PIXE用于北京市新镇地区大气颗粒物污染特征和来源解析研究
|
摘要
为研究北京市新镇地区大气颗粒物的污染特征及其来源,于2015年12月～2017年12月间以每周两次的频率采集颗粒物样品。利用质子激发X射线荧光分析(Proton Induced X-ray Emission, PIXE)测定了140个样品中的Mg、Al、Si、S、Cl、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb共16种元素的含量,并对主要的污染元素进行特征分析。结果表明:S、Cl、Cu、Zn、Pb在细颗粒物中占比较大且相关性较强,Mg、Al、Si、Ca、Ti、Fe则主要存在于粗颗粒物中并存在强相关性;污染时期细颗粒物中S、Cl、K、黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)和粗颗粒物中Si、Ca、Fe上升明显。正矩阵因子分析(Positive Matrix Factor Analysis, PMF)得到该地区存在的6种主要污染源:次级硫(34.70%)、建筑工业(24.39%)、含氯工业(13.05%)、土壤扬尘(12.81%)、交通排放(11.63%)和其他污染(3.42%)。
[Background] Atmospheric particulate pollution is one of topic issues for urban air pollution control and environmental improvement. [Purpose] This study aims to investigate the pollution characteristics especially the elements characteristics and identify the main emission sources of fine particulate matter PM2.5 at Xinzhen area of Beijing. [Methods] Proton induced X-ray emission(PIXE) was used to analyze 140 atmospheric particulate matter samples. Positive matrix factorization model was used to analyze the source apportionment. [Results] The concentrations of particulate matter for 16 elements of Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb were measured. S, Cl, Cu, Zn and Pb account for a large proportion in fine particulate matter and are highly correlated. Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Fe mainly exist in coarse particulate matter and have strong correlation with each other. Concentrations of S, Cl, K, Black carbon(BC) in fine particles and Si, Ca, Fe in coarse particles increased significantly during pollution weather period. Through positive matrix factor analysis, the six major pollution sources in this area were founded: secondary sulfur(34.70%), construction industry(24.39%), chlorine industry(13.05%), soil dust(12.81%), transportation emissions(11.63%) and other pollution(3.42%). [Conclusion] The mass concentration and pollution elements' characteristics of particulate matter pollution in Xinzhen area were obtained, and six types of pollution sources and their contribution rates were analyzed.
[Background] Atmospheric particulate pollution is one of topic issues for urban air pollution control and environmental improvement. [Purpose] This study aims to investigate the pollution characteristics especially the elements characteristics and identify the main emission sources of fine particulate matter PM2.5 at Xinzhen area of Beijing. [Methods] Proton induced X-ray emission(PIXE) was used to analyze 140 atmospheric particulate matter samples. Positive matrix factorization model was used to analyze the source apportionment. [Results] The concentrations of particulate matter for 16 elements of Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb were measured. S, Cl, Cu, Zn and Pb account for a large proportion in fine particulate matter and are highly correlated. Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Fe mainly exist in coarse particulate matter and have strong correlation with each other. Concentrations of S, Cl, K, Black carbon(BC) in fine particles and Si, Ca, Fe in coarse particles increased significantly during pollution weather period. Through positive matrix factor analysis, the six major pollution sources in this area were founded: secondary sulfur(34.70%), construction industry(24.39%), chlorine industry(13.05%), soil dust(12.81%), transportation emissions(11.63%) and other pollution(3.42%). [Conclusion] The mass concentration and pollution elements' characteristics of particulate matter pollution in Xinzhen area were obtained, and six types of pollution sources and their contribution rates were analyzed.
引文
1马小会,甘璐,张爱英,等.北京2013年1月持续雾霾天气成因分析[J].环境保护前沿,2013,3:29?33.DOI:10.12677/aep.2013.32A006.MA Xiaohui,GAN Lu,ZHANG Aiying,et al.Cause analysis on durative fog and haze in January 2013 over Beijing Area[J].Advances in Environmental Protection,2013,3:29?33.DOI:10.12677/aep.2013.32A006.
