热解污泥生物炭化学组成及环境效应研究进展
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摘要
污泥是生物法处理市政污水、工业废水产生的副产物,产量大,且处理不当会造成生态污染。用污泥制备污泥生物炭,既能实现污泥资源化利用又能减少环境污染。对目前热解污泥生物炭制备和施用过程中产生的环境效应进行综述,着重讨论了热解污泥制备污泥生物炭过程中的元素(碳、氢、氧、氮、硫等)转化、污泥生物炭中重金属形态、吸附性质及土壤施用情况。系统地分析污泥生物炭从制备到施用过程的环境效应,有利于对其实际应用进行全面的环境风险评估。
Sludge is by-product of biological process in the treatment of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater.It has a huge production and may cause ecological pollution if improperly treated.Preparation of biochar with sludge may realize both resource utilization and pollution reduction of the sludge.The environmental effects in the sludge biochar preparation and application process were reviewed.The transformation of elements(carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,etc.)and heavy metal species,adsorption property and applied conditions of sludge biochar were discussed.The systematical analysis of the environmental effect of pyrolysis sludge biochar from preparation to application was helpful to its comprehensive environmental risk evaluation.
Sludge is by-product of biological process in the treatment of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater.It has a huge production and may cause ecological pollution if improperly treated.Preparation of biochar with sludge may realize both resource utilization and pollution reduction of the sludge.The environmental effects in the sludge biochar preparation and application process were reviewed.The transformation of elements(carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,etc.)and heavy metal species,adsorption property and applied conditions of sludge biochar were discussed.The systematical analysis of the environmental effect of pyrolysis sludge biochar from preparation to application was helpful to its comprehensive environmental risk evaluation.
引文
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[13]LIU W J,LI W W,JIANG H,et al.Fates of chemical elements in biomass during its pyrolysis[J].Chemical Reviews,2017,117(9):6367-6398.
[14]CAO J P,LI L Y,MORISHITA K,et al.Nitrogen transformations during fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Fuel,2013,104:1-6.
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[16]CHIANG H L,CHAO C G,CHANG C Y,et al.Residue characteristics and pore development of petrochemical industry sludge pyrolysis[J].Water Research,2001,35(18):4331-4338.
[17]ZIELINSKA A,OLESZCZUK P,CHARMAS B A,et al.Effect of sewage sludge properties on the biochar characteristic[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2015,112:201-213.
[18]陈曼.城市污水污泥热解特性与转化机理的研究[D].南京:东南大学,2006.
[19]LI H W,LI N W,TIAN H Y,et al.Nitrogen transformation during sewage sludge pyrolysis[J].Energy&Fuels,2015,29(8):5088-5094.
[20]LIU T T,GUO Y C,PENG N N,et al.Nitrogen transformation among char,tar and gas during pyrolysis of sewage sludge and corresponding hydrochar[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2017,126:298-306.
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[22]TIAN Y,ZHANG J,ZUO W,et al.Nitrogen conversion in relation to NH3and HCN during microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(7):3498-3505.
[23]TIAN K,LIU W J,QIAN T,et al.Investigation on the evolution of N-containing organic compounds during pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(18):10888-10896.
[24]HUSTAD J,BECIDAN M.NOx and N2O precursors(NH3and HCN)in pyrolysis of biomass residues[J].Energy&Fuels,2007,21(2):1173-1180.
[25]REN Q Q,ZHAO C S.Evolution of fuel-N in gas phase during biomass pyrolysis[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,50:408-418.
[26]REN Q Q.NOxand N2O precursors from co-pyrolysis of biomass and sludge[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2013,112(2):997-1002.
[27]ZHANG J,ZUO W,TIAN Y,et al.Sulfur transformation during microwave and conventional pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(1):709-717.
[28]LING L X,ZHANG R G,WANG B J,et al.DFT study on the sulfur migration during benzenethiol pyrolysis in coal[J].Journal of Molecular Structure:THEOCHEM,2010,952(1/2/3):31-35.
