从效用视角审视人工树洞的研究与设计
|
摘要
巢箱作为人工树洞在世界各地广泛应用已经超过百年,但巢箱内温度与耐用寿命等原因导致实际效用较差。未来的人工树洞设计应更接近天然树洞,使用弧形外表构造以均匀获得太阳辐射并减小风阻;使用模块化部件以适应不同招引物种对不同功能部件的需求;使用高强度、非亲水性、防紫外线的耐候性防火材料做外壳;使用低导热系数的可塑性轻质材料做人工树洞的内芯。使用能够补偿树干径向变化固定方式,增设顶部防撞设施以减轻落枝破坏;尝试使用活体攀援类植物做固定材料以增加附着寿命;使用非损伤性固定方式来连接人工树洞与载体;设计摩擦力大的背板结构,从增加与附着物连接部位摩擦的角度来减轻附着设备的受力,进而延长使用寿命。使用太阳能供电的微加热装置,便于提高越冬巢的热效用;加装移动通讯信号接收器和相应程序,可使用远程遥控来控制巢箱表面颜色或太阳反射及通风口,以满足目标物种在不同季节的热生理需求。新的设计通过疲劳测试与耐候性测试后再投入野外使用,并根据回馈的野外持续监测数据来进一步修正各类影响因素的设计;综合运用流体力学、材料学、建筑环境学、设计艺术学原理和知识不断完善人工树洞的设计。
Although a nest box has been widely used as artificial tree-cavity over the world for more than a century, the actual utility is unsatisfactory due to the inside temperature and durable life of nest box or other reasons. We suggest that the future artificial tree-cavity design should be closer to the natural tree-cavity, a curved exterior structure should be used to uniformly obtain solar radiation evenly and reduce wind resistance; Modular components should be used to meet the needs of different functional components for different attracting species; High strength, non-hydrophilic, UV-resistant, weather-proof, and fireproof materials are recommended for the exterior of artificial tree-cavity. The plastic lightweight material with low thermal conductivity are recommended to be used as the core of artificial tree-cavity; A fixed method which can compensate the radial variation of trunk should be used; A top anti-collision facility is recommended to be added to reduce the damage of falling branches; Living climbing plants used as fixing materials may increase attachment life; A non-destructive fixation method is recommended to connect the artificial tree-cavity with the carrier; The back plate structure with high friction force is to designed to reduce the force on the attachment equipment by increasing the friction with the attachment, so as to extend its service life; A solar powered micro-heating device should be used to improve the thermal efficiency of the overwintering nest; A mobile communication signal receiver and the corresponding program can be used to control the nest box surface color or solar reflection and vent to meet with the demand of thermal physiology of the target species in different seasons by remote control; The newly designed artificial tree-cavity should be put into use in the field after passing the fatigue test and the weather resistance test, and should to further modify the design of various influencing factors according to the feedback field continuous monitoring data; The principle and knowledge of fluid mechanics, materials science, architectural environment science and design art should be used to further improve the design of artificial tree-cavity.
Although a nest box has been widely used as artificial tree-cavity over the world for more than a century, the actual utility is unsatisfactory due to the inside temperature and durable life of nest box or other reasons. We suggest that the future artificial tree-cavity design should be closer to the natural tree-cavity, a curved exterior structure should be used to uniformly obtain solar radiation evenly and reduce wind resistance; Modular components should be used to meet the needs of different functional components for different attracting species; High strength, non-hydrophilic, UV-resistant, weather-proof, and fireproof materials are recommended for the exterior of artificial tree-cavity. The plastic lightweight material with low thermal conductivity are recommended to be used as the core of artificial tree-cavity; A fixed method which can compensate the radial variation of trunk should be used; A top anti-collision facility is recommended to be added to reduce the damage of falling branches; Living climbing plants used as fixing materials may increase attachment life; A non-destructive fixation method is recommended to connect the artificial tree-cavity with the carrier; The back plate structure with high friction force is to designed to reduce the force on the attachment equipment by increasing the friction with the attachment, so as to extend its service life; A solar powered micro-heating device should be used to improve the thermal efficiency of the overwintering nest; A mobile communication signal receiver and the corresponding program can be used to control the nest box surface color or solar reflection and vent to meet with the demand of thermal physiology of the target species in different seasons by remote control; The newly designed artificial tree-cavity should be put into use in the field after passing the fatigue test and the weather resistance test, and should to further modify the design of various influencing factors according to the feedback field continuous monitoring data; The principle and knowledge of fluid mechanics, materials science, architectural environment science and design art should be used to further improve the design of artificial tree-cavity.
