水化学分析方法在地下水异常核实中的应用
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摘要
地震前兆识别中的异常核实工作是提高地震分析预报能力的重要环节。"四图一法"是地下水异常核实中有效的水化学分析方法,其中Piper图和Schoeller图用于判定地下水化学类型和补给关系,Gibbs图用于判定地下水化学成分来源,Giggenbach三角图用于判定地下水的水岩平衡状态和是否有深部活动信息,以及混合比例法用于计算地下水的混合程度。同时,介绍了水化学分析方法在异常核实应用中的水样采集、测试方法和基本原理。使用水化学分析方法,有助于判定异常的构造或非构造活动影响因素,提高异常判定的科学水平。
The anomaly verification is an important part of improving the earthquake prediction ability.The diagrams of Piper,Schoeller,Gibbs and Giggenbach,and the mixed proportional method,called as "four figures and a method",which is a reliable analytical method for the groundwater anomaly verification.The Piper diagram and Schoeller diagram can be used for the determination of the hydrochermical types and the recharge of groundwater.Groundwater chemical composition can be defined as derived from atmospheric precipitation,rock dominance,and/or the evaporation-crystallization process by using Gibbs diagram.The diagram of Giggenbach is applied to determine the state of water-rock equilibrium and whether there is deep fluid activity.The mixed proportional method is appropriate for calculating the mixing degree of groundwater.We also summarized the basic principles of using hydrochemical methods to check groundwater anomalies and its water sampling and testing techniques.These hydrochemical methods can be used to verify that whether the fluid anomalies is related to tectonic and/or non-constructive activity,and to improve the scientific level of anomaly judgment.
The anomaly verification is an important part of improving the earthquake prediction ability.The diagrams of Piper,Schoeller,Gibbs and Giggenbach,and the mixed proportional method,called as "four figures and a method",which is a reliable analytical method for the groundwater anomaly verification.The Piper diagram and Schoeller diagram can be used for the determination of the hydrochermical types and the recharge of groundwater.Groundwater chemical composition can be defined as derived from atmospheric precipitation,rock dominance,and/or the evaporation-crystallization process by using Gibbs diagram.The diagram of Giggenbach is applied to determine the state of water-rock equilibrium and whether there is deep fluid activity.The mixed proportional method is appropriate for calculating the mixing degree of groundwater.We also summarized the basic principles of using hydrochemical methods to check groundwater anomalies and its water sampling and testing techniques.These hydrochemical methods can be used to verify that whether the fluid anomalies is related to tectonic and/or non-constructive activity,and to improve the scientific level of anomaly judgment.
引文
[1]郭增建.地震发生前的地下水位变化.地球物理学报,1964,13(3):223-226.
[2] King C Y,Zhang W,Zhang Z.Earthquake-induced groundwater and gas changes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163:633-645.
[3]刘耀炜.我国地震地下流体科学40年探索历程回顾[J].中国地震,2006,22(3):222-235.
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[5] Roeloffs E A.Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes:A review[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1988,126:177-209.
[6] Thomas D.Geochemical precursors to seismic activity[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1988,126:241-266.
[7] Toutain J P,Baubron J C.Gas geochemistry and seismotectonics:A review[J].Tectonophysics,1999,304:1-27.
[8] Taran Y A,Ramirez-Guzman A,Bernard R,et al.Seismic-related variations in the chemical and isotopic composition of thermal springs near Acapulco,Guerrero,Mexico[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L14317.
[9]杜建国,周晓成,陈志,等.北天山泥火山对2012年6月30日新源-和静MS6.6地震的响应[J].地震学报,2013,35(6):876-887.
[10]刘耀炜,任宏微,张磊,等.鲁甸6.5级地震地下流体典型异常与前兆机理分析[J].地震地质,2015,37(1):307-318.
[11]孙小龙,王俊,向阳,等.基于《中国震例》的地下流体异常特征统计分析[J].地震,2016,36(4):120-130.
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[16]张磊,刘耀炜,任宏微,等.氢氧稳定同位素在地下水异常核实中的应用[J].地震地质,2016,38(3):721-731.
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[19]孙小龙,王广才,邵志刚,等.海原断裂带土壤气与地下水地球化学特征研究[J].地学前缘,2016,23(3):140-150.
[20]张磊,刘耀炜,孙小龙,等.基于水化学和物理方法的井水位异常分析[J].地震地质,2014,36(2):513-522.
[21]方震,孙盼盼,李军辉,等.2012年10月后皖27井水位下降成因分析[J].地震,2016,36(2):85-93.
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[24]李学礼,孙占学,刘金辉.水文地球化学[M].北京:原子能出版社,2010.
[25]王怀颖.水化学数值和图解的水文地质应用[J].水文地质工程地质,1988,3:14-17.
[26]霍吉祥,宋汉周,彭鹏,等.水化学图示法及其在坝基帷幕体防渗性能评价中的应用[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(5):73-79.
[27]中国地质调查局.水文地质手册[M].第二版.北京:地质出版社,2012.
[28]中国地震局.地震水文地球化学观测技术规范[M].北京:地震出版社,2014.
