世界远程开放教育概况
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摘要
随着远程开放教育的继续变化,大量研究关注数字技术对远程开放教育的教学、学习和设计乃至管理等方面的影响。然而,从国家层面看,针对远程开放教育变化对不同国家的影响这个问题的研究却少得多。总的来看,远程开放教育领域缺少对宏观问题(比如远程开放教育系统)的研究。针对这个不足,我们出版了两本专辑,比较和对照12个国家高等远程教育系统的结构和组织。这些国家有悠久的远程教育传统和(或)近年来远程开放教育有长足发展,包括澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、中国、德国、印度、俄罗斯、南非、韩国、土耳其、英国和美国。它们的人口占世界人口的51%。因此,这两本专辑在很大程度上呈现了当今世界远程开放教育的概况,内容涵盖远程开放教育的招生规模、与高等教育体系的关系、本身日益激烈的竞争、被接受的程度、信息通信技术的使用,以及主要障碍、挑战和机会。本文对这12个国家的作者和点评专家的研究成果和总结的主要趋势做一个概述。
As open and distance education(ODE) continues to change, there has been much research on how digital technologies are affecting ODE teaching, learning, design, and even management. Nevertheless,there is much less research about how changes in ODE are affecting different countries as a whole. In ODE, there is generally a lack of research on macro level issues, such as ODE systems. Responding to this gap, two edited volumes have been published comparing and contrasting the structure and organization of higher distance education systems across 12 countries that have a long tradition in distance education and/or have seen a substantial growth of ODE in recent years: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,Germany, India, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. These countries represent 51% of the world's population. As such, the two volumes provide a portrait of open and distance education in a large part of the world today, including an analysis of ODE enrollments, the relationship of ODE to higher education systems, the growing competition within ODE, the acceptance of ODE, the use of ICTs, and important barriers, challenges and opportunities. This article is a summary of some key trends and findings identified by the authors and commentators from the 12 national studies.
As open and distance education(ODE) continues to change, there has been much research on how digital technologies are affecting ODE teaching, learning, design, and even management. Nevertheless,there is much less research about how changes in ODE are affecting different countries as a whole. In ODE, there is generally a lack of research on macro level issues, such as ODE systems. Responding to this gap, two edited volumes have been published comparing and contrasting the structure and organization of higher distance education systems across 12 countries that have a long tradition in distance education and/or have seen a substantial growth of ODE in recent years: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,Germany, India, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. These countries represent 51% of the world's population. As such, the two volumes provide a portrait of open and distance education in a large part of the world today, including an analysis of ODE enrollments, the relationship of ODE to higher education systems, the growing competition within ODE, the acceptance of ODE, the use of ICTs, and important barriers, challenges and opportunities. This article is a summary of some key trends and findings identified by the authors and commentators from the 12 national studies.
引文
Altbach,P.G.,Reisberg,L.,&Rumbley,L.,E.,(2009).Trends in global higher education:Tracking an academic revolution.Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Altbach/publication/225084084_Trends_in_Global_Higher_Education_Tracking_an_Aca‐demic_Revolution/links/551ac4020cf251c35b4f5d0d.pdf
Bates,T.(2018).The 2017 national survey of online learning in Canadi‐an post-secondary education:Methodology and results.International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education,15:29.Re‐trieved from https://educationaltechnologyjournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s41239-018-0112-3
Christensen,C.,Horn,M.,Caldera,L.,&Soares,L.(2011).Disrupting College:How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Afford?ability to Postsecondary Education.Washington:Center for American Progress.
CEMCA-Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia.(2016).Status of the State Open Universities in India.New Delhi:Indira Gan‐dhi National Open University.
Devarajan,S.(2014).Education as if economics mattered.Retrieved from http://blogs.worldbank.org/futuredevelopment/education-if-eco‐nomics-mattered
The Economist.(March 26,2015).The world is going to university.Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/03/26/theworld-is-going-to-university
Gaebel,M.,Kupriyanova,V.,Morais,R.,&Colucci,E.(2014).E-learn?ing in European Higher Education Institutions.Belgium:European University Association.
Garrison,R.(2009).Implications of online learning for the conceptual development and practice of distance education.Journal of Distance Education,23(2),93-104.
Guri-Rosenblit,S.(2005).‘Distance education’and‘e-learning’:Not the same thing.Higher Education,49,467-493.
Kanuka,H.,&Conrad,D.(2003).The name of the game:Why“Dis‐tance Education Says it All”.Quarterly Review of Distance Education,4(4),385-393.
International Telecommunication Union.(2016).Measuring the Informa?tion Society Report 2016.Retrievedfromhttps://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/.../misr2016/MISR2016-w4.pdf
Noble,D.F.(2001).Digital diploma mills:The automation of higher education.New York:Monthly Review Press.
Orr,D.,Weller,M.,&Farrow,R.(2017).Models for Online,Open,Flexi?ble and Technology Enhanced Higher Education-Results of a global analysis.Presentation at the World Conference on Online Learning,Toronto:Canada.
