乌兰布和沙漠东北缘防护林内外沙尘暴低空结构特征
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摘要
基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站近地层(050 m)风沙监测塔所收集的8次沙尘暴的沙尘水平通量、垂直通量和风速风向数据,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘中小尺度条件下的防护林内外沙尘暴过程中风况变化、沙尘分布特征以及防护林对沙尘暴的影响进行研究。结果表明:①沙尘暴发生过程中,防护林内外风速均随高度增加呈现递增趋势,风速廓线特征遵循幂函数,防护林内外均以W、WNW、NE方向为主,但每个方向所占比例不同。②防护林外沙尘水平通量及沙尘浓度随高度增高显著减小,其垂直分布特征均符合指数函数关系;防护林内沙尘水平通量及沙尘浓度则随着高度增高缓慢上升,其垂直分布特征均符合幂函数关系。沙尘垂直通量则均随着高度的增高明显减小,其垂直分布特征均符合幂函数关系。③沙尘暴经过防护林体系时,风速显著削弱,平均消减31. 03%;沙尘水平通量降低298. 16 g·m~(-2),垂直通量降低0. 37 g·m~(-2),沙尘浓度降低22. 48 g·m~(-2)。
In this paper,the data of horizontal and vertical sand-dust flux and the annual wind speed and direction during eight sandstorms,collected from the sandwatch tower near the surface layer (0-50 cm) of Inner Mongolia Dengkou Desert Ecosystem National Observation Research Station,were used. The purposes of the study were to analyze the variations of sand-driving wind regime,distribution of wind-blowing sand and the effect of shelterbelt on sandstorms on small scale in the northeast marginal zone of the Ulan Buh Desert. The results were as follows: ① The average wind speed inside and outside the shelterbelt increased with the increase of height,the wind speed profiles during sandstorms could be expressed by the power exponential function,the prevailing wind directions inside and outside the shelterbelt were W,WNW and NE,but their proportions were different. ② The horizontal wind-blowing sand flux and the sand-dust concentration outside the shelterbelt decreased with the increase of height. The distribution of wind-blowing sand accorded with the exponential function,the horizontal wind-blowing sand flux and sanddust concentration inside and outside the shelterbelt increased slowly with the increase of height,and the distribution of wind-blowing sand accorded with the power exponential function. The vertical wind-blowing sand flux inside and outside the shelterbelt decreased significantly with the increase of height,and the distribution of wind-blowing sand accorded with the power exponential function. ③ When sandstorm passed through the shelterbelt system,the wind speed was significantly decreased with an average reduction of 31. 03%,while the horizontal and vertical fluxes of wind-blowing sand were reduced by 298. 16 g·m~(-2) and 0. 37 g·m~(-2) respectively,and the concentration of windblowing sand was decreased by 22. 48 g·m~(-2).
In this paper,the data of horizontal and vertical sand-dust flux and the annual wind speed and direction during eight sandstorms,collected from the sandwatch tower near the surface layer (0-50 cm) of Inner Mongolia Dengkou Desert Ecosystem National Observation Research Station,were used. The purposes of the study were to analyze the variations of sand-driving wind regime,distribution of wind-blowing sand and the effect of shelterbelt on sandstorms on small scale in the northeast marginal zone of the Ulan Buh Desert. The results were as follows: ① The average wind speed inside and outside the shelterbelt increased with the increase of height,the wind speed profiles during sandstorms could be expressed by the power exponential function,the prevailing wind directions inside and outside the shelterbelt were W,WNW and NE,but their proportions were different. ② The horizontal wind-blowing sand flux and the sand-dust concentration outside the shelterbelt decreased with the increase of height. The distribution of wind-blowing sand accorded with the exponential function,the horizontal wind-blowing sand flux and sanddust concentration inside and outside the shelterbelt increased slowly with the increase of height,and the distribution of wind-blowing sand accorded with the power exponential function. The vertical wind-blowing sand flux inside and outside the shelterbelt decreased significantly with the increase of height,and the distribution of wind-blowing sand accorded with the power exponential function. ③ When sandstorm passed through the shelterbelt system,the wind speed was significantly decreased with an average reduction of 31. 03%,while the horizontal and vertical fluxes of wind-blowing sand were reduced by 298. 16 g·m~(-2) and 0. 37 g·m~(-2) respectively,and the concentration of windblowing sand was decreased by 22. 48 g·m~(-2).
引文
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[2]孙军,李泽椿.西北地区沙尘暴预报方法的初步研究[J].气象,2001,27(1):19-24.[Sun Jun,Li Zechun.A tentative study of the forecasting method of the dust storms in the Northwest of China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2001,27(1):19-24.]
[3]Shao Y,Dong C H.A review on East Asian dust storm climate,modelling and monitoring[J].Global and Planetary Change,2006,52(1):1-22.
[4]李璠,徐维新,祁栋林,等.1961-2015年青海沙尘天气时空变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):412-417.[Li Fan,Xu Weixin,Qi Donglin,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics of dust weather in Qinghai during the period of 1961-2015[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):412-417.]
[5]詹科杰,赵明,方峨天,等.民勤地区沙尘暴近地面风速特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(9):100-105.[Zhan Kejie,Zhao Ming,Fang Etian,et al.The wind speed characteristics of near-surface vertical gradient of 50 m in sandstorm process in 2006[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(9):100-105.]