[29]YUAN J H,XU R K,ZHANG H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[30]XIE R Z,JIANG W J,WANG L,et al.Effect of pyrolusite loading on sewage sludge-based activated carbon in Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),and Cd(Ⅱ)adsorption[J].Environmental Progress&Sustainable Energy,2013,32(4):1066-1073.
[31]李江山,薛强,王平,等.市政污泥生物碳对重金属的吸附特性[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(11):1246-1251.
[32]WU C Z,SONG M,JIN B S,et al.Effect of biomass addition on the surface and adsorption characterization of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(2):405-414.
[33]ZHANG W H,MAO S Y,CHEN H,et al.Pb(Ⅱ)and Cr(Ⅵ)sorption by biochars pyrolyzed from the municipal wastewater slugde under different heating conditions[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,147:545-552.
[34]LU H L,ZHANG W H,YANG Y X,et al.Relative distribution of Pb2+sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar[J].Water Research,2012,46(3):854-862.
[35]KEILUWEIT M,NICO P S,JOHNSON M G,et al.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(4):1247-1253.
[36]AHMAD M,LEE S S,DOU X M,et al.Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover-and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118:536-544.
[37]CANTRELL K B,HUNT P G,UCHIMIYA M,et al.Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,107:419-428.
[38]LIU X Q,DING H S,WANG Y Y,et al.Pyrolytic temperature dependent and ash catalyzed formation of sludge char with ultra-high adsorption to 1-naphthol[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(5):2602-2609.
[39]SHAO J G,YAN R,CHEN H P,et al.Catalyic effect of metal oxides on pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2010,91(9):1113-1118.
[40]LU T,YUAN H R,WANG Y Z,et al.Characteristic of heavy metals in biochar derived from sewage sludge[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2016,18(4):725-733.
[41]SHAO J G,YUAN X Z,LENG L J,et al.The comparison of the migration and transformation behavior of heavy metals during pyrolysis and liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge,paper mill sludge,and slaughterhouse sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,198:16-22.
[42]JIN J W,LIA Y A,ZHANG J Y,et al.Influence of pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage sludge[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,320:417-426.
[43]ZIELINSKA A,OLESZCZUK P.The conversion of sewage sludge into biochar reduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and ecotoxicity but increases trace metal content[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2015,75:235-244.
[44]RAWAL A,JOSEPH S D,HOOK J M,et al.Mineral-biochar composites:molecular structure and porosity[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(14):7706-7714.
[45]ZHAO B,XU X Y,XU S C,et al.Surface characteristics and potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in the biochar produced by co-pyrolysis from municipal sewage sludge and hazelnut shell with zinc chloride[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,243:375-383.
[46]JIN J W,WANG M Y,CAO Y C,et al.Cumulative effects of bamboo sawdust addition on pyrolysis of sewage sludge:biochar properties and environmental risk from metals[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,228:218-226.
[47]SHEPHERD J G,BUSS W,SOHI S P,et al.Bioavailability of phosphorus,other nutrients and potentially toxic elements from marginal biomass-derived biochar assessed in barley(Hordeum vulgare)growth experiments[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,584/585:448-457.
[48]JIA R,QU Z,YOU P,et al.Effect of biochar on photosynthetic microorganism growth and iron cycling in paddy soil under different phosphate levels[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:223-230.
[49]YUE Y,CUI L,LIN Q M,et al.Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth[J].Chemosphere,2017,173:551-556.
[50]LENTZ R D,IPPOLITO J A.Biochar and manure affect calcareous soil and corn silage nutrient concentrations and uptake[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2014,43(2):1033-1043.
[51]SARDAR K,CHAO C,MUHAMMAD W,et al.Yield,metal bioaccumulation and greenhouse gas emissions from acidic paddy soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(15):8624-8632.
[2]YANG Q,WANG X L,LUO W,et al.Effectiveness and mechanisms of phosphate adsorption on iron-modified biochars derived from waste activated sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,247:537-544.
[3]ROBERTS K G,GLOY B A,JOSEPH S,et al.Life cycle assessment of biochar systems:estimating the energetic,economic,and climate change potential[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(2):827-833.