Perraton,H.(2006).Open and Distance Learning in the Developing World(Second Edition).London:Routledge
Raivola,R.(1985).What is comparison?Methodological and philosophi‐cal considerations.Comparative Education Review,29(3),362-374.
Seaman,J.E.,Allen,I.E.,&Seaman,J.(2018).Grade increase:Track?ing distance education in the United States.Wellesley:The Babson Survey Research Group.
Selwyn,N.(2014).Digital technology and the contemporary university:Degrees of digitization.London:Routledge.
Tait,A.(2018).Open Universities:The next phase.Asian Association of Open Universities Journal,13(1).Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-12-2017-0040
UNESCO.(2016).Statistical Yearbook 2016 edition.New York:United Nations.
Weller,M.(2014).The Battle for Open:How openness won and why it doesnt feel like victory.London:Ubiquity Press.
Winston,G.C.(1997).Why cant a college be more like a firm?Change:The Magazine for Higher Learning,29(5),33-38.
Zawacki-Richter,O.,&Anderson,T.(2104).Online Distance Educa?tion:Towards a Research Agenda.Athabasca,AB:Athabasca Univer‐sity Press.
(1)The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
(1)肖俊洪.2018.远程教育进入高等教育主流了吗?[J].中国远程教育(8):5-15,62,79.
(2)Tait,A.(2018).Open Universities:The next phase.Asian Association of Open Universities Journal,13(1).Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-12-2017-0040
(3)These two volumes are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Bates,T.(2018).The 2017 national survey of online learning in Canadi‐an post-secondary education:Methodology and results.International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education,15:29.Re‐trieved from https://educationaltechnologyjournal.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s41239-018-0112-3
Christensen,C.,Horn,M.,Caldera,L.,&Soares,L.(2011).Disrupting College:How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Afford?ability to Postsecondary Education.Washington:Center for American Progress.
CEMCA-Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia.(2016).Status of the State Open Universities in India.New Delhi:Indira Gan‐dhi National Open University.
Devarajan,S.(2014).Education as if economics mattered.Retrieved from http://blogs.worldbank.org/futuredevelopment/education-if-eco‐nomics-mattered
The Economist.(March 26,2015).The world is going to university.Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/03/26/theworld-is-going-to-university
Gaebel,M.,Kupriyanova,V.,Morais,R.,&Colucci,E.(2014).E-learn?ing in European Higher Education Institutions.Belgium:European University Association.
Garrison,R.(2009).Implications of online learning for the conceptual development and practice of distance education.Journal of Distance Education,23(2),93-104.
Guri-Rosenblit,S.(2005).‘Distance education’and‘e-learning’:Not the same thing.Higher Education,49,467-493.
Kanuka,H.,&Conrad,D.(2003).The name of the game:Why“Dis‐tance Education Says it All”.Quarterly Review of Distance Education,4(4),385-393.
International Telecommunication Union.(2016).Measuring the Informa?tion Society Report 2016.Retrievedfromhttps://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/.../misr2016/MISR2016-w4.pdf
Noble,D.F.(2001).Digital diploma mills:The automation of higher education.New York:Monthly Review Press.
Orr,D.,Weller,M.,&Farrow,R.(2017).Models for Online,Open,Flexi?ble and Technology Enhanced Higher Education-Results of a global analysis.Presentation at the World Conference on Online Learning,Toronto:Canada.
Perraton,H.(2006).Open and Distance Learning in the Developing World(Second Edition).London:Routledge
Raivola,R.(1985).What is comparison?Methodological and philosophi‐cal considerations.Comparative Education Review,29(3),362-374.
Seaman,J.E.,Allen,I.E.,&Seaman,J.(2018).Grade increase:Track?ing distance education in the United States.Wellesley:The Babson Survey Research Group.
Selwyn,N.(2014).Digital technology and the contemporary university:Degrees of digitization.London:Routledge.
Tait,A.(2018).Open Universities:The next phase.Asian Association of Open Universities Journal,13(1).Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-12-2017-0040
UNESCO.(2016).Statistical Yearbook 2016 edition.New York:United Nations.
Weller,M.(2014).The Battle for Open:How openness won and why it doesnt feel like victory.London:Ubiquity Press.
Winston,G.C.(1997).Why cant a college be more like a firm?Change:The Magazine for Higher Learning,29(5),33-38.
Zawacki-Richter,O.,&Anderson,T.(2104).Online Distance Educa?tion:Towards a Research Agenda.Athabasca,AB:Athabasca Univer‐sity Press.
(1)The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
(1)肖俊洪.2018.远程教育进入高等教育主流了吗?[J].中国远程教育(8):5-15,62,79.
(2)Tait,A.(2018).Open Universities:The next phase.Asian Association of Open Universities Journal,13(1).Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-12-2017-0040
(3)These two volumes are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.