贺兰山以北乌兰布和沙漠地下水水化学特征演化规律研究
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摘要
乌兰布和沙漠对中国西北部干旱地区气候变化和水文循环过程研究具有指示意义,以水文地球化学运移为导向,通过分析33个地下水样,探讨了该区地下水的补给与演化过程.结果表明:巴彦乌拉山浅层地下水水化学类型为Cl--HCO-3-SO2-4-Na+;从吉兰泰盐湖至乌兰布和沙漠,主要水化学类型变化浅层地下水为Cl--HCO-3-Na+到Cl--HCO-3-SO2-4-Na+,深层地下水为HCO-3-Cl--Na+再到HCO-3-Cl--Na+或HCO-3-Cl--Ca2+.Gibbs图表明,研究区地下水的水化学特征主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响和岩石风化作用控制,大气降雨机制影响甚微.主要离子相关关系图及饱和指数表明,岩盐、芒硝、钠长石、方解石、白云石、石膏等矿物的风化溶解是该区地下水主要离子来源.此外,氯碱指数和Ca/Na的指示,说明阳离子交换作用也是形成该地区地下水水化学组分的重要机制.
The Ulan Buh Desert has significant effect for the climate change and hydrologic cycle process in Northwest China. In this paper,evolution of the groundwater in the Ulan Buh Desert was studied based on hydrogeochemical analyses results. A total of 33 representative groundwater samples were collected from different wells to monitor the variation of water chemistry. Based on hydrogeochemical analysis,it is revealed that shallowgroundwater chemical type in the Bayan Ulan M ountains piedmont is Cl--HCO-3-SO2-4-Na+; from Jilantai Lake to Ulan Buh Desert,shallowgroundwater evolves from Cl--HCO-3-Na+type to Cl--HCO-3-SO2-4-Na+type,and deep groundwater changes from HCO-3-Cl--Na+type to HCO-3-Cl--Na+and then to HCO-3-Cl--Ca2 +. Gibbs plot shows that groundwater chemistry in Ulan Buh Desert is mainly controlled by evaporation and dissolution of many minerals,with slight contribution of precipitation. Relations between major cations and anions and saturation indices showthat major sources of ions in the study area are mainly the dissolution of halite,Glauber' s salt,albite,calcite,dolomite,gypsum. In addition,chloro alkaline indices and Ca / Na ratio also demonstrate that ion exchange is a major mechanism controlling the composition of groundwater.
The Ulan Buh Desert has significant effect for the climate change and hydrologic cycle process in Northwest China. In this paper,evolution of the groundwater in the Ulan Buh Desert was studied based on hydrogeochemical analyses results. A total of 33 representative groundwater samples were collected from different wells to monitor the variation of water chemistry. Based on hydrogeochemical analysis,it is revealed that shallowgroundwater chemical type in the Bayan Ulan M ountains piedmont is Cl--HCO-3-SO2-4-Na+; from Jilantai Lake to Ulan Buh Desert,shallowgroundwater evolves from Cl--HCO-3-Na+type to Cl--HCO-3-SO2-4-Na+type,and deep groundwater changes from HCO-3-Cl--Na+type to HCO-3-Cl--Na+and then to HCO-3-Cl--Ca2 +. Gibbs plot shows that groundwater chemistry in Ulan Buh Desert is mainly controlled by evaporation and dissolution of many minerals,with slight contribution of precipitation. Relations between major cations and anions and saturation indices showthat major sources of ions in the study area are mainly the dissolution of halite,Glauber' s salt,albite,calcite,dolomite,gypsum. In addition,chloro alkaline indices and Ca / Na ratio also demonstrate that ion exchange is a major mechanism controlling the composition of groundwater.
引文
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[12]Gee G W,Hillel D.Groundwater recharge in arid regions:review and critique of estimation methods[J].Hydrological Processes,1988,2(3):255-266.
[13]Wang Zhilin.Glaciers and environment of Helan Mountain[D].Dalian:Liaoning Normal University,2011.[王志麟.贺兰山的冰川与环境[D].大连:辽宁师范大学,2011.]