[4]MARRIS E.Putting the carbon back:black is the new green[J].Nature,2006,442(713):624-626.
[5]XU Q X,LI X M,DING R R,et al.Understanding and mitigating the toxicity of cadmium to the anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge[J].Water Research,2017,124:269-279.
[6]LUO J Y,CHEN Y G,FENG L Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon affects acetic acid production during anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge by altering activity and viability of acetogen.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(13):6921-6929.
[7]HWANG I H,OUCHI Y,MATSUTO T,et al.Characteristics of leachate from pyrolysis residue of sewage sludge[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(10):1913-1919.
[8]李力,刘娅,陆宇超,等.生物炭的环境效应及其应用的研究进展[J].环境化学,2011,30(8):1411-1421.
[9]ZHANG J,TIAN Y,CUI Y N,et al.Key intermediates in nitrogen transformation during microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge:aprotein model compound study[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,132:57-63.
[10]GUO W,AI Y,MEN B,et al.Adsorption of phenanthrene and pyrene by biochar produced from the excess sludge:experimental studies and theoretical analysis[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2017,14(9):1889-1896.
[11]CHAO C G,CHIANG H L,CHEN C Y.Pyrolytic kinetics of sludge from a petrochemical factory wastewater treatment plant-a transition state theory approach[J].Chemosphere,2002,49(4):431-437.
[12]CHIANG H L,CHAO C G,CHANG C Y.Residue characteristics and pore development of petrochemical industry sludge pyrolysis[J].Water Research,2001,35(18):4331-4338.
[13]LIU W J,LI W W,JIANG H,et al.Fates of chemical elements in biomass during its pyrolysis[J].Chemical Reviews,2017,117(9):6367-6398.
[14]CAO J P,LI L Y,MORISHITA K,et al.Nitrogen transformations during fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Fuel,2013,104:1-6.
[15]MENDEZ A,TERRADILLOS M,GASCO G.Physicochemical and agronomic properties of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysed at different temperatures[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2013,102:124-130.
[16]CHIANG H L,CHAO C G,CHANG C Y,et al.Residue characteristics and pore development of petrochemical industry sludge pyrolysis[J].Water Research,2001,35(18):4331-4338.
[17]ZIELINSKA A,OLESZCZUK P,CHARMAS B A,et al.Effect of sewage sludge properties on the biochar characteristic[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2015,112:201-213.
[18]陈曼.城市污水污泥热解特性与转化机理的研究[D].南京:东南大学,2006.
[19]LI H W,LI N W,TIAN H Y,et al.Nitrogen transformation during sewage sludge pyrolysis[J].Energy&Fuels,2015,29(8):5088-5094.
[20]LIU T T,GUO Y C,PENG N N,et al.Nitrogen transformation among char,tar and gas during pyrolysis of sewage sludge and corresponding hydrochar[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2017,126:298-306.
[21]ZHOU P,XIONG S J,ZHANG Y X,et al.Study on the nitrogen transformation during the primary pyrolysis of sewage sludge by Py-GC/MS and Py-FTIR[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(29):18181-18188.
[22]TIAN Y,ZHANG J,ZUO W,et al.Nitrogen conversion in relation to NH3and HCN during microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(7):3498-3505.
[23]TIAN K,LIU W J,QIAN T,et al.Investigation on the evolution of N-containing organic compounds during pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(18):10888-10896.
[24]HUSTAD J,BECIDAN M.NOx and N2O precursors(NH3and HCN)in pyrolysis of biomass residues[J].Energy&Fuels,2007,21(2):1173-1180.
[25]REN Q Q,ZHAO C S.Evolution of fuel-N in gas phase during biomass pyrolysis[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,50:408-418.
[26]REN Q Q.NOxand N2O precursors from co-pyrolysis of biomass and sludge[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2013,112(2):997-1002.
[27]ZHANG J,ZUO W,TIAN Y,et al.Sulfur transformation during microwave and conventional pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(1):709-717.
