利用TLS技术测定闭合节理直剪试验剪切面面积
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摘要
针对现行直剪试验中未考虑剪切面"闭合不规则空间曲面"特性对剪切面面积测定的影响,提出了一种基于地面三维激光扫描(Terrestrial Laser Scanning,TLS)技术的闭合节理直剪试验剪切面面积测定方法.该方法首先通过三维激光扫描仪获取岩石试样的三维点云数据,然后进行点云去噪和提取岩石剪切面轮廓点云数据,接着由剪切面轮廓点云数据拟合最佳投影面,计算轮廓点云在投影面上的投影点集及其各点投影坐标,最后利用逐点插入的Delaunay三角剖分算法获得轮廓点云投影点集的凸包,凸包三角形面积和即为剪切面的面积.实验结果表明:基于TLS的闭合节理直剪试验剪切面面积测定方法操作简单,且面积计算精度高,适用于任意形状闭合节理面的剪切面面积计算.
According to the fact that the effect of closed irregular space surface on shear area determination is not considered in current shear test, a determination method of shear area in closed joint direct shear test based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS) technique is proposed. In this study, the three dimensional(3 D) point cloud data of rock samples are obtained using a 3 D laser scanner, and then the point cloud data of rock shear surface contour are extracted from denoised data and used to fit the best projection plane. Furthermore, the set of projection points and projection coordinates of each point in point cloud of contour on projection plane are calculated. Finally, the incremental insertion algorithm of Delaunay triangulation is adopted to determine the convex hull composed by the projection point set, and the sum of the area of triangle in convex hull is the shear area. The experimental results show that the TSL-based determination method of shear area in closed joint direct shear test is simple for operation, and the high accuracy of area calculation is suitable for the determination of shear area in closed joint surface with arbitrary shape.
According to the fact that the effect of closed irregular space surface on shear area determination is not considered in current shear test, a determination method of shear area in closed joint direct shear test based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS) technique is proposed. In this study, the three dimensional(3 D) point cloud data of rock samples are obtained using a 3 D laser scanner, and then the point cloud data of rock shear surface contour are extracted from denoised data and used to fit the best projection plane. Furthermore, the set of projection points and projection coordinates of each point in point cloud of contour on projection plane are calculated. Finally, the incremental insertion algorithm of Delaunay triangulation is adopted to determine the convex hull composed by the projection point set, and the sum of the area of triangle in convex hull is the shear area. The experimental results show that the TSL-based determination method of shear area in closed joint direct shear test is simple for operation, and the high accuracy of area calculation is suitable for the determination of shear area in closed joint surface with arbitrary shape.
引文
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[12] 刘海波, 张丽华, 林大超, 等. 直剪试验有效剪切面积动态变化的改进计算[J]. 沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 26(3): 503-506.LIU Haibo, ZHANG Lihua, LIN Dachao, et al. The improved calculation of the dynamic changes of the effective shear area in the direct shear test[J]. Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University(Natural Science), 2010, 26(3): 503-506.
[13] 董云, 王永存. 直剪试验剪切面积计算方法对抗剪强度的影响[J]. 实验技术与管理, 2015, (3): 57-62.DONG Yun, WANG Yongcun. Study on effect of calculation methods of shearing area on shear strength in direct shear test[J]. Experimental Technology and Management, 2015, (3): 57-62.
[14] EL-SOUDANI S M. Profilometric analysis of fractures[J]. Metallography, 1978, 11(3): 247-336.
[15] CZARNECKI L, GARBACZ A, KURACH J. On the characterization of polymer concrete fracture surface[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2001, 23(4): 399-409.
[16] GRASSELLI G, WIRTH J, EGGER P. Quantitative three-dimensional description of a rough surface and parameter evolution with shearing[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2002, 39(6): 789-800.
[17] 蔡毅, 唐辉明, 葛云峰, 等. 岩体结构面三维粗糙度评价的新方法[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2017, 36(5): 1101-1110.CAI Yi, TANG Huiming, GE Yunfeng, et al. A new method for evaluating the roughness of three-dimensional discontinuity surface of rock[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 36 (5): 1101-1110.
[18] MURALHA J, GRASSELLI G, TATONE B, et al. ISRM suggested method for laboratory determination of the shear strength of rock joints: revised version[M]//The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 2007-2014. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2013: 131-142.
[19] 杨荣华. 地面三维激光扫描点云角度分辨率与数据处理模型研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2011.YANG Ronghua. Research on point cloud angular resolution and processing model of terrestrial laser scanning[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2011.