引文
陈鸿德. 2014.中蜂蜂箱探讨.中国蜂业,(3),37-38.(Chen H D. 2014. Study on the Chinese-bee hive. Apiculture of China,(3):37-38.[in Chinese])
陈亮,惠伟,马建章. 2017.风载荷下3种飞鼠巢洞受力分析.第十七届全国计算流体力学会议论文集(中国杭州).(Chen L,Hui W,Ma J Z,2017. Stress analysis of three kinds of flying squirrel nests under wind load-research based on CFD. Proceedings of the 17th National Conference on Computational Fluid Mechanics(Hangzhou,China).[in Chinese])
满效强,陈亮,程卫红,等. 2017.大兴安岭北部越冬飞鼠(Pteromys volans)树洞巢材保温机理研究.野生动物学报,38(1):11-16.(Man X Q,Chen L,Cheng W H,et al. 2017. The insulation mechanism of nest materials for tree cavities used by Siberian Flying Squirrels(Pteromys volans)in North Great Khingan Mountains during winter.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,38(1),11-16.[in Chinese])
徐占发. 2006.建筑节能常用数据速查手册.北京:中国建材工业出版社.(Xu Z F. 2006. Quick inspection manual for common data of building energy saving. Beijing:China Building Materials Industry Press.[in Chinese])
杨世铭,陶文铨. 1998.传热学. 3版.北京:高等教育出版社.(Yang S M,Tao W Q,1998. Heat transfer. 3rd edition. Beijing:Higher Education Press.[in Chinese])
张军生,王鹏,王茜. 2014.人工鸟巢箱防治落叶松鞘蛾的研究.内蒙古林业科技,40(3):13-17.(Zhang J S, Wang P, Wang Q. 2014. Research on controlling Coleophora Dahurica by artificial nest box. Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry Science and Technology,40(3):13-17.[in Chinese])
张亚梅. 2013.土木工程材料.南京:东南大学出版社.(Zhang Y M. 2013. Civil engineering materials. Nanjing:Southeast University Press.[in Chinese])
朱颖心. 2010.建筑环境学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.(Zhu Y X. 2010. Built environment. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press.[in Chinese])
Adkins M F. 2006. A burning issue:using fire to accelerate tree hollow formation in Eucalyptus species. Australian Forestry, 69(2):107-113.
Aitken K E H,Martin K. 2007. The importance of excavators in holenesting communities:availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada. Journal of Ornithology,148(S2):425-434.
Althoff D P,Althoff P S. 2001. Monitoring southern flying squirrel populations with nest boxes. Ohio Journal of Science,101(2):2-11.
Bartoni?ka T,Rehak Z.2007.Influence of the microclimate of bat boxes on their occupation by the Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus:possible cause of roost switching.Acta Chiropterologica,9(2):517-526.
Boyles J G.2007.Describing roosts used by forest bats:the importance of microclimate.Acta Chiropterologica,9(1),297-303.
Calder T G,Golding B G,Manderson A D.1979.Management for arboreal species in the Wombat State Forest.PhD thesis of Monash University,Melbourne.
Cantarero A,López-ArrabéJ,Saavedra-Garcés I,et al.2014.The significance of nest structure and nesting material for hole-nesting passerines:an experimental study with Nuthatches Sitta europaea.Acta Ornithologica,49(2):143-155.
Carey A B.1983.Cavities in trees in hardwood forests∥Davis J W,Goodwin G A,Ockenfels R A.Snag Habitat Management.USDA,Forest Service,General Technical Report RM-99,167-184.
Carlsson S,Bergman K O,Jansson N,et al.2016.Boxing for biodiversity:evaluation of an artificially created decaying wood habitat.Biodiversity and Conservation,25(2):393-405.
Catall L L,Odom D L,Bangma J T,et al.2011.Artificial nest cavities designed for use by small mammals.Southeastern Naturalist,10(3):509-514.
Cotton C L,Parker K L.2000.Winter habitat and nest trees used by northern flying squirrels in subboreal forests.Journal of Mammalogy,81(4):1071-1086.