2王古月,薛风云.镇江市秋季大气颗粒物PM2.5实时在线来源解析[J].环保科技,2017,23(3):28-31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-0254.2017.03.006.WANG Guyue,XUE Fengyun.An online real time source analysis on atmospheric PM2.5 in Autumn of Zhenjiang city[J].Environmental Protection and Technology,2017,23(3):28-31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-0254.2017.03.006.
3杨欣,陈义珍,刘厚凤,等.北京2013年1月连续强霾过程的污染特征及成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(2):282-288.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2014.02.002.YANG Xin,CHEN Yizheng,LIU Houfeng,et al.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a serious haze event in January 2013 in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(2):282-288.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2014.02.002.
4张普,谭少波,王丽涛,等.邯郸市大气颗粒物污染特征的监测研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(10):2679-2685.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.10.014.ZHANG Pu,TAN Shaobo,WANG Litao,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter pollution in Handan City[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(10):2679-2685.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.10.014.
5杨弘,张君秋,王维,等.太原市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及来源解析[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(2):24-28.DOI:10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2015.02.005.YANG Hong,ZHANG Junqiu,WANG Wei,et al.The elemental pollution characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric particulate in Taiyuan[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(2):24-28.DOI:10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2015.02.005.
6 QX/T 113-2010:霾的观测和预报等级[S].北京:气象出版社,2010.QX/T 113-2010:Observation and forecasting levels of haze[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2010.
7吴兑.近十年中国灰霾天气研究综述[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(2):257-269.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2012.02.011.WU Dui.Hazy weather research in China in the last decade:a review[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(2):257-269.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2012.02.011.
8赵普生,徐晓峰,孟伟,等.京津冀区域霾天气特征[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(1):31-36.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2012.01.005.ZHAO Pusheng,XU Xiaofeng,MENG Wei,et al.Characteristics of hazy days in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(1):31-36.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2012.01.005.
9王英,李令军,李成才.北京大气能见度和消光特性变化规律及影响因素[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1310-1318.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.05.004.WANG Ying,LI Lingjun,LI Chengcai.The variation characteristics and influence factors of atmospheric visibility and extinction effect in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(5):1310-1318.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.05.004.
10徐伟嘉,何芳芳,李红霞,等.珠三角区域PM2.5时空变异特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(9):951-957.DOI:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2014.09.02.XU Weijia,HE Fangfang,LI Hongxia,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of PM2.5 in the Pearl River Delta[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(9):951-957.DOI:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2014.09.02.
11 Limbeck A,Wagner C,Lendl B,et al.Determination of water soluble trace metals in airborne particulate matter using a dynamic extraction procedure with on-line inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric detection.[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2012,750(11):111-119.DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.005.
12王平利,戴春雷,张成江.城市大气中颗粒物的研究现状及健康效应[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(1):83-87.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2005.01.025.WANG Pingli,DAI Chunlei,ZHANG Chengjiang.The study progress in the research for the particular in city air and its effect on human health[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(1):83-87.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2005.01.025.
13许栩楠,曾立民,张远航,等.北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(12):2460-2468.DOI:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.12.2016042905.XU Xunan,ZENG Limin,ZHANG Yuanhang,et al.The pollution status analysis of atmospheric heavy metal elements during winter in Huairou District of Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(12):2460-2468.DOI:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.12.2016042905.
14 Bell M L,Ebisu K,Peng R D,et al.Seasonal and regional short-term effects of fine particles on hospital admissions in 202 US Counties,1999-2005[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,2008,168(11):1301-1310.DOI:10.1093/aje/kwn252.
15周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等.2011~2012北京大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4054-4060.DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201612115.ZHOU Xueming,ZHENG Naijia,LI Yinghong,et al.Chemical characteristics and sources of heavy metals in fine particles in Beijing in 2011~2012[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4054-4060.DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201612115.
