不同生物质炭对酸化茶园土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响
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摘要
为了研究不同生物质炭对酸化茶园土壤温室气体排放的影响,采用原料为小麦秸秆、柳树枝、椰壳3种生物质炭,通过室内培养试验来探究不同生物质炭对茶园土壤性质及N_2O、CO_2排放特征的影响。试验中生物质炭添加量为20 g·kg~(-1),同时设置了施氮肥处理,采用尿素作为外加氮源,施氮量为100 mg·kg~(-1)。结果表明,施加生物质炭提高了酸化茶园土壤pH值,柳树枝生物质炭处理土壤pH值最高为6.71,显著高于其他处理。不同生物质炭对土壤DOC含量的影响效果存在差异,柳树枝生物质炭使土壤DOC平均含量增加了95.6%,椰壳生物质炭使土壤DOC含量降低36.1%,小麦秸秆生物质炭则影响不显著。生物质炭通过抑制土壤硝化和反硝化作用降低土壤N_2O的排放,椰壳生物质炭降低N_2O排放比例达91.7%,减排效果最显著。在施氮条件下柳树枝生物质炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果显著低于小麦秸秆和椰壳生物质炭。土壤CO_2的排放通量与pH值、DOC含量均呈极显著正相关,生物质炭促进了土壤CO_2的排放,柳树枝生物质炭处理CO_2的排放显著高于其他处理。此外,外加氮源降低了土壤pH值,增加了土壤N_2O的排放,但是对土壤DOC含量变化无显著影响。
An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the addition of three kinds of biochars(wheat straw, willow branches, and coconut shell)on acidified tea field soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions. In this experiment, the amount of biochar was 20 g·kg~(-1), whereas urea was used as an additional nitrogen source for nitrogen fertilizer treatment at the rate of 100 mg·kg~(-1). The results showed that biochar addition was beneficial to improve the pH value of acidified tea field soil, and the soil pH of the willow biochar addition treatment was 6.71, which was significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Significant differences were noted between the biochar treatments for soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content. Compared with that of the control treatment, the soil DOC content increased by 95.6% in the willow biochar treatment and decreased by 36.1% in the coconut shell biochar treatment, whereas no significant difference in DOC was noted in wheat straw biochar(P>0.05). The reduction of soil nitrification and denitrification rate caused by biochar application might have reduced soil N_2O emissions, and the application of coconut shell biochar reduced N_2O emissions to 91.7%, which was the most significant reduction. When combined with nitrogen application, willow biochar treatment caused significantly higher N_2O emissions than those from the other biochar treatments. Compared with N_2O emissions in wheat straw and coconut shell biochar treatments, the N_2O emissions in willow biochar treatment were considerably more sensitive to nitrogen addition. Biochar addition promoted CO_2 emission from the soil, with the highest CO_2 emissions from the willow biochar treatment and soil CO_2 fluxes having significant positive correlation with pH value and DOC contents. Moreover, nitrogen addition reduced the soil pH value and increased N_2O emission, but had no significant effect on soil DOC content.
An incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the addition of three kinds of biochars(wheat straw, willow branches, and coconut shell)on acidified tea field soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions. In this experiment, the amount of biochar was 20 g·kg~(-1), whereas urea was used as an additional nitrogen source for nitrogen fertilizer treatment at the rate of 100 mg·kg~(-1). The results showed that biochar addition was beneficial to improve the pH value of acidified tea field soil, and the soil pH of the willow biochar addition treatment was 6.71, which was significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Significant differences were noted between the biochar treatments for soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content. Compared with that of the control treatment, the soil DOC content increased by 95.6% in the willow biochar treatment and decreased by 36.1% in the coconut shell biochar treatment, whereas no significant difference in DOC was noted in wheat straw biochar(P>0.05). The reduction of soil nitrification and denitrification rate caused by biochar application might have reduced soil N_2O emissions, and the application of coconut shell biochar reduced N_2O emissions to 91.7%, which was the most significant reduction. When combined with nitrogen application, willow biochar treatment caused significantly higher N_2O emissions than those from the other biochar treatments. Compared with N_2O emissions in wheat straw and coconut shell biochar treatments, the N_2O emissions in willow biochar treatment were considerably more sensitive to nitrogen addition. Biochar addition promoted CO_2 emission from the soil, with the highest CO_2 emissions from the willow biochar treatment and soil CO_2 fluxes having significant positive correlation with pH value and DOC contents. Moreover, nitrogen addition reduced the soil pH value and increased N_2O emission, but had no significant effect on soil DOC content.