Dodds M,Bilston H.2003.A comparison of different bat box types by bat occupancy in deciduous woodland,Buckinghamshire,UK.Conservation Evidence,10:24-28.
Edworthy A B,Martin K.2014.Long-term dynamics of the characteristics of tree cavities used for nesting by vertebrates.Forest Ecology and Management,334(10):122-128.
Ellis M V.2016.Influence of design on the microclimate in nest boxes exposed to direct sunshine.Australian Zoologist,38(1):95-101.
Fairhurst G D,Treen G D,Clark R G,et al.2012.Nestling corticosterone response to microclimate in an altricial bird.Canadian Journal of Zoology,90(12):1422-1430.
Filip G M,Parks C G,Baker F A,et al.2004.Artificial inoculation of decay fungi into Douglas-fir with rifle or shotgun to produce wildlife trees in western Oregon.Western Journal of Applied Forestry,19(3):211-215.
Flaquer C,Torre I,Ruiz-Jarillo R.2006.The value of bat-boxes in the conservation of Pipistrellus pygmaeus in wetland rice paddies.Biological Conservation,128(2):223-230.
Fox J C,Hamilton F,Occhipinti S.2009.Tree hollow incidence in Victorian state forests.Australian Forestry,72(1):39-48.
García-Navas V,Arroyo L,Sanz J J,et al.2008.Effect of nestbox type on occupancy and breeding biology of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus in central Spain.Ibis,150(2):356-364.
Goldingay R L.2009.Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats.Wildlife Research,36(5):394-409.
Goldingay R L.2015.Temperature variation in nest boxes in eastern Australia.Australian Mammalogy,37(2):225.
Goldingay R L,Grimson M J,Smith G C.2007.Do feathertail gliders show a preference for nest box design.Wildlife Research,34(6):484-490.
Goldingay R L,Rueegger N N,Grimson M J,et al.2015.Specific nest box designs can improve habitat restoration for cavity-dependent arboreal mammals.Restoration Ecology,23(4):482-490.
Goldingay R L,Stevens J R.2009.Use of artificial tree hollows by Australian birds and bats.Wildlife Research,36(2):81-97.
Harley D K P.2006.A role for nest boxes in the conservation of Leadbeater’s possum(Gymnobelideus leadbeateri).Wildlife Research,33(5):385-395.
Harper M J,Mccarthy M A,Ree R V D.2005.The use of nest boxes in urban natural vegetation remnants by vertebrate fauna.Wildlife Research,32(6):509-516.
Hilszczański J,Jaworski T,Plewa R,et al.2014.Surrogate tree cavities:boxes with artificial substrate can serve as temporary habitat for Osmoderma barnabita(Motsch.)(Coleoptera,Cetoniinae).Journal of Insect Conservation,18(5):855-861.
Irvine R,Bender R.1997.Introduction of the Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps into re-established forest of the Organ Pipes National Park,Victoria.Victorian Naturalist,114:230-239.
Isaac J L,De Gabriel J L,Goodman B A.2008.Microclimate of daytime den sites in a tropical possum:implications for the conservation of tropical arboreal marsupials.Animal Conservation,11(4):281-287.
Isaac J L,Parsons M,Goodman B A.2008.How hot do nest boxes get in the tropics?A study of nest boxes for the endangered mahogany glider.Wildlife Research,35(5):441-445.
Jackson J A,Jackson B J S.2004.Ecological relationships between fungi and woodpecker cavity sites.The Condor,106(1):37-49.
Karlsson J,Nilsson S G.1977.The influence of nest-box area on clutch size in some hole-nesting passerines.Ibis,119(2):207-211.
Kasprzyk K,Ruczynski I.2001.The structure of bat communities roosting in bird nest boxes in two pine monocultures in Poland.Folia Zoologica,50(2):107-116.
Kelsey E C,Bradley R W,Warzybok P,et al.2015.Environmental temperatures,artificial nests,and incubation of Cassin’s auklet.Journal of Wildlife Management,80(2):292-299.
Koch A,Munks S,Driscoll D.2008.The use of hollow-bearing trees by vertebrate fauna in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest Tasmania.Wildlife Research,35(8):727-746.
Koenig W D,Gowaty P A,Dickinson J L.1992.Boxes,barns,and bridges:confounding factors or exceptional opportunities in ecological studies?Oikos,63(2):305-308.