[14]Zhu Wanwan,Shangguan Donghui,Guo Wanqin,et al.Glaciers in some representative basins in the middle of the Tianshan M ountains:change and response to climate change[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1376-1384.[朱弯弯,上官冬辉,郭万钦,等.天山中部典型流域冰川变化及对气候的响应[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1376-1384.]
[15]Chen Fahu,Li Guoqiang,Zhao Hui,et al.Landscape evolution of the Ulan Buh Desert in northern China during the late Quaternary[J].Quaternary Research,2014,81(3):476-487.
[16]Fan Yuxin,Chen Fahu,Wei Guoxiao,et al.Potential water sources for Late Quaternary M egalake Jilantai-Hetao,China,inferred from mollusk shell87Sr/86Sr ratios[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2010,43(3):577-587.
[17]Guo Huaming,Yang Suzhen,Tang Xiaohui,et al.Groundwater geochemistry and its implications for arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Hetao Basin,Inner M ongolia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,393(1):131-144.
[18]Zhao Hui,Li Guoqiang,Sheng Yongwei,et al.Early middle Holocene lake-desert evolution in northern Ulan Buh Desert,China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2012,331(1):31-38.
[19]Chen Fahu,Fan Yuxin,Madsen D B.Prelminary study on the formation mechanism of the“Jilantai-Hetao”megalake and the lake evolutionary history in Hetao region[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(5):866-873.[陈发虎,范育新,M adsen D B.河套地区新生代湖泊演化与“吉兰泰-河套”古大湖形成机制的初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(5):866-873.]
[20]Chun Xi,Wang Zongli,Xia Dunsheng,et al.Formation of Jilantai Salt Lake and its environmental significance[J].Journal of Salt Lake Research,2008,16(3):11-18.[春喜,王宗礼,夏敦胜,等.吉兰泰盐湖的形成及指示的环境意义[J].盐湖研究,2008,16(3):11-18.]
[21]Gu Weizu,Lu Jiaju,Xie Min,et al.Environmental isotope study of the groundw ater resources in the north Wulan-Buhe Desert,Inner M ongolia[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):326-332.[顾慰祖,陆家驹,谢民,等.乌兰布和沙漠北部地下水资源的环境同位素探讨[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):326-332.]
[22]Geng Kan,Hu Chunyuan,Liu Jia.The evolution of lakes in the Jilantai area in the quaternary period[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,1989,3(2):26-33.[耿侃,胡春元,刘佳.吉兰泰地区第四纪湖泊的演变[J].干旱区资源与环境,1989,3(2):26-33.]
[23]Xu Zhifang.Geochemical research in the Xijiang River[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2002.[徐志方.西江流域环境河水地球化学研究[D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,2002.]
[24]Su Yonghong,Zhu Gaofeng,Feng Qi,et al.Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical study of groundw ater in the Ejina Basin,northw est China[J].Environmental Geology,2009,58(3):601-614.
[25]Zhu Gaofeng,Su Yonghong,Hu Chunlin,et al.Hydrogeochemical processes in the groundw ater environment of Heihe River Basin,northw est China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,60(1):139-153.
[26]Hussein M T.Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater in the Blue Nile Basin,eastern Sudan,using conventional and multivariate techniques[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2004,12(2):144-158.
[27]Cook P G,Herczeg A L Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology[M].New York:Springer Science&Business M edia,2012.
[28]Fisher R S,Mullican III W F.Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulfate and sodium-chloride groundw ater beneath the northern Chihuahuan Desert,Trans-Pecos,Texas,USA[J].Hydrogeology Journal,1997,5(2):4-16.
[29]Schoeller H.Hydrodynamique dans le karst[J].Chronique d'Hydrogéologie,1967,10:7-21.
[30]Cao Defu.Hydrogeochemical simulation research on groundwater evolution of Luohe aquiferous group in the south area of Ordos Basin[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University,2005.[曹德福.鄂尔多斯盆地南区洛河组地下水演化水文地球化学模拟[D].西安:长安大学,2005.]