[6]周成龙,杨兴华,钟昕洁,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘天气特征[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):324-329.[Zhou Chenglong,Yang Xinghua,Zhong Xinjie,et al.,Dust weather in hinterland of the Taklamakan Desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(2):324-329.]
[7]Zhang K C,Qu J J,Zu R P,et al.Environmental characteristics of sandstorm of Minqin Oasis in China for recent 50 years[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2005,17(5):857-860.
[8]Xuan J,Sokolik I N.Characterization of sources and emission rates of mineral dust in Northern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(31):4 863-4 876.
[9]Husar R B,Tratt D M,Schichtel B A,et al.Asian dust events of A-pril 1998[J].Journal of Geophysical Research D:Atmospheres,2001,106(D16):18 317-18 330.
[10]车慧正,张小曳,李杨,等.DPM模型计算中国北方沙漠地区粉尘释放通量[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(5):49-55.[Che Huizheng,Zhang Xiaoye,Li Yang,et al.Calculations of dust emission flux in northern deserts of China by DPM model[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(5):49-55.]
[11]Reynolds R L,Yount J C,Reheis M,et al.Dust emission from wet and dry playas in the Mojave Desert,USA[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(12):1 811-1 827.
[12]Qian Y B,Wu Z N,Zhang L Y,et al.Ground-surface conditions of sand-dust event occurrences in the Southern Junggar Basin of Xinjiang,China[J].Resources Science,2006,28(5):185-189.
[13]李宁,杜子璇,许英军,等.土壤湿度与风速对沙尘暴发生的贡献程度分析[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(4):1-5.[Li Ning,Du Zixuan,Xu Yingjun,et al.A contribution of soil moisture and wind speed to occurrence of dust storms[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2007,16(4):1-5.]
[14]宋阳,刘连友,严平,等.中国北方5种下垫面对沙尘暴的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):15-18.[Song Yang,Liu Lianyou,Yan Ping,et al.Study on the influence of five kinds of underlying matches on sandstorm in North China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(6):15-18.]
[15]魏倩,隆霄,田畅,等.民勤一次沙尘暴天气过程的近地层气象要素多尺度特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(6):1 352-1 362.[Wei Qian,Long Xiao,Tian Chang,et al.Multiscale meteorological characteristics during a sandstorm in Minqin[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(6):1 352-1 362.]
[16]李晋昌,董治宝,王训明.中国北方东部地区春季降尘量及其环境意义[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(2):195-201.[Li Jinchang,Dong Zhibao,Wang Xunming.Amount of spring dustfall and its environmental significance in east part of Northern China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(2):195-201.]
[17]杨兴华,何清,霍文,等.沙漠地区不同下垫面近地表沙尘水平通量研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(3):564-569.[Yang Xinghua,He Qing,Huo Wen,et al.Near-surface horizontal sand-dust flux over different underlying surfaces in a desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(3):564-569.]
[18]张锦春,赵明,方峨天,等.民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(3):17-21.[Zhang Jinchun,Zhao Ming,Fang Etian,et al.Study on character of dustfull near the ground in Minqin dust source regions[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(3):17-21.]
[19]高君亮,郝玉光,丁国栋,等.乌兰布和荒漠生态系统防风固沙功能价值初步评估[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(12):41-46.[Gao Junliang,Hao Yuguang,Ding Guodong,et al.Primary assessment on the wind-breaking and sand-fixing function of the vegetation and its value in Ulan Buh Desert ecosystem[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(12):41-46.]
[20]罗凤敏,辛智鸣,高君亮,等.乌兰布和沙漠东北缘近地层风速和降尘量特征[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(24):147-154.[Luo Fengmin,Xin Zhiming,Gao Junliang,et al.Characteristics of near-surface wind speed and sand-dust flux at northeast edge of U-lan Buh Desert[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(24):147-154.]
[21]董治宝,赵爱国,邓俭.沙尘水平通量测量器:中国,ZL0313453414[P].2008.[Dong Zhibao,Zhao Aiguo,Deng Jian.The Surveyor of Horizontal Sand-Dust Flux:China,ZL0313453414[P].2008.]
[22]赵明,詹科杰,杨自辉,等.民勤沙漠-绿洲低空沙尘暴结构特征研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(2):234-242.[Zhao Ming,Zhan Kejie,Yang Zihui,et al.Characteristics of the lower layer of sandstorms in the Minqin desert-oasis zone[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2011,41(2):234-242.]
[23]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:38-39.[Wu Zheng.Aeolian Geomorphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1987:38-39.]
[24]冯大军,倪晋仁,李振山.风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布实验研究[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1 194-1 203.[Feng Dajun,Ni Jinren,Li Zhenshan.Vertical mass flux profiles of different grain size groups in aeolian sand transport[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(11):1 194-1 203.]
[25]张正偲,董治宝,赵爱国,等.沙漠地区风沙活动特征---以中国科学院风沙观测场为例[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(4):550-555.[Zhang Zhengcai,Dong Zhibao,Zhao Aiguo,et al.Features of sand drift movement in desert:A case study at sand drift observation station of Chinese Academy of Sciences[J].Arid Zone Research,2007,24(4):550-555.]
[26]杨东亮,王雪芹,胡永锋,等.风沙流输沙通量垂向分布研究---以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘流沙地表风沙流观测为例[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(3):631-639.[Yang Dongliang,Wang Xueqin,Hu Yongfeng,et al.Vertical distribution of aeolian sand mass flux based on field observation at southern rim of the Taklimakan Desert[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(3):631-639.]
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