Kunz T H.2003.Bat Ecology.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lambrechts M M,Adriaensen F,Ardia D R,et al.2010.The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds:a review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases.Acta Ornithologica,45(1):1-26.
Lambrechts M M,Wiebe K L,Sunde P,et al.2012.Nest box design for the study of diurnal raptors and owls is still an overlooked point in ecological,evolutionary and conservation studies:a review.Journal of Ornithology,153(1):23-34.
Lindenmayer D B,Welsh A,Donnelly C,et al.2009.Are nest boxes a viable alternative source of cavities for hollow-dependent animals?Long-term monitoring of nest box occupancy,pest use and attrition.Biological Conservation,142(1):33-42.
Louren9o S I,Palmeirim J M.2004.Influence of temperature in roost
selection by Pipistrellus pygmaeus(Chiroptera):relevance for the
design of bat boxes.Biological Conservation,119(2):237-243.
Lutz J A,Van Wagtendonk J W,Franklin J F.2009.Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park,California,USA.Forest Ecology and Management,257(11):2296-2307.
Mller A P.1992.Nest boxes and the scientific rigour of experimental studies.Oikos,63(2):309-311.
Mller A P,Adriaensen F,Artemyev A,et al.2014.Clutch-size variation in Western Palaearctic secondary hole-nesting passerine birds in relation to nest box design.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,5(4):353-362.
Maziarz M,Broughton R K,Wesoowski T.2017.Microclimate in tree cavities and nest-boxes:implications for hole-nesting birds.Forest Ecology and Management,389:306-313.
Mc Comb W C,Noble R E.1981.Microclimates of nest boxes and natural cavities in bottomland hardwoods.Journal of Wildlife Management,45(1):284-289.
Meyrom K,Motro Y,Leshem Y,et al.2009.Nest-box use by the Barn Owl Tyto alba in a biological pest control program in the Beit She’an valley,Israel.Ardea,97(4):463-467.
Moeed A,Dawson D G.1979.Breeding of starlings(Sturnus vulgaris)in nest boxes of various types.New Zealand Journal of Zoology,6(4):613-618.
Newton I.1994.The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds:A review.Biological Conservation,70(3):265-276.
Oliveira M A,Santos A M M,Tabarelli M.2008.Profound impoverishment of the large-tree stand in a hyper-fragmented landscape of the Atlantic forest.Forest Ecology and Management,256(11):1910-1917.
Reme2 V,Krist M.2016.Nest design and the abundance of parasitic Protocalliphora blow flies in two hole-nesting passerines.coscience,12(4):549-553.
Remm J,L7hmus A,Remm K.2006.Tree cavities in riverine forests:What determines their occurrence and use by hole-nesting passerines?.Forest Ecology and Management,221(1):267-277.
Rhodes M,Jones D.2011.The use of bat boxes by insectivorous bats and other fauna in the greater Brisbane region.Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats.Mosman,424-442.
Ruczyński I.2006.Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats(Nyctalus noctula)and Leisler’s bats(N.leisleri)in Biaowiez·a Primeval Forest,Poland.Canadian Journal of Zoology,84(6):900-907.
Ruczyński I,Bogdanowicz W.2005.Roost cavity selection by Nyctalus noctula and N.leisleri(Vespertilionidae,Chiroptera)in Biaowiez·a primeval forest,Eastern Poland.Journal of Mammalogy,86(5):921-930.
Rudolph D C,Conner R N.1991.Cavity tree selection by red-cockaded woodpeckers in relation to tree age.The Wilson Bulletin,103(3):458-467.
Rueegger N N.2016.Bat boxes-a review of their use and application,past,present and future.Acta Chiropterologica,18(1):279-299.
Rueegger N N,Goldingay R L,Brookes L O.2012.Does nest box design influence use by the eastern pygmy-possum?.Australian Journal of Zoology,60(6):372.
Skwarska J A,Kalinski A,Wawrayniak J,et al.2009.Opportunity makes a predator:Great Spotted Woodpecker predation on Tit broods depends on nest box design.Ornis Fennica,86(3):109-112.
Smith G C,Agnew G.2002.The value of‘bat boxes’for attracting hollow-dependent fauna to farm forestry plantations in southeast Queensland.Ecological Management and Restoration,3(1):37-46.