引文
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[5]Lehmann J.A handful of carbon[J].Nature,2007,447(7141):143-144.
[6]Dai Z M,Zhang X J,Tang C,et al.Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification:A critical review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,581/582:601-611.
[7]Case S D C,Mc Namara N P,Reay D S,et al.Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,81:178-185.
[8]Cayuela M L,Zwieten L V,Singh B P,et al.Biochar′s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[9]Mukherjee A,Lal R,Zimmerman A R.Effects of biochar and other amendments on the physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions of an artificially degraded soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,487:26-36.
[10]肖永恒,李永夫,王战磊,等.竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O通量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(3):697-706.XIAO Yong-heng,LI Yong-fu,WANG Zhan-lei,et al.Effects of bamboo leaves and their biochar additions on soil N2O flux in a Chinese chestnut forest[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilize,2016,22(3):697-706.
[11]袁帅,赵立欣,孟海波,等.生物炭主要类型、理化性质及其研究展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1402-1417.YUAN Shuai,ZHAO Li-xin,MENG Hai-bo,et al.The main types of biochar and their properties and expectative researches[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(5):1402-1417.
[12]Deng W G,Van Zwieten L M,Lin Z M,et al.Sugarcane bagasse biochars impact respiration and greenhouse gas emissions from a latosol[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2017,17(3):632-640.
[13]Suddick E C,Six J.An estimation of annual nitrous oxide emissions and soil quality following the amendment of high temperature walnut shell biochar and compost to a small scale vegetable crop rotation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,465:298-307.
[14]Angst T E,Six J,Reay D S,et al.Impact of pine chip biochar on trace greenhouse gas emissions and soil nutrient dynamics in an annual ryegrass system in California[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:17-26.
[15]王月玲,耿增超,王强,等.生物炭对塿土土壤温室气体及土壤理化性质的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3634-3641.WANG Yue-ling,GENG Zeng-chao,WANG Qiang,et al.Influence of biochar on greenhouse gases emissions and physico-chemical properties of loess soil[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3634-3641.
[16]Liu H Y,Williams A P,Allen C D,et al.Rapid warming accelerates tree growth decline in semi-arid forests of Inner Asia[J].Global Change Biology,2013,19(8):2500-2510.
[17]Wit H A D,Groseth T,Mulder J.Predicting aluminum and soil organic matter solubility using the mechanistic equilibrium model WHAM[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2001,65(4):1089-1100.
[18]Wang D Y,Griffin D E,Parikh S J,et al.Impact of biochar amendment on soil water soluble carbon in the context of extreme hydrological events[J].Chemosphere,2016,160:287-292.
[19]Laird D A,Fleming P,Davis D D,et al.Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3/4):443-449.
[20]Wan A W A K G,Rebitanim N Z,Salleh M A M,et al.Carbon dioxide adsorption on coconut shell biochar[M]//Progress in clean energy,2015:683-693.
[21]Zhou Z C,Gan Z T,Shangguan Z P,et al.Effects of long-term repeated mineral and organic fertilizer applications on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a semi-arid cropland[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2013,45:20-26.
[22]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):779-785.YUAN Jin-hua,XU Ren-kou.Progress of the research on the properties of biochar and their influence on soil environmental functions[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(4):779-785.
[23]Hu X F,Chen F S,Wine M L,et al.Increasing acidity of rain in subtropical tea plantation alters aluminum and nutrient distributions at the root-soil interface and in plant tissues[J].Plant and Soil,2017,417(1/2):261-274.
[24]Paz-Ferreiro J,Lu H,Fu S,et al.Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils:A review[J].Solid Earth,2014,5(1):65-75.
[25]Wang L,Butterly C R,Wang Y,et al.Effect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils[J].Soil Use and Management,2014,30(1):119-128.
[26]Di H J,Cameron K C,Podolyan A,et al.Effect of soil moisture status and a nitrification inhibitor,dicyandiamide,on ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier growth and nitrous oxide emissions in a grassland soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,73:59-68.
[27]Wrage N,Velthof G L,Van Beusichem M L,et al.Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide[J].Soil biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(12):1723-1732.
[28]Rogovska N,Laird D,Cruse R,et al.Impact of biochar on manure carbon stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75(3):871-879.
[29]Cayuela M L,Sánchez-Monedero M A,Roig A,et al.Biochar and denitrification in soils:When,how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions?[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:1732.