16赵妤希,陈义珍,杨欣,等.北京市中心城区PM2.5长期变化趋势和特征[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(9):1493-1498.DOI:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2016.09.011.ZHAO Yuxi,CHEN Yizhen,YANG Xin,et al.Long-term trend and characteristics of PM2.5 in the central urban area of Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(9):1493-1498.DOI:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2016.09.011.
17金象春,张贵英,肖才锦,等.PIXE和XRF用于北京新镇地区PM2.5源解析研究[J].原子能科学技术,2014,48(7):1325-1330.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2014.48.07.1325.JIN Xiangchun,ZHANG Guiying,XIAO Caijin,et al.Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Xinzhen,Beijing using PIXE and XRF[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2014,48(7):1325-1330.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2014.48.07.1325.
18 HJ 618-2011:环境空气PM10和PM2.5的测定重量法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.HJ 618-2011:Determination of atmospheric articles PM10 and PM2.5 in ambient air by gravimetric method[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2011.
19于令达,王广甫,朱光华.用GUPIXWIN软件解谱的PIXE分析系统刻度[J].原子能科学技术,2010,44(1):75-79.YU Lingda,WANG Guangfu,ZHU Guanghua.Calibration of PIXE system using GUPIXWIN software package for analyzing spectra[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2010,44(1):75-79.
20赵敬德,亢燕铭.黑碳气溶胶浓度测量的研究进展[J].能源与环境,2007,3:92-94.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9064.2007.03.038.ZHAO Jingde,KANG Yanming.The measures progresses of black carbon aerosol[J].Energy and Environment,2007,3:92-94.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9064.2007.03.038.
21秦亚丽,张海青,张贵英,等.大气颗粒物中黑碳浓度的反射法测定[J].原子能科学技术,2011,45(1):102-107.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2011.45.01.0102.QIN Yali,ZHANG Haiqing,ZHANG Guiying,et al.Black carbon in airborne particulate matter by means of reflection method[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2011,45(1):102-107.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2011.45.01.0102.
22金象春.北京新镇地区PM2.5源解析研究[D].北京:中国原子能科学研究院,2014.JIN Xiangchun.Source apportionment of PM2.5 at Xinzhen,Beijing[D].Beijing:China Institute of Atomic Energy,2014.
23郑玫,张延君,闫才青,等.中国PM2.5来源解析方法综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(6):1141-1154.DOI:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2014.068.ZHENG Mei,ZHANG Yanjun,YAN Caiqing,et al.Review of PM2.5 source apportionment methods in China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(6):1141-1154.DOI:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2014.068.
24张秀芝,鲍征宇,唐俊红.富集因子在环境地球化学重金属污染评价中的应用[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(1):65-72.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7849.2006.01.012.ZHANG Xiuzhi,BAO Zhengyu,TANG Junhong.Application of the enrichment factorin evaluating of heavy metals contamination in the environmental geochemistry[J].Contamination in the Environmental Geochemistry,2006,25(1):65-72.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7849.2006.01.012.
25魏复盛,杨国治,蒋德珍,等.中国土壤元素背景值基本统计量及其特征[J].中国环境监测,1991,7(1):1-6.WEI Fusheng,YANG Guozhi,JIANG Dezhen,et al.Basic statistics and characteristics of soil element background value in China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,1991,7(1):1-6.
26成杭新,李括,李敏,等.中国城市土壤化学元素的背景值与基准值[J].地学前缘,2014,21(3):265-306.DOI:10.13745/j.esf.2014.03.028.CHENG Hangxin,LI Kuo,LI Min,et al.Geochemical background and baseline value of chemical elements in urban soil in China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2014,21(3):265-306.DOI:10.13745/j.esf.2014.03.028.
27 Paatero P.User’s guide for positive matrix factorization programs PMF2 and PMF3[R].Finland:University of Helsinki,2000.