[29] Piper A M.A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses[J].Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,1944,25(6):914-928.
[30] Karmegam U,Chidambaram S,Prasanna M V,et al.A study on the mixing proportion in groundwater samples by using Piper diagram and Phreeqc model[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2011,30:490-495.
[31] Gibbs R J.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J].Science,1970,170(3 962):1 088-1 090.
[32]焦艳军,王广才,崔霖峰,等.济源盆地地表水和地下水的水化学及氢、氧同位素特征[J].环境化学,2014,33(6):962-968.
[33]朱秉启,杨小平.塔克拉玛干沙漠天然水体的化学特征及其成因[J].科学通报,2007,52(13):1 561-1 566.
[34]Giggenbach W F.Geothermal solute equilibria.Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988,52:2 749-2 765.
[35] Qin D,Qian Y,Han L,et al.Assessing impact of irrigation water on groundwater recharge and quality in arid environment using CFCs,tritium and stable isotopes,in the Zhangye Basin,Northwest China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,405:194-208.
[36]顾慰祖,庞忠和,王全九,等.同位素水文学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[37] Sun L,Gui H.Hydro-chemical evolution of groundwater and mixing between aquifers:a statistical approach based on major ions[J].Applied Water Science,2015,5:97-104.
[38]王怀颖,王瑞久.太原东山地下水的三种混合模式[J].地质论评,1988,34(5):448-456.
[39]宋献方,刘相超,夏军,等.基于环境同位素技术的怀沙河流域地表水和地下水转化关系研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(1):102-110.
[40] Chen Z,Zhou X,Du J,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics of hot spring waters in the Kangding district related to the Lushan MS7.0earthquake in Sichuan,China[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2015,15:1 149-1 156.
[41] Skelton A,Andrén M,Kristmannsdóttir H,et al.Changes in groundwater chemistry before two consecutive earthquakes in Iceland[J].Nature Geoscience,2014,7:752-756.
[42] Tsunogai U,Wakita H.Precursory chemical changes in ground water:Kobe earthquake,Japan[J].Science,1995,269:61-63.
[43] Claesson L,Skelton A,Graham C,et al.Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earthquake[J].Geology,2004,32(8):641-644.
[44] Claesson L,Skelton A,Graham C,et al.The timescale and mechanisms of fault sealing and waterrock interaction after an earthquake[J].Geofluids,2007,7:427-440.
[45] Wsteby N,Skelton A,Tollefsen E,et al.Hydrochemical monitoring,petrological observation,and geochemical modeling of fault healing after an earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2014,119:5 727-5 740.
[46]王莹,周训,于湲,等.应用地热温标估算地下热储温度[J].现代地质,2007,21(4),605-612.
[47]刘耀炜,任宏微,王博.环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景[J].地学前缘,2009,16(2):369-377.
[48]张国盟,刘耀炜,张磊,等.地下水测年方法及其在地震监测中的应用展望[J].中国地震,2015,31(1):1-10.
[49]车用太,鱼金子,刘五洲,等.三峡井网的布设与观测井建设[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):423-431.
[50] Zhang L,Yang D,Liu Y,et al.Impact of impoundment on groundwater seepage in the Three Gorges Dam in China based on CFCs and stable isotopes[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72:4 491-4 500.
[2] King C Y,Zhang W,Zhang Z.Earthquake-induced groundwater and gas changes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163:633-645.
[3]刘耀炜.我国地震地下流体科学40年探索历程回顾[J].中国地震,2006,22(3):222-235.
[4] King C Y.Gas geochemistry applied to earthquake prediction:an overview[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91(B12):12 269-12 281.
[5] Roeloffs E A.Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes:A review[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1988,126:177-209.
[6] Thomas D.Geochemical precursors to seismic activity[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1988,126:241-266.
[7] Toutain J P,Baubron J C.Gas geochemistry and seismotectonics:A review[J].Tectonophysics,1999,304:1-27.
[8] Taran Y A,Ramirez-Guzman A,Bernard R,et al.Seismic-related variations in the chemical and isotopic composition of thermal springs near Acapulco,Guerrero,Mexico[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L14317.
[9]杜建国,周晓成,陈志,等.北天山泥火山对2012年6月30日新源-和静MS6.6地震的响应[J].地震学报,2013,35(6):876-887.
[10]刘耀炜,任宏微,张磊,等.鲁甸6.5级地震地下流体典型异常与前兆机理分析[J].地震地质,2015,37(1):307-318.
[11]孙小龙,王俊,向阳,等.基于《中国震例》的地下流体异常特征统计分析[J].地震,2016,36(4):120-130.
[12] Montgomery D R,Manga M.Streamflow and water well responses to earthquakes[J].Science,2003,300:2 047-2 049.
[13]张炜,王吉易,鄂秀满,等.水文地球化学预报地震的原理与方法[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1988.
[14] Wang C,Manga M.Earthquakes and water[M].Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,2010.
[15]车用太,鱼金子,刘成龙,等.判别地下水异常的干扰性与前兆性的原则及其应用实例[J].地震学报,2011,33(6):800-808.
