红壤油茶幼林地间种绿肥牧草的培肥效应
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摘要
培肥减流是南方丘陵红壤地区新垦油茶幼林地需要解决的两大任务,林下间种是解决这两大问题普遍采用的种植模式,它既能提高造林成活率,又能促进幼树生长。在油茶幼林地间种的基础上,采用最新科研成果,合理组装间种技术,以期达到最大化培肥减流的目的。为此,在湖南省衡南县油子岭低山丘陵区选取全垦成梯的红壤油茶幼林地为研究对象,设间种夏季、冬季绿肥、(牧草)+新技术应用(代号iswf+nt)、间种夏季冬季绿肥(牧草)(代号iswf)、间种冬季绿肥(代号iwf)、清耕(代号CK)等4个处理,采用田间小区实验,研究间种绿肥(牧草)的培肥减流效应。结果表明:1)间种3 a后,iswf+nt、iswf、iwf处理0～20 cm土层有机质含量为31.67、21.75、15.32 g/kg,比清耕(8.97 g/kg)提高22.7、12.78、6.35 g/kg,分别提高了253.1%、142.5%、70.8%,差异极显著。2)间种3 a后,iswf+nt、iswf、iwf处理比清耕减流109.9%、56.1%、20.6%,减少了136.9%、66.2%、29.2%;因而,0～20 cm土层土壤容重均值iswf+nt、iswf、iwf处理分别比CK处理减少0.12、0.05、0.02 g/cm~3,减少7.9%、3.1%、1.2%,其中,iswf+nt处理差异显著。3)间种3 a后,iswf+nt处理比清耕,全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷流失量分别减少80.9%、75.1%、82.7%、81.6%;0～20 cm土层,无论是有机质、全量养分还是速效养分都属"丰富级"(我国土壤养分分级标准),由试验前的"严重缺乏"连跨3级(缺乏级、轻度缺乏级、基本不缺级)。4)间种绿肥(牧草)是一个费省效宏的技术,iswf+nt处理改种一季绿肥(牧草)为种两季绿肥(牧草)、改种单一绿肥(牧草)品种为种绿肥(牧草)品种组合、改部分使用新技术为全面使用新技术,是该技术的3个创新点,也是这种新方法的技术支撑。
Fertilization and runoff reduction are two major tasks to be solved in the newly cultivated young Camellia oleifera plantation in hilly red soil region of southern China. Inter-planting under forest is a common cropping pattern to solve these two tasks,it can not only increase the survival rate of afforestation, but also promote the growth of young trees. This study intends to use the latest scienti?c research achievements and rationally assemble intercropping techniques on the basis of the inter-speci?c cultivation, so as to maximize the purpose of raising fertilizer and reducing flow. For this purpose, taking C. oleifera young forest which located in hilly red soil region, Yiliziling, Hengnan county, Hunan province, as the tested forestland, setting four treatments such as: the interplanting summer(winter) green fertilizer(grazing) + new technology application(code iswf+nt), interplanting summer and winter green manure(grass)(code iswf), intercropping winter green manure(code iwf), clear farming(code CK), and adopting ?eld plot test method, the effects of fostering fertility and reducing runoff by intercropping green manure(pasture) were to investigated. The results show that: 1) After inter-planting three years, the organic matter contents of 0-20 cm soil layer treated with iswf + nt, iswf and IWF were 31.67, 21.75 and15.32 g/kg respectively, which was 22.7, 12.78 and 6.35 g/kg higher than that treated with clean tillage(8.97 g/kg), 253.1%, 142.5%and 70.8% higher than that of untreated tillage(8.97 g/kg), the differences among different treatments were extremely signi?cant. 2) After inter-planting three years, compared with CK, iswf + nt, iswf and IWF reduced runoff 109.9%, 56.1%, 20.6%, sand 136.9%, 66.2% and29.2%; thus, the mean soil bulk density of 0-20 cm soil layer, iswf+nt, iswf, iwf treatment were 0.12, 0.05, 0.02 g/cm3 lower than CK treatment, the percentage were 7.9%, 3.1%, 1.2% lower than CK, among them, Iswf+nt treatment had the signi?cant difference. 3) After inter-planting three years, the loss amounts of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in 0-20 cm soil layer treated with iswf+nt reduced by 80.9%, 75.1%, 82.7%, 81.6% respectively, compared with clear tillage(CK); According to "soil nutrient classi?cation standard in China", in 0-20 cm soil layer, whether it is organic matter, total nutrient or quick-acting nutrient,they all has reached "rich level", from the "serious shortage level" before the experiment, crossed over lack level, slight lack level,basically no shortage level, and went up to the highest level(rich level). 4) Intercropping green manure(grass) is a provincial cost and high ef?cient technology. The three innovations of this technology are as followings:(Ⅰ) Treated with iswf+nt, planting green manure was changed over from one-season green manure(grass) to two-season green manure(grass);(Ⅱ) planting mode was changed over from single green manure(forage) variety to green manure(forage) variety combination;(Ⅲ) Partial use of new technologies was replaced with the full use of new technologies. This is the technical support of this new method.