Stanback M T,Mercadante A,Cline E L,et al.2013.Cavity depth,not experience,determines nest height in eastern bluebirds.The Wilson Journal of Ornithology,125(2):301-306.
Storer T I.1926.Bats,bat towers and mosquitoes.Journal of Mammalogy,7(2):85-90.
Suckling G C,Macfarlane M A,Suckling G C,et al.1983.Introduction of the sugar glider,Petaurus breviceps,into re-established forest of the Tower Hill State Game Reserve,Vic.Wildlife Research,10(2):249-258.
Taylor R J,Haseler M.1993.Occurrence of potential nest trees and their use by birds in sclerophyll forest in north-east Tasmania.Australian Forestry,56(2):165-171.
Tews J,Brose U,Grimm V,et al.2004.Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity:the importance of keystone structures.Journal of Biogeography,31(1):79-92.
Tuttle M D,Hensley D L.2000.The bat house builder’s handbook.Austin,Texas:Bat Conservation International.
Veiga J P,Wamiti W,Polo V,et al.2013.Interaction between distant taxa in the use of tree cavities in African ecosystems:a study using nest-boxes.Journal of Tropical Ecology,29(3):187-197.
Wesoowski T.2002.Anti-predator adaptations in nesting Marsh Tits Parus palustris:The role of nest-site security.Ibis,144(4):593-601.
Whitaker J O,Sparks D W,Brack V.2006.Use of artificial roost structures by bats at the Indianapolis International Airport.Environment Management,38(1):28-36.
Wiebe K L.2007.Hypoxia probably does not explain short incubation periods of woodpeckers.The Condor,109(4):976-979.
Wiesaw W.2002.Breeding losses in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis caused by nest predators in the Biaowiez·a National Park(Poland).Acta Ornithologica,37(1):21-26.
Williams R L,Goodenough A E,Hart A G,et al.2013.Using long-term volunteer records to examine dormouse(Muscardinus avellanarius)nestbox selection.PLoS One,8(6):e67986.
Yang G,Huang Y,Wu J,et al.2017.Experimental study and numerical models assessment of turbulent mixed convection heat transfer in a vertical open cavity.Building and Environment,115:91-103.
Yang G,Wu J Y.2016.Effects of natural convection,wall thermal conduction,and thermal radiation on heat transfer uniformity at a heated plate located at the bottom of a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure.Numerical Heat Transfer,69(6):589-606.
陈亮,惠伟,马建章. 2017.风载荷下3种飞鼠巢洞受力分析.第十七届全国计算流体力学会议论文集(中国杭州).(Chen L,Hui W,Ma J Z,2017. Stress analysis of three kinds of flying squirrel nests under wind load-research based on CFD. Proceedings of the 17th National Conference on Computational Fluid Mechanics(Hangzhou,China).[in Chinese])
满效强,陈亮,程卫红,等. 2017.大兴安岭北部越冬飞鼠(Pteromys volans)树洞巢材保温机理研究.野生动物学报,38(1):11-16.(Man X Q,Chen L,Cheng W H,et al. 2017. The insulation mechanism of nest materials for tree cavities used by Siberian Flying Squirrels(Pteromys volans)in North Great Khingan Mountains during winter.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,38(1),11-16.[in Chinese])
徐占发. 2006.建筑节能常用数据速查手册.北京:中国建材工业出版社.(Xu Z F. 2006. Quick inspection manual for common data of building energy saving. Beijing:China Building Materials Industry Press.[in Chinese])
杨世铭,陶文铨. 1998.传热学. 3版.北京:高等教育出版社.(Yang S M,Tao W Q,1998. Heat transfer. 3rd edition. Beijing:Higher Education Press.[in Chinese])
张军生,王鹏,王茜. 2014.人工鸟巢箱防治落叶松鞘蛾的研究.内蒙古林业科技,40(3):13-17.(Zhang J S, Wang P, Wang Q. 2014. Research on controlling Coleophora Dahurica by artificial nest box. Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry Science and Technology,40(3):13-17.[in Chinese])
张亚梅. 2013.土木工程材料.南京:东南大学出版社.(Zhang Y M. 2013. Civil engineering materials. Nanjing:Southeast University Press.[in Chinese])
朱颖心. 2010.建筑环境学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.(Zhu Y X. 2010. Built environment. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press.[in Chinese])
Adkins M F. 2006. A burning issue:using fire to accelerate tree hollow formation in Eucalyptus species. Australian Forestry, 69(2):107-113.
