旱地栽培小麦及秸秆青贮饲料的发酵特性、营养成分及体外瘤胃降解特性
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摘要
本研究总结了全珠小麦青贮饲料和小麦秸秆青贮饲料的保存和营养特性。选择25包来自4个不同田间的全珠小麦青贮饲料和10包小麦秸秆青贮饲料,分别进行了全株小麦青贮和秸秆青贮试验。全珠小麦青贮饲料保存良好,平均pH值为4.46,乳酸、乙酸和丁酸盐的浓度分别为19.2、10.4和4.7 g/kg。小麦秸秆青贮饲料的平均pH值为5.46,由于干物质含量较高,发酵受到抑制,乳酸、乙酸和丁酸盐的浓度分别1.9、2.2和1.0 g/kg。全株小麦青贮饲料粗蛋白含量为78 g/kg,中性洗涤纤维含量为546 g/kg,非纤维碳水化合物含量为306 g/kg。全珠小麦青贮饲料中粗蛋白和非纤维碳水化合物含量变化较大,中性洗涤纤维含量变化相对较小,这与籽粒成熟度的差异有关。全株小麦青贮饲料和秸秆青贮饲料的体外有机质降解率分别为56.1%和29.3%。全株小麦青贮饲料的体外有机质降解与pH、乳酸和乙酸盐含量无显著相关性(P> 0.05),与丁酸盐含量和氨氮比值有显著相关性的趋势(P=0.07)。瘤胃对全珠小麦青贮饲料的发酵早期体外气体生成的变异系数越高,相对于一些纤维组分,如中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维,测定的非纤维碳水化合物变异系数也相应升高。综上所述,冬季旱地栽培的小麦可以作为全株青贮饲料在瘤胃中发酵提供能量,小麦秸秆也可以作为纤维原料进行青贮。
The conservation and nutritional characteristics of whole crop wheat silage(WCWS)and wheat straw silage(WSS)were summarized. A total of 25 bales of WCWS and 10 bales of WSS were investigated in this study. Both WCWS and WSS were made in 4 different farm sites. The pH of the WCWS was averaged of pH 4.46,and concentrations of lactate,acetate and butyrate were 19.2,10.4 and 4.7 g/kg,respectively. The mean pH of WSS was 5.46 and it contained lower acids(1.9,2.2 and 1.0 g/kg of lactate,acetate and butyrate,respectively),indicating suppressed fermentation due to high dry matter content. The WCWS had crude protein of 78 g/kg and neutral detergent ?ber(NDF)of 546 g/kg,and non-?ber carbohydrate(NFC)of 306 g/kg. There was a higher variation in the CP and NFC contents but less variation in the NDF content among the WCWS samples,which as attributed to the difference in the maturity of samples.. The in vitro organic matter degradability of WCWS and WSS were 56.1 and 29.3%,respectively. The in vitro organic matter degradability of WCWS was not signi?cantly correlated with pH and lactate and acetate content(P > 0.05),but had the trend sigini?cant correlated with butyrate content and NH3-N ratio(P=0.07). The higher coefficient of variation for in vitro gas production at the initial stages of ruminal incubation of WCWS was associated with the observation of higher coef?cient of variation for NFC content,compared to those of ?ber fractions such as NDF and ADF. In conclusion,winter cropping of wheat as the whole crop silage can supply energy in rumen,and wheat straw also can be useful as ?brous ingredient by ensiling.
The conservation and nutritional characteristics of whole crop wheat silage(WCWS)and wheat straw silage(WSS)were summarized. A total of 25 bales of WCWS and 10 bales of WSS were investigated in this study. Both WCWS and WSS were made in 4 different farm sites. The pH of the WCWS was averaged of pH 4.46,and concentrations of lactate,acetate and butyrate were 19.2,10.4 and 4.7 g/kg,respectively. The mean pH of WSS was 5.46 and it contained lower acids(1.9,2.2 and 1.0 g/kg of lactate,acetate and butyrate,respectively),indicating suppressed fermentation due to high dry matter content. The WCWS had crude protein of 78 g/kg and neutral detergent ?ber(NDF)of 546 g/kg,and non-?ber carbohydrate(NFC)of 306 g/kg. There was a higher variation in the CP and NFC contents but less variation in the NDF content among the WCWS samples,which as attributed to the difference in the maturity of samples.. The in vitro organic matter degradability of WCWS and WSS were 56.1 and 29.3%,respectively. The in vitro organic matter degradability of WCWS was not signi?cantly correlated with pH and lactate and acetate content(P > 0.05),but had the trend sigini?cant correlated with butyrate content and NH3-N ratio(P=0.07). The higher coefficient of variation for in vitro gas production at the initial stages of ruminal incubation of WCWS was associated with the observation of higher coef?cient of variation for NFC content,compared to those of ?ber fractions such as NDF and ADF. In conclusion,winter cropping of wheat as the whole crop silage can supply energy in rumen,and wheat straw also can be useful as ?brous ingredient by ensiling.
引文
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[9]Tang S X,Tayo G O,Tan Z L et al. Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws[J].J Anim Sci,2008,86:1164~1172.
[10]Uddin M K,Kondo M,Kita J et al. Effect of supplementation of soy sauce cake and vinegar brewer’s cake with total mixed ration silage-based diet on nutrient utilization by Holstein steers[J].J Food Agric Environ,2010,8:282~287.
[2]史俊通,廖允成,高建元.我国种植业结构调整中的饲料作物问题[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),1998,5:94~98.
[3]钟小仙.南方集约农区牧草周年供应种植模式及栽培利用技术研究[D].南京农业大学,2005.
[4]McGeough E J,O’Kiely P,Hart K J et al. Methane emissions,feed intake,performance,digestibility,and rumen fermentation of finishing beef cattle offered whole crop wheat silages differing in grain content[J].J Anim Sci,2010,88:2703~2716.
[5]McDonald P,Henderson A R,Heron S J. The Biochemistry of Silage[J].2nd edn. Chalcombe Publications,1991,81~151.
[6]Menke K H,Steingass H. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid[J].Anim Res Develop,1988,28:7~55.
[7]Moriya N,Ishikawa T,Cai Y et al. Fermentation quality of wheat silage prepared by exclusive machines for whole crop rice silage[J].Japan J Grassl Sci,2008,54:144~177.
[8]Nishino N,Shinde S. Ethanol and 2,3-butanediol production in whole-crop rice silage[J].Grassl Sci,2007,53:196~198.
[9]Tang S X,Tayo G O,Tan Z L et al. Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws[J].J Anim Sci,2008,86:1164~1172.
[10]Uddin M K,Kondo M,Kita J et al. Effect of supplementation of soy sauce cake and vinegar brewer’s cake with total mixed ration silage-based diet on nutrient utilization by Holstein steers[J].J Food Agric Environ,2010,8:282~287.