[31]Deutsch W J.Groundwater geochemistry:fundamentals and applications to contamination[M].Florida:CRC Press,1997.
[32]Qian Hui,Ma Zhiyuan,Li Peiyue.Hydrogeochemistry[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2012:133-157.[钱会,马致远,李培月.水文地球化学[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:133-157.]
[33]Shen Zhaoli,Zhu Wanhua,Zhong Zuoshen.Basic Hydro-geochemistry[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993.[沈照理,朱宛华,钟佐燊.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.]
[2]Zhu Gaofeng,Li Zizhen,Su Yonghong,et al.Hydrogeochemical and isotope evidence of groundw ater evolution and recharge in M inqin Basin,Northw est China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,333(2):239-251.
[3]Na Li,Zheng Guangfen,Ren Shaoyun,et al.Relationship of drought w ith precipitation-concentration period and precipitationconcentration degree in Ningxia in spring,summer and fall[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):1015-1021.[纳丽,郑广芬,任少云,等.宁夏春、夏、秋季干旱与降水集中期及集中度的关系[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):1015-1021.]
[4]Cai Guoying,Xu Zhongmin.Input-output analysis of the water consumption for economic development in the middle reaches of Heihe River[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):770-775.[蔡国英,徐中民.黑河流域中游地区国民经济用水投入产出分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):770-775.]
[5]Song Guiying,Li Xiaoze,Sun Yonggang,et al.Characteristics and causes of the extreme rainstorm July 20,2012 in the arid and semiarid zone in Inner M ongolia[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):883-891.[宋桂英,李孝泽,孙永刚,等.内蒙古干旱半干旱带2012年“7·20”极端暴雨事件的特征及成因[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):883-891.]
[6]Yang Jianling,Feng Jianmin,Mu Jianhua,et al.An analysis of the characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of seasonal drought in the east of Northw est China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):949-958.[杨建玲,冯建民,穆建华,等.西北地区东部季节干旱的时空变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):949-958.]
[7]Wei Guoxiao,Chen Fahu,Ma Jinzhu,et al.Groundwater recharge and evolution of w ater quality in China's Jilantai Basin based on hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(9):3491-3506.
[8]Gates J B,Edmunds W M,Darling W G,et al.Conceptual model of recharge to southeastern Badain Jaran Desert groundw ater and lakes from environmental tracers[J].Applied Geochemistry,2008,23(12):3519-3534.
[9]Ma Jinzhu,Ding Zhengyu,Edmunds W M,et al.Limits to recharge of groundw ater from Tibetan plateau to the Gobi desert,implications for w ater management in the mountain front[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,364(1):128-141.
[10]Scanlon B R,Keese K E,Flint A L,et al.Global synthesis of groundw ater recharge in semiarid and arid regions[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(15):3335-3370.
[11]Allison G B,Gee G W,Tyler S W.Vadose-zone techniques for estimating groundw ater recharge in arid and semiarid regions[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):6-14.
[12]Gee G W,Hillel D.Groundwater recharge in arid regions:review and critique of estimation methods[J].Hydrological Processes,1988,2(3):255-266.
[13]Wang Zhilin.Glaciers and environment of Helan Mountain[D].Dalian:Liaoning Normal University,2011.[王志麟.贺兰山的冰川与环境[D].大连:辽宁师范大学,2011.]
[14]Zhu Wanwan,Shangguan Donghui,Guo Wanqin,et al.Glaciers in some representative basins in the middle of the Tianshan M ountains:change and response to climate change[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1376-1384.[朱弯弯,上官冬辉,郭万钦,等.天山中部典型流域冰川变化及对气候的响应[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1376-1384.]
[15]Chen Fahu,Li Guoqiang,Zhao Hui,et al.Landscape evolution of the Ulan Buh Desert in northern China during the late Quaternary[J].Quaternary Research,2014,81(3):476-487.