[16]张磊,刘耀炜,任宏微,等.氢氧稳定同位素在地下水异常核实中的应用[J].地震地质,2016,38(3):721-731.
[17]蒋凤亮,李桂如,王基华,等.地震地球化学[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[18]张炜斌,杜建国,周晓成,等.首都圈西部盆岭构造区地热水水文地球化学研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2013,32(4):489-496.
[19]孙小龙,王广才,邵志刚,等.海原断裂带土壤气与地下水地球化学特征研究[J].地学前缘,2016,23(3):140-150.
[20]张磊,刘耀炜,孙小龙,等.基于水化学和物理方法的井水位异常分析[J].地震地质,2014,36(2):513-522.
[21]方震,孙盼盼,李军辉,等.2012年10月后皖27井水位下降成因分析[J].地震,2016,36(2):85-93.
[22]陈志,杜建国,周晓成,等.2012年3月30日新源MS6.6地震前后北天山泥火山及温泉的水化学变化[J].地震,2014,34(3):97-107.
[23] Woith H,Wang R,Maiwald U,et al.On the origin of geochemical anomalies in groundwaters induced by the Adana 1998earthquake[J].Chemical Geology,2013,339:177-186.
[24]李学礼,孙占学,刘金辉.水文地球化学[M].北京:原子能出版社,2010.
[25]王怀颖.水化学数值和图解的水文地质应用[J].水文地质工程地质,1988,3:14-17.
[26]霍吉祥,宋汉周,彭鹏,等.水化学图示法及其在坝基帷幕体防渗性能评价中的应用[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(5):73-79.
[27]中国地质调查局.水文地质手册[M].第二版.北京:地质出版社,2012.
[28]中国地震局.地震水文地球化学观测技术规范[M].北京:地震出版社,2014.
[29] Piper A M.A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses[J].Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,1944,25(6):914-928.
[30] Karmegam U,Chidambaram S,Prasanna M V,et al.A study on the mixing proportion in groundwater samples by using Piper diagram and Phreeqc model[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2011,30:490-495.
[31] Gibbs R J.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J].Science,1970,170(3 962):1 088-1 090.
[32]焦艳军,王广才,崔霖峰,等.济源盆地地表水和地下水的水化学及氢、氧同位素特征[J].环境化学,2014,33(6):962-968.
[33]朱秉启,杨小平.塔克拉玛干沙漠天然水体的化学特征及其成因[J].科学通报,2007,52(13):1 561-1 566.
[34]Giggenbach W F.Geothermal solute equilibria.Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988,52:2 749-2 765.
[35] Qin D,Qian Y,Han L,et al.Assessing impact of irrigation water on groundwater recharge and quality in arid environment using CFCs,tritium and stable isotopes,in the Zhangye Basin,Northwest China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,405:194-208.
[36]顾慰祖,庞忠和,王全九,等.同位素水文学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[37] Sun L,Gui H.Hydro-chemical evolution of groundwater and mixing between aquifers:a statistical approach based on major ions[J].Applied Water Science,2015,5:97-104.
[38]王怀颖,王瑞久.太原东山地下水的三种混合模式[J].地质论评,1988,34(5):448-456.
[39]宋献方,刘相超,夏军,等.基于环境同位素技术的怀沙河流域地表水和地下水转化关系研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(1):102-110.
[40] Chen Z,Zhou X,Du J,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics of hot spring waters in the Kangding district related to the Lushan MS7.0earthquake in Sichuan,China[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2015,15:1 149-1 156.
[41] Skelton A,Andrén M,Kristmannsdóttir H,et al.Changes in groundwater chemistry before two consecutive earthquakes in Iceland[J].Nature Geoscience,2014,7:752-756.
[42] Tsunogai U,Wakita H.Precursory chemical changes in ground water:Kobe earthquake,Japan[J].Science,1995,269:61-63.
[43] Claesson L,Skelton A,Graham C,et al.Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earthquake[J].Geology,2004,32(8):641-644.
[44] Claesson L,Skelton A,Graham C,et al.The timescale and mechanisms of fault sealing and waterrock interaction after an earthquake[J].Geofluids,2007,7:427-440.
[45] Wsteby N,Skelton A,Tollefsen E,et al.Hydrochemical monitoring,petrological observation,and geochemical modeling of fault healing after an earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2014,119:5 727-5 740.
[46]王莹,周训,于湲,等.应用地热温标估算地下热储温度[J].现代地质,2007,21(4),605-612.
[47]刘耀炜,任宏微,王博.环境同位素及其示踪技术在地震预测研究中的应用前景[J].地学前缘,2009,16(2):369-377.
[48]张国盟,刘耀炜,张磊,等.地下水测年方法及其在地震监测中的应用展望[J].中国地震,2015,31(1):1-10.
[49]车用太,鱼金子,刘五洲,等.三峡井网的布设与观测井建设[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):423-431.
[50] Zhang L,Yang D,Liu Y,et al.Impact of impoundment on groundwater seepage in the Three Gorges Dam in China based on CFCs and stable isotopes[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72:4 491-4 500.