简析明代录遗考试
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摘要
明代是科举制发展的鼎盛时期,于正统九年正式确立科考制度,随着应试士子的增多,科考落第群体变得极为庞大,在落第群体的强烈要求与政府完善科考体制双重作用下,录遗考试"应运而生"。录遗考试分为遗才试与大收试。在录遗考试的影响下,大量的科考落第者得以继续上进,从而在社会上形成向学之风,而明政府在收罗大量的优秀人才同时,亦有效维持了社会秩序,巩固了国家的统治。
The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of the development of the imperial examination system. In the nine years of orthodoxy,the system of the preliminary round of imperial examinations was formally established. With the increase of the number of examines,the group of people who failed in the preliminary round of imperial examinations became very large. Under the dual function of the strong demand of the group who failed in the preliminary round of imperial examinations and the government's perfection of the preliminary round of imperial examinations system,the Luyi examination "came into being at the historic moment". The Luyi examination can be divided into the Yicai examination and the Dashou examination. Under the influence of the Luyi examination,a large number of people who failed in the science examination can continue to progress,thus forming a trend of learning in society. While the Ming government collected a large number of outstanding talents,it also effectively maintained social order and consolidated the rule of the country.
The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of the development of the imperial examination system. In the nine years of orthodoxy,the system of the preliminary round of imperial examinations was formally established. With the increase of the number of examines,the group of people who failed in the preliminary round of imperial examinations became very large. Under the dual function of the strong demand of the group who failed in the preliminary round of imperial examinations and the government's perfection of the preliminary round of imperial examinations system,the Luyi examination "came into being at the historic moment". The Luyi examination can be divided into the Yicai examination and the Dashou examination. Under the influence of the Luyi examination,a large number of people who failed in the science examination can continue to progress,thus forming a trend of learning in society. While the Ming government collected a large number of outstanding talents,it also effectively maintained social order and consolidated the rule of the country.
引文
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(1)明代的科举考试分为5个层级。详见郭培贵.关于明代科举研究中几个流行观点的商榷[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(6):140-144。
[2]张弘道,张凝道.皇明三元考[M].山东:齐鲁书社,1996:263.
[3]焦竑.焦氏澹园集[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2012:671.
[4]张有誉.真隐先生年谱[M]//北京图书馆藏珍本年谱丛刊.北京:北京图书馆出版社,1999:448.
[5]莫如忠.崇兰馆集[M].山东:齐鲁书社,1997:541.
[6]潘自牧.记纂渊海[M]//四库全书存目丛书.山东:齐鲁书社,1996:1606.
[7]王栐.燕翼诒谋录[M]//四库全书存目丛书.山东:齐鲁书社,1996:75.
[8]陈仁锡.八编类纂[M]//四库全书存目丛书.山东:齐鲁书社,1996:2609.
[9]申时行,等.万历明会典[M].北京:中华书局,1989:450.
[10]李廷机.李文节集[M]//四库全书存目丛书.山东:齐鲁书社,1996:16.
[11]郭培贵.中国科举制度通史·明代卷[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2015:59.
[12]天一阁藏.弘治十一年河南乡试录序[M].宁波:宁波出版社,2010:2.
[13]吴恩荣.科考、遗才与大收:明代乡试资格考试述论[J].安徽:安徽大学学报,2013(05):1.
[14]顾潜.静观堂集[M]//四库全书存目丛书.山东:齐鲁书社,1996:534.
[15]冯梦龙.警世通言[M].人民文学出版社,1994:543.
[16]许正绶.唐一庵先生年谱[M]//北京图书馆藏珍本年谱丛刊.北京:北京图书馆出版社,1999:113.
[17]陈儒.芹山集[M]//北京图书馆藏珍本年谱丛刊.北京:北京图书馆出版社,1999:199.
[18]李乐.见闻杂记[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1986:367.
[19]吴亮.万历疏钞[M]//四库禁毁书丛刊.北京:北京出版社,1997:72.
[20]苏民望,萧时中.万历永安县志[M].北京:书目文献出版社,1991:73.
[21]罗希益,龙子甲.万历望江县志[M].安徽:黄山书社,1995:105.
[22]朱吾弼.皇明留台奏议[M].上海:上海古籍出版社2002:376.
[23]赵维寰.雪庐焚余稿[M]//四库禁毁书丛刊.北京:北京出版社,1997:565.
[24]方岳贡,陈继儒.崇祯松江府志[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,1991:1685.
[25]叶向高,等.明神宗实录[M].台北:台湾“中研院”历史语言研究所,1962:8106.
[26]程泰,等.明熹宗实录[M].台北:台湾“中研院”历史语言研究所,1962:746.
[27]东鲁古狂生.醉醒石[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1985:135.
[28]刘锡玄.黔南学政[M]//北京图书馆藏珍本年谱丛刊.北京:北京图书馆出版社,1999:999.
[29]朱国祯.涌幢小品[M].上海.上海古籍出版社,2012:227.
(1)明代的科举考试分为5个层级。详见郭培贵.关于明代科举研究中几个流行观点的商榷[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(6):140-144。