2王古月,薛风云.镇江市秋季大气颗粒物PM2.5实时在线来源解析[J].环保科技,2017,23(3):28-31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-0254.2017.03.006.WANG Guyue,XUE Fengyun.An online real time source analysis on atmospheric PM2.5 in Autumn of Zhenjiang city[J].Environmental Protection and Technology,2017,23(3):28-31.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-0254.2017.03.006.
3杨欣,陈义珍,刘厚凤,等.北京2013年1月连续强霾过程的污染特征及成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(2):282-288.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2014.02.002.YANG Xin,CHEN Yizheng,LIU Houfeng,et al.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a serious haze event in January 2013 in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(2):282-288.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2014.02.002.
4张普,谭少波,王丽涛,等.邯郸市大气颗粒物污染特征的监测研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(10):2679-2685.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.10.014.ZHANG Pu,TAN Shaobo,WANG Litao,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter pollution in Handan City[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(10):2679-2685.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.10.014.
5杨弘,张君秋,王维,等.太原市大气颗粒物中重金属的污染特征及来源解析[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(2):24-28.DOI:10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2015.02.005.YANG Hong,ZHANG Junqiu,WANG Wei,et al.The elemental pollution characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric particulate in Taiyuan[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(2):24-28.DOI:10.19316/j.issn.1002-6002.2015.02.005.
6 QX/T 113-2010:霾的观测和预报等级[S].北京:气象出版社,2010.QX/T 113-2010:Observation and forecasting levels of haze[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2010.
7吴兑.近十年中国灰霾天气研究综述[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(2):257-269.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2012.02.011.WU Dui.Hazy weather research in China in the last decade:a review[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(2):257-269.DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2012.02.011.
8赵普生,徐晓峰,孟伟,等.京津冀区域霾天气特征[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(1):31-36.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2012.01.005.ZHAO Pusheng,XU Xiaofeng,MENG Wei,et al.Characteristics of hazy days in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(1):31-36.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2012.01.005.
9王英,李令军,李成才.北京大气能见度和消光特性变化规律及影响因素[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1310-1318.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.05.004.WANG Ying,LI Lingjun,LI Chengcai.The variation characteristics and influence factors of atmospheric visibility and extinction effect in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(5):1310-1318.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.05.004.
10徐伟嘉,何芳芳,李红霞,等.珠三角区域PM2.5时空变异特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(9):951-957.DOI:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2014.09.02.XU Weijia,HE Fangfang,LI Hongxia,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of PM2.5 in the Pearl River Delta[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(9):951-957.DOI:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2014.09.02.
11 Limbeck A,Wagner C,Lendl B,et al.Determination of water soluble trace metals in airborne particulate matter using a dynamic extraction procedure with on-line inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric detection.[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2012,750(11):111-119.DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.005.
12王平利,戴春雷,张成江.城市大气中颗粒物的研究现状及健康效应[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(1):83-87.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2005.01.025.WANG Pingli,DAI Chunlei,ZHANG Chengjiang.The study progress in the research for the particular in city air and its effect on human health[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(1):83-87.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2005.01.025.
13许栩楠,曾立民,张远航,等.北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(12):2460-2468.DOI:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.12.2016042905.XU Xunan,ZENG Limin,ZHANG Yuanhang,et al.The pollution status analysis of atmospheric heavy metal elements during winter in Huairou District of Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(12):2460-2468.DOI:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.12.2016042905.
14 Bell M L,Ebisu K,Peng R D,et al.Seasonal and regional short-term effects of fine particles on hospital admissions in 202 US Counties,1999-2005[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,2008,168(11):1301-1310.DOI:10.1093/aje/kwn252.
15周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等.2011~2012北京大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4054-4060.DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201612115.ZHOU Xueming,ZHENG Naijia,LI Yinghong,et al.Chemical characteristics and sources of heavy metals in fine particles in Beijing in 2011~2012[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4054-4060.DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201612115.