Aitken K E H,Martin K. 2007. The importance of excavators in holenesting communities:availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada. Journal of Ornithology,148(S2):425-434.
Althoff D P,Althoff P S. 2001. Monitoring southern flying squirrel populations with nest boxes. Ohio Journal of Science,101(2):2-11.
Bartoni?ka T,Rehak Z.2007.Influence of the microclimate of bat boxes on their occupation by the Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus:possible cause of roost switching.Acta Chiropterologica,9(2):517-526.
Boyles J G.2007.Describing roosts used by forest bats:the importance of microclimate.Acta Chiropterologica,9(1),297-303.
Calder T G,Golding B G,Manderson A D.1979.Management for arboreal species in the Wombat State Forest.PhD thesis of Monash University,Melbourne.
Cantarero A,López-ArrabéJ,Saavedra-Garcés I,et al.2014.The significance of nest structure and nesting material for hole-nesting passerines:an experimental study with Nuthatches Sitta europaea.Acta Ornithologica,49(2):143-155.
Carey A B.1983.Cavities in trees in hardwood forests∥Davis J W,Goodwin G A,Ockenfels R A.Snag Habitat Management.USDA,Forest Service,General Technical Report RM-99,167-184.
Carlsson S,Bergman K O,Jansson N,et al.2016.Boxing for biodiversity:evaluation of an artificially created decaying wood habitat.Biodiversity and Conservation,25(2):393-405.
Catall L L,Odom D L,Bangma J T,et al.2011.Artificial nest cavities designed for use by small mammals.Southeastern Naturalist,10(3):509-514.
Cotton C L,Parker K L.2000.Winter habitat and nest trees used by northern flying squirrels in subboreal forests.Journal of Mammalogy,81(4):1071-1086.
Dodds M,Bilston H.2003.A comparison of different bat box types by bat occupancy in deciduous woodland,Buckinghamshire,UK.Conservation Evidence,10:24-28.
Edworthy A B,Martin K.2014.Long-term dynamics of the characteristics of tree cavities used for nesting by vertebrates.Forest Ecology and Management,334(10):122-128.
Ellis M V.2016.Influence of design on the microclimate in nest boxes exposed to direct sunshine.Australian Zoologist,38(1):95-101.
Fairhurst G D,Treen G D,Clark R G,et al.2012.Nestling corticosterone response to microclimate in an altricial bird.Canadian Journal of Zoology,90(12):1422-1430.
Filip G M,Parks C G,Baker F A,et al.2004.Artificial inoculation of decay fungi into Douglas-fir with rifle or shotgun to produce wildlife trees in western Oregon.Western Journal of Applied Forestry,19(3):211-215.
Flaquer C,Torre I,Ruiz-Jarillo R.2006.The value of bat-boxes in the conservation of Pipistrellus pygmaeus in wetland rice paddies.Biological Conservation,128(2):223-230.
Fox J C,Hamilton F,Occhipinti S.2009.Tree hollow incidence in Victorian state forests.Australian Forestry,72(1):39-48.
García-Navas V,Arroyo L,Sanz J J,et al.2008.Effect of nestbox type on occupancy and breeding biology of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus in central Spain.Ibis,150(2):356-364.
Goldingay R L.2009.Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats.Wildlife Research,36(5):394-409.
Goldingay R L.2015.Temperature variation in nest boxes in eastern Australia.Australian Mammalogy,37(2):225.
Goldingay R L,Grimson M J,Smith G C.2007.Do feathertail gliders show a preference for nest box design.Wildlife Research,34(6):484-490.
Goldingay R L,Rueegger N N,Grimson M J,et al.2015.Specific nest box designs can improve habitat restoration for cavity-dependent arboreal mammals.Restoration Ecology,23(4):482-490.
Goldingay R L,Stevens J R.2009.Use of artificial tree hollows by Australian birds and bats.Wildlife Research,36(2):81-97.
Harley D K P.2006.A role for nest boxes in the conservation of Leadbeater’s possum(Gymnobelideus leadbeateri).Wildlife Research,33(5):385-395.
Harper M J,Mccarthy M A,Ree R V D.2005.The use of nest boxes in urban natural vegetation remnants by vertebrate fauna.Wildlife Research,32(6):509-516.