[20] REBAY S. Efficient unstructured mesh generation by means of Delaunay triangulation and Bowyer-Watson algorithm[J]. Journal of computational physics, 1993, 106(1): 125-138.
[2] 李晓锋, 李海波, 夏祥, 等. 类节理岩石直剪试验力学特性的数值模拟研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2016, 37(2): 583-591.LI Xiaofeng, LI Haibo, XIA Xiang, et al. Numerical simulation of mechanical characteristics of jointed rock in direct shear test[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2016, 32(2): 583-591.
[3] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 工程岩体试验方法标准:GB/T 50266-2013[S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2013.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People′s Republic of China. Standard for test methods of engineering rock mass:GB/T 50266-2013[S]. Beijing:China Planning Press, 2013.
[4] ASMIRZA M S. Direct shear testing[J]. Direct Shear Testing, 2004.
[5] ZHANG B, ZHAO Q G, HORN R, et al, T. Shear strength of surface soil as affected by soil bulk density and soil water content[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2001, 59(3): 97-106.
[6] ALIKONIS A, AMSIEJUS J, STRAGYS V. Improvement of shear box apparatus and methodology of test[C]. Twelfth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Proceedings), 1999: 1053-1057.
[7] AM?IEJUS J, DIRGLIEN N, NORKUS A, et al. Comparison of sandy soil shear strength parameters obtained by various construction direct shear apparatuses[J]. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2014, 14(2): 327-334.
[8] GROOVER M P. Fundamentals of modern manufacturing: materials processes, and systems[M]. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
[9] ASTM. Standard test method for performing laboratory direct shear strength tests of rock specimens under constant normal force:D5607-16[S]. Philadelphia: ASTM International, 2016.
[10] 张敏江, 郭尧, 张丽萍, 等. 直剪试验中对土抗剪强度的一种修正方法[J]. 沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 21(2): 96-98.ZHANG Minjiang, GUO Yao, ZHANG Liping, et al. A revising method of shear strength of soils in direct shear test[J]. Journal of Shenyang Architectural and Civil Engineering Institute (Science and Technology), 2005, 21(2): 96-98.
[11] SKUODIS S, TAMOSIUNAS T. Direct shear tests with evaluation of variable shearing area[J]. Mokslas: Lietuvos Ateitis, 2014, 6(5): 499.
[12] 刘海波, 张丽华, 林大超, 等. 直剪试验有效剪切面积动态变化的改进计算[J]. 沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 26(3): 503-506.LIU Haibo, ZHANG Lihua, LIN Dachao, et al. The improved calculation of the dynamic changes of the effective shear area in the direct shear test[J]. Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University(Natural Science), 2010, 26(3): 503-506.
[13] 董云, 王永存. 直剪试验剪切面积计算方法对抗剪强度的影响[J]. 实验技术与管理, 2015, (3): 57-62.DONG Yun, WANG Yongcun. Study on effect of calculation methods of shearing area on shear strength in direct shear test[J]. Experimental Technology and Management, 2015, (3): 57-62.
[14] EL-SOUDANI S M. Profilometric analysis of fractures[J]. Metallography, 1978, 11(3): 247-336.
[15] CZARNECKI L, GARBACZ A, KURACH J. On the characterization of polymer concrete fracture surface[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2001, 23(4): 399-409.
[16] GRASSELLI G, WIRTH J, EGGER P. Quantitative three-dimensional description of a rough surface and parameter evolution with shearing[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2002, 39(6): 789-800.
[17] 蔡毅, 唐辉明, 葛云峰, 等. 岩体结构面三维粗糙度评价的新方法[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2017, 36(5): 1101-1110.CAI Yi, TANG Huiming, GE Yunfeng, et al. A new method for evaluating the roughness of three-dimensional discontinuity surface of rock[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 36 (5): 1101-1110.
[18] MURALHA J, GRASSELLI G, TATONE B, et al. ISRM suggested method for laboratory determination of the shear strength of rock joints: revised version[M]//The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 2007-2014. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2013: 131-142.
[19] 杨荣华. 地面三维激光扫描点云角度分辨率与数据处理模型研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2011.YANG Ronghua. Research on point cloud angular resolution and processing model of terrestrial laser scanning[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2011.
[20] REBAY S. Efficient unstructured mesh generation by means of Delaunay triangulation and Bowyer-Watson algorithm[J]. Journal of computational physics, 1993, 106(1): 125-138.