测土配方施肥对河阴地区不同树龄软籽石榴产量和品质的影响
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摘要
以河南省河阴地区软籽石榴基地不同树龄的石榴为试材,采用农户调研和田间试验的方法,研究了河阴地区测土配方施肥技术推广和应用的限制因素及测土配方施肥对软籽石榴产量、品质和经济效益的影响,以期为测土配方施肥技术在河阴软籽石榴上的推广及改进提供依据。结果表明:河阴地区石榴产量主要集中在15 000～30 000kg·hm~(-2),不同农户间石榴产量差异极大,最低时产量为7 500～15 000kg·hm~(-2),最高可达45 000kg以上。82.14%的果农愿意采用测土配方施肥技术进行田间示范试验,其中小学和高中学历的农户对该项技术支持率达100%,初中学历最低为66.7%。配方肥处理明显提升了软籽石榴果实产量,不同树龄分别增加59.4%(10年)、34.1%(15年)、24.6%(20年),树龄越低增产效果越显著。配方肥中添加硫酸钾镁肥后能够进一步提升石榴产量,其中10年和15年树龄的石榴分别增产14.4%、15.7%,而20年树龄的石榴仅再增产4.7%。除了产量,配方肥处理显著改善了不同树龄软籽石榴的外观品相、糖酸比和维生素C含量。产量和品质的提升帮助果农显著提升了经济收益,与农民习惯施肥相比,不同树龄石榴施用配方肥后平均收入增幅达67.21%,配方肥+硫酸钾镁肥处理平均收入增幅达93.42%,树龄越低增收效果越显著。因此,测土配方施肥技术可以提高河阴地区软籽石榴的产量、品质和经济效益,应促进测土配方施肥技术的推广与应用。
The pomegranates of different ages at the soft-seeded pomegranate base in Heyin area of Henan Province were used as test materials.Using the methods of farmer households investigation and field experiment,the factors that restrict the popularization and application of soil testing and fertilizer application technology in Heyin area and the effect of soil testing and formula fertilization on the yield,quality and economic benefits of soft-seeded pomegranate were studied.The results showed that the yield of pomegranate in Heyin area was mainly concentrated at 15 000-30 000 kg·hm~(-2),and the yield of pomegranate was very signifcant difference among different farmers.The lowest yield was 7 500-15 000 kg·hm~(-2),and the highest was above 75 000 kg·hm~(-2).82.14% of the farmers are willing to use soil testing and fertilization technology for field demonstration test,including primary and high school education of farmers on the technical support rate of 100%,junior high school education minimum 66.7%.The results showed that the yield of soft-seeded pomegranate fruit increased significantly.The yield of different age soft-seeded pomegranate fruit increased by 59.4%(10 years),34.1%(15 years)and 24.6%(20 years)respectively.The lower the age,the more significant the effect.The addition of potassium and magnesium fertilizer in the formula fertilizer could further enhance the yield of pomegranate,among which 10 years and 15 years old pomegranate increased by 14.4% and 15.7% respectively,while the 20-year-old pomegranate only increased by 4.7%.In addition to the yield,the formula fertilizer significantly improved the appearance of the different age of soft-seeded pomegranate phase,sugar and acid ratio and vitamin C content.Yield and quality of fruit to help farmers significantly improve the economic benefits,compared with farmers used to fertilizers,different age pomegranate application formula fertilizer after the average income increased by 67.21%,formula fertilizer+potassium and magnesium fertilizer average income increased by 93.42%,the younger the lower the effect of income more significant.On the whole,soil fertilization could improve the yield,quality and economic benefit of soft-seeded pomegranate,and the popularization and application of soil testing and fertilization techniques should be intensified in Heyin area.
The pomegranates of different ages at the soft-seeded pomegranate base in Heyin area of Henan Province were used as test materials.Using the methods of farmer households investigation and field experiment,the factors that restrict the popularization and application of soil testing and fertilizer application technology in Heyin area and the effect of soil testing and formula fertilization on the yield,quality and economic benefits of soft-seeded pomegranate were studied.The results showed that the yield of pomegranate in Heyin area was mainly concentrated at 15 000-30 000 kg·hm~(-2),and the yield of pomegranate was very signifcant difference among different farmers.The lowest yield was 7 500-15 000 kg·hm~(-2),and the highest was above 75 000 kg·hm~(-2).82.14% of the farmers are willing to use soil testing and fertilization technology for field demonstration test,including primary and high school education of farmers on the technical support rate of 100%,junior high school education minimum 66.7%.The results showed that the yield of soft-seeded pomegranate fruit increased significantly.The yield of different age soft-seeded pomegranate fruit increased by 59.4%(10 years),34.1%(15 years)and 24.6%(20 years)respectively.The lower the age,the more significant the effect.The addition of potassium and magnesium fertilizer in the formula fertilizer could further enhance the yield of pomegranate,among which 10 years and 15 years old pomegranate increased by 14.4% and 15.7% respectively,while the 20-year-old pomegranate only increased by 4.7%.In addition to the yield,the formula fertilizer significantly improved the appearance of the different age of soft-seeded pomegranate phase,sugar and acid ratio and vitamin C content.Yield and quality of fruit to help farmers significantly improve the economic benefits,compared with farmers used to fertilizers,different age pomegranate application formula fertilizer after the average income increased by 67.21%,formula fertilizer+potassium and magnesium fertilizer average income increased by 93.42%,the younger the lower the effect of income more significant.On the whole,soil fertilization could improve the yield,quality and economic benefit of soft-seeded pomegranate,and the popularization and application of soil testing and fertilization techniques should be intensified in Heyin area.
引文
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[16]金继运.以测土配方施肥实现平衡施肥[J].中国农资,2005(5):50-51.
[2]王立新,郑先波,陈延惠,等.论我国石榴现代生产基地的规划建设[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(6):79-82.
[3]曹尚银,侯乐峰.中国果树志·石榴卷[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013.
[4]薛辉,曹尚银,刘贝贝,等.不同土壤类型及肥料对突尼斯软籽石榴种子硬度的影响[J].江西农业学报,2017,29(1):43-46.
[5]陈玉玲,曹尚银,刘中甫,等.突尼斯软籽石榴在河南郑州的试栽表现[J].中国果树,2005(3):27-29.
[6]张立新,翟永林,刘永忠,等.氮磷钾肥单施和配施对石榴产量、品质和经济效益的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(1):43-47.
[7]张福锁.测土配方施肥技术要览[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
[8]张聪颖,冯晓龙,霍学喜.我国苹果主产区测土配方施肥技术实施效果评价:基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析[J].农林经济管理学报,2017,16(3):343-350.
[9]何文选.柑橘测土配方施肥技术指标体系的研究与应用[C].第二届全国测土配方施肥技术研讨会,2009.
[10]叶国军.广东连州水晶梨测土配方施肥的田间调研与应用[J].农业工程技术,2017,37(14):28-30.
[11]李文峰.以河阴石榴产业为依托的美丽乡村建设研究:以荥阳市刘沟村为例[J].农村经济与科技,2015(4):43-44.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[13]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[14]李文增.荥阳市河阴石榴品种资源调查及栽培技术研究[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(3):175-178.
[15]路娜,李娜.河阴石榴产业发展现状与思考[J].现代园艺,2015(8):21.
[16]金继运.以测土配方施肥实现平衡施肥[J].中国农资,2005(5):50-51.