[28]LING L X,ZHANG R G,WANG B J,et al.DFT study on the sulfur migration during benzenethiol pyrolysis in coal[J].Journal of Molecular Structure:THEOCHEM,2010,952(1/2/3):31-35.
[29]YUAN J H,XU R K,ZHANG H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[30]XIE R Z,JIANG W J,WANG L,et al.Effect of pyrolusite loading on sewage sludge-based activated carbon in Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),and Cd(Ⅱ)adsorption[J].Environmental Progress&Sustainable Energy,2013,32(4):1066-1073.
[31]李江山,薛强,王平,等.市政污泥生物碳对重金属的吸附特性[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(11):1246-1251.
[32]WU C Z,SONG M,JIN B S,et al.Effect of biomass addition on the surface and adsorption characterization of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(2):405-414.
[33]ZHANG W H,MAO S Y,CHEN H,et al.Pb(Ⅱ)and Cr(Ⅵ)sorption by biochars pyrolyzed from the municipal wastewater slugde under different heating conditions[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,147:545-552.
[34]LU H L,ZHANG W H,YANG Y X,et al.Relative distribution of Pb2+sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar[J].Water Research,2012,46(3):854-862.
[35]KEILUWEIT M,NICO P S,JOHNSON M G,et al.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon(biochar)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(4):1247-1253.
[36]AHMAD M,LEE S S,DOU X M,et al.Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover-and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118:536-544.
[37]CANTRELL K B,HUNT P G,UCHIMIYA M,et al.Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,107:419-428.
[38]LIU X Q,DING H S,WANG Y Y,et al.Pyrolytic temperature dependent and ash catalyzed formation of sludge char with ultra-high adsorption to 1-naphthol[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(5):2602-2609.
[39]SHAO J G,YAN R,CHEN H P,et al.Catalyic effect of metal oxides on pyrolysis of sewage sludge[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2010,91(9):1113-1118.
[40]LU T,YUAN H R,WANG Y Z,et al.Characteristic of heavy metals in biochar derived from sewage sludge[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2016,18(4):725-733.
[41]SHAO J G,YUAN X Z,LENG L J,et al.The comparison of the migration and transformation behavior of heavy metals during pyrolysis and liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge,paper mill sludge,and slaughterhouse sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,198:16-22.
[42]JIN J W,LIA Y A,ZHANG J Y,et al.Influence of pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage sludge[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,320:417-426.
[43]ZIELINSKA A,OLESZCZUK P.The conversion of sewage sludge into biochar reduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and ecotoxicity but increases trace metal content[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2015,75:235-244.
[44]RAWAL A,JOSEPH S D,HOOK J M,et al.Mineral-biochar composites:molecular structure and porosity[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(14):7706-7714.
[45]ZHAO B,XU X Y,XU S C,et al.Surface characteristics and potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in the biochar produced by co-pyrolysis from municipal sewage sludge and hazelnut shell with zinc chloride[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,243:375-383.
[46]JIN J W,WANG M Y,CAO Y C,et al.Cumulative effects of bamboo sawdust addition on pyrolysis of sewage sludge:biochar properties and environmental risk from metals[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,228:218-226.
[47]SHEPHERD J G,BUSS W,SOHI S P,et al.Bioavailability of phosphorus,other nutrients and potentially toxic elements from marginal biomass-derived biochar assessed in barley(Hordeum vulgare)growth experiments[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,584/585:448-457.
[48]JIA R,QU Z,YOU P,et al.Effect of biochar on photosynthetic microorganism growth and iron cycling in paddy soil under different phosphate levels[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:223-230.
[49]YUE Y,CUI L,LIN Q M,et al.Efficiency of sewage sludge biochar in improving urban soil properties and promoting grass growth[J].Chemosphere,2017,173:551-556.
[50]LENTZ R D,IPPOLITO J A.Biochar and manure affect calcareous soil and corn silage nutrient concentrations and uptake[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2014,43(2):1033-1043.
[51]SARDAR K,CHAO C,MUHAMMAD W,et al.Yield,metal bioaccumulation and greenhouse gas emissions from acidic paddy soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(15):8624-8632.