[30]Obia A,Cornelissen G,Mulder J,et al.Effect of soil p H increase by biochar on NO,N2O and N2production during denitrification in acid soils[J].Plo S One,2015,10(9):e0138781.
[31]Clough T J,Condron L M.Biochar and the nitrogen cycle:Introduction[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(4):1218-1223.
[32]Gannes V D,Eudoxie G,Hickey W J.Impacts of edaphic factors on communities of ammonia-oxidizing archaea,ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrification in tropical soils[J].Plo S One,2014,9(2):e89568.
[33]Strauss E A,Lamberti G A.Regulation of nitrification in aquatic sediments by organic carbon[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2000,45(8):1854-1859.
[34]Paul E A.Soil microbiology,ecology and biochemistry[M].Academic Press,2014.
[35]Jiang X Y,Haddix M L,Cotrufo M F.Interactions between biochar and soil organic carbon decomposition:Effects of nitrogen and low molecular weight carbon compound addition[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,100:92-101.
[36]Smith J L,Collins H P,Bailey V L.The effect of young biochar on soil respiration[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(12):2345-2347.
[37]Cheng Y,Cai Z C,Chang S X,et al.Wheat straw and its biochar have contrasting effects on inorganic N retention and N2O production in a cultivated black chernozem[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48(8):941-946.
[38]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,De Nobili M,et al.Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different p H[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(11):2304-2314.
[39]Fenner N,Freeman C.Drought-induced carbon loss in peatlands[J].Nature Geoscience,2011,4(12):895-900.
[40]Mueller P,Granse D,Nolte S,et al.Top-down control of carbon sequestration:Grazing affects microbial structure and function in salt marsh soils[J].Ecological Applications,2017,27(5):1435-1450.
[41]Imparato V,Hansen V,Santos S S,et al.Gasification biochar has limited effects on functional and structural diversity of soil microbial communities in a temperate agroecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,99:128-136.
[2]Intergovernmental panel on climate change(IPCC).The physical science basis[M].Cambridge University Press,2013.
[3]Pachauri R K,Allen M R,Barros V R,et al.Climate change 2014:Synthesis report.Contribution of Working GroupsⅠ,ⅡandⅢto the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].IPCC,2014.
[4]Qu Z,Wang J G,Alm覬y T,et al.Excessive use of nitrogen in Chinese agriculture results in high N2O/(N2O+N2)product ratio of denitrification,primarily due to acidification of the soils[J].Global Change Biology,2014,20(5):1685-1698.
[5]Lehmann J.A handful of carbon[J].Nature,2007,447(7141):143-144.
[6]Dai Z M,Zhang X J,Tang C,et al.Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification:A critical review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,581/582:601-611.
[7]Case S D C,Mc Namara N P,Reay D S,et al.Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,81:178-185.
[8]Cayuela M L,Zwieten L V,Singh B P,et al.Biochar′s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[9]Mukherjee A,Lal R,Zimmerman A R.Effects of biochar and other amendments on the physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions of an artificially degraded soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,487:26-36.
[10]肖永恒,李永夫,王战磊,等.竹叶及其生物质炭输入对板栗林土壤N2O通量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(3):697-706.XIAO Yong-heng,LI Yong-fu,WANG Zhan-lei,et al.Effects of bamboo leaves and their biochar additions on soil N2O flux in a Chinese chestnut forest[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilize,2016,22(3):697-706.
[11]袁帅,赵立欣,孟海波,等.生物炭主要类型、理化性质及其研究展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1402-1417.YUAN Shuai,ZHAO Li-xin,MENG Hai-bo,et al.The main types of biochar and their properties and expectative researches[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(5):1402-1417.
[12]Deng W G,Van Zwieten L M,Lin Z M,et al.Sugarcane bagasse biochars impact respiration and greenhouse gas emissions from a latosol[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2017,17(3):632-640.
[13]Suddick E C,Six J.An estimation of annual nitrous oxide emissions and soil quality following the amendment of high temperature walnut shell biochar and compost to a small scale vegetable crop rotation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,465:298-307.
[14]Angst T E,Six J,Reay D S,et al.Impact of pine chip biochar on trace greenhouse gas emissions and soil nutrient dynamics in an annual ryegrass system in California[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:17-26.