Hilszczański J,Jaworski T,Plewa R,et al.2014.Surrogate tree cavities:boxes with artificial substrate can serve as temporary habitat for Osmoderma barnabita(Motsch.)(Coleoptera,Cetoniinae).Journal of Insect Conservation,18(5):855-861.
Irvine R,Bender R.1997.Introduction of the Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps into re-established forest of the Organ Pipes National Park,Victoria.Victorian Naturalist,114:230-239.
Isaac J L,De Gabriel J L,Goodman B A.2008.Microclimate of daytime den sites in a tropical possum:implications for the conservation of tropical arboreal marsupials.Animal Conservation,11(4):281-287.
Isaac J L,Parsons M,Goodman B A.2008.How hot do nest boxes get in the tropics?A study of nest boxes for the endangered mahogany glider.Wildlife Research,35(5):441-445.
Jackson J A,Jackson B J S.2004.Ecological relationships between fungi and woodpecker cavity sites.The Condor,106(1):37-49.
Karlsson J,Nilsson S G.1977.The influence of nest-box area on clutch size in some hole-nesting passerines.Ibis,119(2):207-211.
Kasprzyk K,Ruczynski I.2001.The structure of bat communities roosting in bird nest boxes in two pine monocultures in Poland.Folia Zoologica,50(2):107-116.
Kelsey E C,Bradley R W,Warzybok P,et al.2015.Environmental temperatures,artificial nests,and incubation of Cassin’s auklet.Journal of Wildlife Management,80(2):292-299.
Koch A,Munks S,Driscoll D.2008.The use of hollow-bearing trees by vertebrate fauna in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest Tasmania.Wildlife Research,35(8):727-746.
Koenig W D,Gowaty P A,Dickinson J L.1992.Boxes,barns,and bridges:confounding factors or exceptional opportunities in ecological studies?Oikos,63(2):305-308.
Kunz T H.2003.Bat Ecology.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lambrechts M M,Adriaensen F,Ardia D R,et al.2010.The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds:a review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases.Acta Ornithologica,45(1):1-26.
Lambrechts M M,Wiebe K L,Sunde P,et al.2012.Nest box design for the study of diurnal raptors and owls is still an overlooked point in ecological,evolutionary and conservation studies:a review.Journal of Ornithology,153(1):23-34.
Lindenmayer D B,Welsh A,Donnelly C,et al.2009.Are nest boxes a viable alternative source of cavities for hollow-dependent animals?Long-term monitoring of nest box occupancy,pest use and attrition.Biological Conservation,142(1):33-42.
Louren9o S I,Palmeirim J M.2004.Influence of temperature in roost
selection by Pipistrellus pygmaeus(Chiroptera):relevance for the
design of bat boxes.Biological Conservation,119(2):237-243.
Lutz J A,Van Wagtendonk J W,Franklin J F.2009.Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park,California,USA.Forest Ecology and Management,257(11):2296-2307.
Mller A P.1992.Nest boxes and the scientific rigour of experimental studies.Oikos,63(2):309-311.
Mller A P,Adriaensen F,Artemyev A,et al.2014.Clutch-size variation in Western Palaearctic secondary hole-nesting passerine birds in relation to nest box design.Methods in Ecology and Evolution,5(4):353-362.
Maziarz M,Broughton R K,Wesoowski T.2017.Microclimate in tree cavities and nest-boxes:implications for hole-nesting birds.Forest Ecology and Management,389:306-313.
Mc Comb W C,Noble R E.1981.Microclimates of nest boxes and natural cavities in bottomland hardwoods.Journal of Wildlife Management,45(1):284-289.
Meyrom K,Motro Y,Leshem Y,et al.2009.Nest-box use by the Barn Owl Tyto alba in a biological pest control program in the Beit She’an valley,Israel.Ardea,97(4):463-467.
Moeed A,Dawson D G.1979.Breeding of starlings(Sturnus vulgaris)in nest boxes of various types.New Zealand Journal of Zoology,6(4):613-618.
Newton I.1994.The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds:A review.Biological Conservation,70(3):265-276.
Oliveira M A,Santos A M M,Tabarelli M.2008.Profound impoverishment of the large-tree stand in a hyper-fragmented landscape of the Atlantic forest.Forest Ecology and Management,256(11):1910-1917.