[16]Fan Yuxin,Chen Fahu,Wei Guoxiao,et al.Potential water sources for Late Quaternary M egalake Jilantai-Hetao,China,inferred from mollusk shell87Sr/86Sr ratios[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2010,43(3):577-587.
[17]Guo Huaming,Yang Suzhen,Tang Xiaohui,et al.Groundwater geochemistry and its implications for arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Hetao Basin,Inner M ongolia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,393(1):131-144.
[18]Zhao Hui,Li Guoqiang,Sheng Yongwei,et al.Early middle Holocene lake-desert evolution in northern Ulan Buh Desert,China[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2012,331(1):31-38.
[19]Chen Fahu,Fan Yuxin,Madsen D B.Prelminary study on the formation mechanism of the“Jilantai-Hetao”megalake and the lake evolutionary history in Hetao region[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(5):866-873.[陈发虎,范育新,M adsen D B.河套地区新生代湖泊演化与“吉兰泰-河套”古大湖形成机制的初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(5):866-873.]
[20]Chun Xi,Wang Zongli,Xia Dunsheng,et al.Formation of Jilantai Salt Lake and its environmental significance[J].Journal of Salt Lake Research,2008,16(3):11-18.[春喜,王宗礼,夏敦胜,等.吉兰泰盐湖的形成及指示的环境意义[J].盐湖研究,2008,16(3):11-18.]
[21]Gu Weizu,Lu Jiaju,Xie Min,et al.Environmental isotope study of the groundw ater resources in the north Wulan-Buhe Desert,Inner M ongolia[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):326-332.[顾慰祖,陆家驹,谢民,等.乌兰布和沙漠北部地下水资源的环境同位素探讨[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):326-332.]
[22]Geng Kan,Hu Chunyuan,Liu Jia.The evolution of lakes in the Jilantai area in the quaternary period[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,1989,3(2):26-33.[耿侃,胡春元,刘佳.吉兰泰地区第四纪湖泊的演变[J].干旱区资源与环境,1989,3(2):26-33.]
[23]Xu Zhifang.Geochemical research in the Xijiang River[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2002.[徐志方.西江流域环境河水地球化学研究[D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,2002.]
[24]Su Yonghong,Zhu Gaofeng,Feng Qi,et al.Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical study of groundw ater in the Ejina Basin,northw est China[J].Environmental Geology,2009,58(3):601-614.
[25]Zhu Gaofeng,Su Yonghong,Hu Chunlin,et al.Hydrogeochemical processes in the groundw ater environment of Heihe River Basin,northw est China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,60(1):139-153.
[26]Hussein M T.Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater in the Blue Nile Basin,eastern Sudan,using conventional and multivariate techniques[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2004,12(2):144-158.
[27]Cook P G,Herczeg A L Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology[M].New York:Springer Science&Business M edia,2012.
[28]Fisher R S,Mullican III W F.Hydrochemical evolution of sodium-sulfate and sodium-chloride groundw ater beneath the northern Chihuahuan Desert,Trans-Pecos,Texas,USA[J].Hydrogeology Journal,1997,5(2):4-16.
[29]Schoeller H.Hydrodynamique dans le karst[J].Chronique d'Hydrogéologie,1967,10:7-21.
[30]Cao Defu.Hydrogeochemical simulation research on groundwater evolution of Luohe aquiferous group in the south area of Ordos Basin[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University,2005.[曹德福.鄂尔多斯盆地南区洛河组地下水演化水文地球化学模拟[D].西安:长安大学,2005.]
[31]Deutsch W J.Groundwater geochemistry:fundamentals and applications to contamination[M].Florida:CRC Press,1997.
[32]Qian Hui,Ma Zhiyuan,Li Peiyue.Hydrogeochemistry[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2012:133-157.[钱会,马致远,李培月.水文地球化学[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:133-157.]
[33]Shen Zhaoli,Zhu Wanhua,Zhong Zuoshen.Basic Hydro-geochemistry[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993.[沈照理,朱宛华,钟佐燊.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.]