Fertilization and runoff reduction are two major tasks to be solved in the newly cultivated young Camellia oleifera plantation in hilly red soil region of southern China. Inter-planting under forest is a common cropping pattern to solve these two tasks,it can not only increase the survival rate of afforestation, but also promote the growth of young trees. This study intends to use the latest scienti?c research achievements and rationally assemble intercropping techniques on the basis of the inter-speci?c cultivation, so as to maximize the purpose of raising fertilizer and reducing flow. For this purpose, taking C. oleifera young forest which located in hilly red soil region, Yiliziling, Hengnan county, Hunan province, as the tested forestland, setting four treatments such as: the interplanting summer(winter) green fertilizer(grazing) + new technology application(code iswf+nt), interplanting summer and winter green manure(grass)(code iswf), intercropping winter green manure(code iwf), clear farming(code CK), and adopting ?eld plot test method, the effects of fostering fertility and reducing runoff by intercropping green manure(pasture) were to investigated. The results show that: 1) After inter-planting three years, the organic matter contents of 0-20 cm soil layer treated with iswf + nt, iswf and IWF were 31.67, 21.75 and15.32 g/kg respectively, which was 22.7, 12.78 and 6.35 g/kg higher than that treated with clean tillage(8.97 g/kg), 253.1%, 142.5%and 70.8% higher than that of untreated tillage(8.97 g/kg), the differences among different treatments were extremely signi?cant. 2) After inter-planting three years, compared with CK, iswf + nt, iswf and IWF reduced runoff 109.9%, 56.1%, 20.6%, sand 136.9%, 66.2% and29.2%; thus, the mean soil bulk density of 0-20 cm soil layer, iswf+nt, iswf, iwf treatment were 0.12, 0.05, 0.02 g/cm3 lower than CK treatment, the percentage were 7.9%, 3.1%, 1.2% lower than CK, among them, Iswf+nt treatment had the signi?cant difference. 3) After inter-planting three years, the loss amounts of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in 0-20 cm soil layer treated with iswf+nt reduced by 80.9%, 75.1%, 82.7%, 81.6% respectively, compared with clear tillage(CK); According to "soil nutrient classi?cation standard in China", in 0-20 cm soil layer, whether it is organic matter, total nutrient or quick-acting nutrient,they all has reached "rich level", from the "serious shortage level" before the experiment, crossed over lack level, slight lack level,basically no shortage level, and went up to the highest level(rich level). 4) Intercropping green manure(grass) is a provincial cost and high ef?cient technology. The three innovations of this technology are as followings:(Ⅰ) Treated with iswf+nt, planting green manure was changed over from one-season green manure(grass) to two-season green manure(grass);(Ⅱ) planting mode was changed over from single green manure(forage) variety to green manure(forage) variety combination;(Ⅲ) Partial use of new technologies was replaced with the full use of new technologies. This is the technical support of this new method.
引文
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[14]谢庭生,魏晓,谢树春,等.紫色土山丘区农业综合发展及土壤改良技术[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社:2008,41-43.
[15]李瑞玲,张永春,刘庄,等.太湖缓坡丘陵地区雨强对农业非点源污染物随地表径流迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(5):1220-1226.
[16]龚伟,颜晓元,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤颗粒有机碳和氮的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2008,19(11):2375-2381.