Reme2 V,Krist M.2016.Nest design and the abundance of parasitic Protocalliphora blow flies in two hole-nesting passerines.coscience,12(4):549-553.
Remm J,L7hmus A,Remm K.2006.Tree cavities in riverine forests:What determines their occurrence and use by hole-nesting passerines?.Forest Ecology and Management,221(1):267-277.
Rhodes M,Jones D.2011.The use of bat boxes by insectivorous bats and other fauna in the greater Brisbane region.Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats.Mosman,424-442.
Ruczyński I.2006.Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats(Nyctalus noctula)and Leisler’s bats(N.leisleri)in Biaowiez·a Primeval Forest,Poland.Canadian Journal of Zoology,84(6):900-907.
Ruczyński I,Bogdanowicz W.2005.Roost cavity selection by Nyctalus noctula and N.leisleri(Vespertilionidae,Chiroptera)in Biaowiez·a primeval forest,Eastern Poland.Journal of Mammalogy,86(5):921-930.
Rudolph D C,Conner R N.1991.Cavity tree selection by red-cockaded woodpeckers in relation to tree age.The Wilson Bulletin,103(3):458-467.
Rueegger N N.2016.Bat boxes-a review of their use and application,past,present and future.Acta Chiropterologica,18(1):279-299.
Rueegger N N,Goldingay R L,Brookes L O.2012.Does nest box design influence use by the eastern pygmy-possum?.Australian Journal of Zoology,60(6):372.
Skwarska J A,Kalinski A,Wawrayniak J,et al.2009.Opportunity makes a predator:Great Spotted Woodpecker predation on Tit broods depends on nest box design.Ornis Fennica,86(3):109-112.
Smith G C,Agnew G.2002.The value of‘bat boxes’for attracting hollow-dependent fauna to farm forestry plantations in southeast Queensland.Ecological Management and Restoration,3(1):37-46.
Stanback M T,Mercadante A,Cline E L,et al.2013.Cavity depth,not experience,determines nest height in eastern bluebirds.The Wilson Journal of Ornithology,125(2):301-306.
Storer T I.1926.Bats,bat towers and mosquitoes.Journal of Mammalogy,7(2):85-90.
Suckling G C,Macfarlane M A,Suckling G C,et al.1983.Introduction of the sugar glider,Petaurus breviceps,into re-established forest of the Tower Hill State Game Reserve,Vic.Wildlife Research,10(2):249-258.
Taylor R J,Haseler M.1993.Occurrence of potential nest trees and their use by birds in sclerophyll forest in north-east Tasmania.Australian Forestry,56(2):165-171.
Tews J,Brose U,Grimm V,et al.2004.Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity:the importance of keystone structures.Journal of Biogeography,31(1):79-92.
Tuttle M D,Hensley D L.2000.The bat house builder’s handbook.Austin,Texas:Bat Conservation International.
Veiga J P,Wamiti W,Polo V,et al.2013.Interaction between distant taxa in the use of tree cavities in African ecosystems:a study using nest-boxes.Journal of Tropical Ecology,29(3):187-197.
Wesoowski T.2002.Anti-predator adaptations in nesting Marsh Tits Parus palustris:The role of nest-site security.Ibis,144(4):593-601.
Whitaker J O,Sparks D W,Brack V.2006.Use of artificial roost structures by bats at the Indianapolis International Airport.Environment Management,38(1):28-36.
Wiebe K L.2007.Hypoxia probably does not explain short incubation periods of woodpeckers.The Condor,109(4):976-979.
Wiesaw W.2002.Breeding losses in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis caused by nest predators in the Biaowiez·a National Park(Poland).Acta Ornithologica,37(1):21-26.
Williams R L,Goodenough A E,Hart A G,et al.2013.Using long-term volunteer records to examine dormouse(Muscardinus avellanarius)nestbox selection.PLoS One,8(6):e67986.
Yang G,Huang Y,Wu J,et al.2017.Experimental study and numerical models assessment of turbulent mixed convection heat transfer in a vertical open cavity.Building and Environment,115:91-103.
Yang G,Wu J Y.2016.Effects of natural convection,wall thermal conduction,and thermal radiation on heat transfer uniformity at a heated plate located at the bottom of a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure.Numerical Heat Transfer,69(6):589-606.