤风蚀及理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):44-48.[SUN Tie-jun,XIAO Chun-li,TENG Wen-jun.Effects of Different Eco-Grassland Models on Soil Wind Erosion and Physical and Chemical Properties on the Barren Slope[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(3):44-48.]
[8]彭佳佳,胡玉福,肖海华,等.生态修复对川西北草地土壤有机质和氮素的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(5):149-153.[PENG Jia-jia,HU Yu-fu,XIAO Hai-hua,et al.Influences of Ecological Restoration on Soil Organic Matter and Nitrogen in Desertification Grassland in the Northwestern Sichuan[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(5):149-153.]
[9]肖红浪.甘肃秦王川大规模农垦中土壤风蚀与养分、盐分变化[J].土壤通报,1998,29(4):148-150.[XIAO Hong-lang.Changes of Soil erosion,Nutrients and Salt in Land Reclamation of Qinwangchuan Irrigated Region of Gansu Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1998,29(4):148-150.]
[10]缑倩倩,韩致文,屈建军,等.秦王川灌区农田土壤盐分离子特征分析[J].土壤,2014,46(1):100-106.[GOU Qian-qian,HAN Zhiwen,QU Jian-jun,et al.Analysis of Farmland Soil Salinity Ions in Qinwangchuan Irrigated Regions[J].Soils,2014,46(1):100-106.]
[11]LI A,NIU K C,DU G Z.Resource Availability,Species Composition and Sown Density Effects on Productivity of Experimental Plant Communities[J].Plant and Soil,2011,344(1/2):177-186.
[12]李昂,张鸣,陈映全,等.西北风蚀区种植甘草对农田土壤质地及碳、氮含量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):286-290.[LI Ang,ZHANG Ming,CHEN Ying-quan,et al.Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Plantation on Soil Texture and Contents of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Wind Erosion Region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):286-290.]
[13]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.免耕条件下农田休闲期直立作物残茬对土壤风蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):66-71.[QIN Hong-ling,GAO Wang-sheng,MA Yue-cun,et al.Effect of Standing Crop Stubble on Soil Erosion by Wind Under NoTillage[J].Transaction of the CSAE,2008,24(4):66-71.]
[2]农业部.中国出现沙尘暴的尘源主要来自农田[EB/OL].(2008-07-30)[2017-08-15].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2008/07-30/1329140.shtml.[China's Ministry of Agriculture.The Dust Source of Dust Storm in China Mainly Comes From Farmland[EB/OL].(2008-07-30)[2017-08-15].http:∥www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2008/07-30/1329140.shtml.]
[3]李昂,张鸣,蔺海明,等.西北风蚀区种植甘草对地表微环境和土壤物理性状的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):128-132.[LI Ang,ZHANG Ming,LIN Hai-ming,et al.Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Vegetation on the Ground Surface Microenvironment and Soil Physical Properties in Wind Erosion Region in Northwest China[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(10):128-132.]
[4]李昂,吴应珍,陈伟,等.甘草植被覆盖对西北风蚀区农田土壤养分及风蚀的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(2):295-301.[LI Ang,WU Ying-zhen,CHEN Wei,et al.Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Plantation on Soil Nutrients and Wind Erosion Stricken Region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(2):295-301.]
[5]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.免耕对农牧交错带农田休闲期土壤风蚀及其相关土壤理化性状的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3778-3784.[QIN Hong-ling,GAO Wang-sheng,MA Yuecun,et al.Effects of No-Tillage on Soil Properties Affecting Wind Erosion During Fallow in Ectone of North China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3778-3784.]
[6]李昂,张鸣,蔺海明,等.种植甘草预防土壤风蚀效应[J].草业科学,2014,31(5):839-843.[LI Ang,ZHANG Ming,LIN Haiming,et al.Erosion-Resistance Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Vegetation Coverage[J].Pratacultural Science,2014,31(5):839-843.]
[7]孙铁军,肖春利,滕文军.不同草地建植模式对荒坡地土壤风蚀及理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):44-48.[SUN Tie-jun,XIAO Chun-li,TENG Wen-jun.Effects of Different Eco-Grassland Models on Soil Wind Erosion and Physical and Chemical Properties on the Barren Slope[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(3):44-48.]
[8]彭佳佳,胡玉福,肖海华,等.生态修复对川西北草地土壤有机质和氮素的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(5):149-153.[PENG Jia-jia,HU Yu-fu,XIAO Hai-hua,et al.Influences of Ecological Restoration on Soil Organic Matter and Nitrogen in Desertification Grassland in the Northwestern Sichuan[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(5):149-153.]
[9]肖红浪.甘肃秦王川大规模农垦中土壤风蚀与养分、盐分变化[J].土壤通报,1998,29(4):148-150.[XIAO Hong-lang.Changes of Soil erosion,Nutrients and Salt in Land Reclamation of Qinwangchuan Irrigated Region of Gansu Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1998,29(4):148-150.]
[10]缑倩倩,韩致文,屈建军,等.秦王川灌区农田土壤盐分离子特征分析[J].土壤,2014,46(1):100-106.[GOU Qian-qian,HAN Zhiwen,QU Jian-jun,et al.Analysis of Farmland Soil Salinity Ions in Qinwangchuan Irrigated Regions[J].Soils,2014,46(1):100-106.]
[11]LI A,NIU K C,DU G Z.Resource Availability,Species Composition and Sown Density Effects on Productivity of Experimental Plant Communities[J].Plant and Soil,2011,344(1/2):177-186.
[12]李昂,张鸣,陈映全,等.西北风蚀区种植甘草对农田土壤质地及碳、氮含量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):286-290.[LI Ang,ZHANG Ming,CHEN Ying-quan,et al.Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Plantation on Soil Texture and Contents of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in Wind Erosion Region of Northwest China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):286-290.]
[13]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.免耕条件下农田休闲期直立作物残茬对土壤风蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):66-71.[QIN Hong-ling,GAO Wang-sheng,MA Yue-cun,et al.Effect of Standing Crop Stubble on Soil Erosion by Wind Under NoTillage[J].Transaction of the CSAE,2008,24(4):66-71.]