[15]王月玲,耿增超,王强,等.生物炭对塿土土壤温室气体及土壤理化性质的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3634-3641.WANG Yue-ling,GENG Zeng-chao,WANG Qiang,et al.Influence of biochar on greenhouse gases emissions and physico-chemical properties of loess soil[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3634-3641.
[16]Liu H Y,Williams A P,Allen C D,et al.Rapid warming accelerates tree growth decline in semi-arid forests of Inner Asia[J].Global Change Biology,2013,19(8):2500-2510.
[17]Wit H A D,Groseth T,Mulder J.Predicting aluminum and soil organic matter solubility using the mechanistic equilibrium model WHAM[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2001,65(4):1089-1100.
[18]Wang D Y,Griffin D E,Parikh S J,et al.Impact of biochar amendment on soil water soluble carbon in the context of extreme hydrological events[J].Chemosphere,2016,160:287-292.
[19]Laird D A,Fleming P,Davis D D,et al.Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3/4):443-449.
[20]Wan A W A K G,Rebitanim N Z,Salleh M A M,et al.Carbon dioxide adsorption on coconut shell biochar[M]//Progress in clean energy,2015:683-693.
[21]Zhou Z C,Gan Z T,Shangguan Z P,et al.Effects of long-term repeated mineral and organic fertilizer applications on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a semi-arid cropland[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2013,45:20-26.
[22]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):779-785.YUAN Jin-hua,XU Ren-kou.Progress of the research on the properties of biochar and their influence on soil environmental functions[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(4):779-785.
[23]Hu X F,Chen F S,Wine M L,et al.Increasing acidity of rain in subtropical tea plantation alters aluminum and nutrient distributions at the root-soil interface and in plant tissues[J].Plant and Soil,2017,417(1/2):261-274.
[24]Paz-Ferreiro J,Lu H,Fu S,et al.Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils:A review[J].Solid Earth,2014,5(1):65-75.
[25]Wang L,Butterly C R,Wang Y,et al.Effect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils[J].Soil Use and Management,2014,30(1):119-128.
[26]Di H J,Cameron K C,Podolyan A,et al.Effect of soil moisture status and a nitrification inhibitor,dicyandiamide,on ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier growth and nitrous oxide emissions in a grassland soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,73:59-68.
[27]Wrage N,Velthof G L,Van Beusichem M L,et al.Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide[J].Soil biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(12):1723-1732.
[28]Rogovska N,Laird D,Cruse R,et al.Impact of biochar on manure carbon stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75(3):871-879.
[29]Cayuela M L,Sánchez-Monedero M A,Roig A,et al.Biochar and denitrification in soils:When,how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions?[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:1732.
[30]Obia A,Cornelissen G,Mulder J,et al.Effect of soil p H increase by biochar on NO,N2O and N2production during denitrification in acid soils[J].Plo S One,2015,10(9):e0138781.
[31]Clough T J,Condron L M.Biochar and the nitrogen cycle:Introduction[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(4):1218-1223.
[32]Gannes V D,Eudoxie G,Hickey W J.Impacts of edaphic factors on communities of ammonia-oxidizing archaea,ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrification in tropical soils[J].Plo S One,2014,9(2):e89568.
[33]Strauss E A,Lamberti G A.Regulation of nitrification in aquatic sediments by organic carbon[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2000,45(8):1854-1859.
[34]Paul E A.Soil microbiology,ecology and biochemistry[M].Academic Press,2014.
[35]Jiang X Y,Haddix M L,Cotrufo M F.Interactions between biochar and soil organic carbon decomposition:Effects of nitrogen and low molecular weight carbon compound addition[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,100:92-101.
[36]Smith J L,Collins H P,Bailey V L.The effect of young biochar on soil respiration[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(12):2345-2347.
[37]Cheng Y,Cai Z C,Chang S X,et al.Wheat straw and its biochar have contrasting effects on inorganic N retention and N2O production in a cultivated black chernozem[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2012,48(8):941-946.
[38]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,De Nobili M,et al.Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different p H[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(11):2304-2314.
[39]Fenner N,Freeman C.Drought-induced carbon loss in peatlands[J].Nature Geoscience,2011,4(12):895-900.
[40]Mueller P,Granse D,Nolte S,et al.Top-down control of carbon sequestration:Grazing affects microbial structure and function in salt marsh soils[J].Ecological Applications,2017,27(5):1435-1450.
[41]Imparato V,Hansen V,Santos S S,et al.Gasification biochar has limited effects on functional and structural diversity of soil microbial communities in a temperate agroecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,99:128-136.