[17]李纯燕,杨恒山,萨如拉,等.不同耕作措施下秸杆还田对土壤速效养分和微生物量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):197-201,210.
[18]游璐,沈晋,王楚天,等.油茶土壤养分和果实主要经济性状对沼液用量的响应[J].经济林研究,2017,35(1):43-48.
[19]朱丛飞,罗汉东,胡冬南,等.油茶林土壤生化性对磷素永平的响应研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(2):57-62.
[20]李云,黄永芳,叶小萍,等.油茶幼林间种大豆对土壤养分含量的影响[J].经济林研究,2013,31(2):54-59.
[21]YANG Y S, GUO J F, CHEN G S, et al. Effects of forest conversion on soil labile organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in subtropical China.[J]. Plant and Soil,2009,323(1):153-162.
[22]王义祥,叶菁,王成己,等.不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2014, 23(10):1574-1580.
[23]王峰,陈玉真,尤志明,等.不同类型茶园土壤有机碳、氮剖面分布特征[J].福建农业学报, 2014,29(9):891-897.
[24]谢庭生,魏晓,赵玲,等.紫色土山丘区水土流失治理技术[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社:2008:32-36,192.
[2]王凯荣,谢小立,周卫军,等.红壤丘岗坡地农业开发利用的问题与对策[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(5):278-281.
[3]赵其国.我国南方当前水土流失与生态安全中值得重视的问题[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(2):1-8.
[4]谢小立,段华平,王凯荣.红壤坡地农业景观(旱季)地表界面水分传输研究——土壤大气界面水分传输[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(4):60-63.
[5]黄道友,王克林,黄敏,等.我国中亚热带典型红壤丘陵区季节性干旱[J].生态学报,2004,24(11):2516-2523.
[6]张斌,张桃林.南方东部丘陵区季节性干旱成因及其对策研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(4):413-419.
[7]高伟.浙西南不同间作模式对油茶生境及光合作用的影响[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2014.
[8]陈志伟.油茶幼林复合经营生产力及生态效应研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2014.
[9]李辉,李显玲,杨庆丽.油茶幼林抚育管理技术[J].湖北林业科技,2012(6):80-81.
[10]柏劲松,胡向阳.油茶幼林管护技术要点[J].中国园艺文摘,2011(3):189.
[11]刘亚雄,刘君昂,刘小平,等.不同间作模式对油茶幼林病虫害发生的影响[J].经济林研究,2016,24(1):129-134.
[12]王玉娟,陈永忠,王瑞,等.覆草间种对油茶林土壤养分及生长量影响的主成分分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2010,30(6):43-49.
[13]李振纪.间种满园花,促使油茶、粮食增产的经验[J].林业实用技术,1966(19):32-34.
[14]谢庭生,魏晓,谢树春,等.紫色土山丘区农业综合发展及土壤改良技术[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社:2008,41-43.
[15]李瑞玲,张永春,刘庄,等.太湖缓坡丘陵地区雨强对农业非点源污染物随地表径流迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(5):1220-1226.
[16]龚伟,颜晓元,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤颗粒有机碳和氮的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2008,19(11):2375-2381.
[17]李纯燕,杨恒山,萨如拉,等.不同耕作措施下秸杆还田对土壤速效养分和微生物量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):197-201,210.
[18]游璐,沈晋,王楚天,等.油茶土壤养分和果实主要经济性状对沼液用量的响应[J].经济林研究,2017,35(1):43-48.
[19]朱丛飞,罗汉东,胡冬南,等.油茶林土壤生化性对磷素永平的响应研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(2):57-62.
[20]李云,黄永芳,叶小萍,等.油茶幼林间种大豆对土壤养分含量的影响[J].经济林研究,2013,31(2):54-59.
[21]YANG Y S, GUO J F, CHEN G S, et al. Effects of forest conversion on soil labile organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in subtropical China.[J]. Plant and Soil,2009,323(1):153-162.
[22]王义祥,叶菁,王成己,等.不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2014, 23(10):1574-1580.
[23]王峰,陈玉真,尤志明,等.不同类型茶园土壤有机碳、氮剖面分布特征[J].福建农业学报, 2014,29(9):891-897.
[24]谢庭生,魏晓,赵玲,等.紫色土山丘区水土流失治理技术[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社:2008:32-36,192.