16赵妤希,陈义珍,杨欣,等.北京市中心城区PM2.5长期变化趋势和特征[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(9):1493-1498.DOI:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2016.09.011.ZHAO Yuxi,CHEN Yizhen,YANG Xin,et al.Long-term trend and characteristics of PM2.5 in the central urban area of Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(9):1493-1498.DOI:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2016.09.011.
17金象春,张贵英,肖才锦,等.PIXE和XRF用于北京新镇地区PM2.5源解析研究[J].原子能科学技术,2014,48(7):1325-1330.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2014.48.07.1325.JIN Xiangchun,ZHANG Guiying,XIAO Caijin,et al.Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Xinzhen,Beijing using PIXE and XRF[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2014,48(7):1325-1330.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2014.48.07.1325.
18 HJ 618-2011:环境空气PM10和PM2.5的测定重量法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.HJ 618-2011:Determination of atmospheric articles PM10 and PM2.5 in ambient air by gravimetric method[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2011.
19于令达,王广甫,朱光华.用GUPIXWIN软件解谱的PIXE分析系统刻度[J].原子能科学技术,2010,44(1):75-79.YU Lingda,WANG Guangfu,ZHU Guanghua.Calibration of PIXE system using GUPIXWIN software package for analyzing spectra[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2010,44(1):75-79.
20赵敬德,亢燕铭.黑碳气溶胶浓度测量的研究进展[J].能源与环境,2007,3:92-94.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9064.2007.03.038.ZHAO Jingde,KANG Yanming.The measures progresses of black carbon aerosol[J].Energy and Environment,2007,3:92-94.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9064.2007.03.038.
21秦亚丽,张海青,张贵英,等.大气颗粒物中黑碳浓度的反射法测定[J].原子能科学技术,2011,45(1):102-107.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2011.45.01.0102.QIN Yali,ZHANG Haiqing,ZHANG Guiying,et al.Black carbon in airborne particulate matter by means of reflection method[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2011,45(1):102-107.DOI:10.7538/yzk.2011.45.01.0102.
22金象春.北京新镇地区PM2.5源解析研究[D].北京:中国原子能科学研究院,2014.JIN Xiangchun.Source apportionment of PM2.5 at Xinzhen,Beijing[D].Beijing:China Institute of Atomic Energy,2014.
23郑玫,张延君,闫才青,等.中国PM2.5来源解析方法综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(6):1141-1154.DOI:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2014.068.ZHENG Mei,ZHANG Yanjun,YAN Caiqing,et al.Review of PM2.5 source apportionment methods in China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(6):1141-1154.DOI:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2014.068.
24张秀芝,鲍征宇,唐俊红.富集因子在环境地球化学重金属污染评价中的应用[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(1):65-72.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7849.2006.01.012.ZHANG Xiuzhi,BAO Zhengyu,TANG Junhong.Application of the enrichment factorin evaluating of heavy metals contamination in the environmental geochemistry[J].Contamination in the Environmental Geochemistry,2006,25(1):65-72.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7849.2006.01.012.
25魏复盛,杨国治,蒋德珍,等.中国土壤元素背景值基本统计量及其特征[J].中国环境监测,1991,7(1):1-6.WEI Fusheng,YANG Guozhi,JIANG Dezhen,et al.Basic statistics and characteristics of soil element background value in China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,1991,7(1):1-6.
26成杭新,李括,李敏,等.中国城市土壤化学元素的背景值与基准值[J].地学前缘,2014,21(3):265-306.DOI:10.13745/j.esf.2014.03.028.CHENG Hangxin,LI Kuo,LI Min,et al.Geochemical background and baseline value of chemical elements in urban soil in China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2014,21(3):265-306.DOI:10.13745/j.esf.2014.03.028.
27 Paatero P.User’s guide for positive matrix factorization programs PMF2 and PMF3[R].Finland:University of Helsinki,2000.