Guidelines for the use of accelerated pavement testing data in autonomous vehicle infrastructure research
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摘要
There is much research conducted on the vehicle technologies required for operation of autonomous vehicles(AV) on public roads, as well as analysis of the interaction between AV and the road environment. However, limited research exists on the impact of AV on road pavement structures. The research includes issues such as the effect of more channelized traffic loading, shorter inter-vehicle following distances and potential higher traffic volumes of more uniform vehicle types and loads. This paper discusses the application of existing and generation of new, relevant accelerated pavement testing(APT) data in understanding the effects of AV on pavement infrastructure. The paper presents development of provisional guidelines for the use and application of APT data to ensure that road pavement structures cope with anticipated increase in AV use. It is concludes that the use of AV fleets on existing road pavement infrastructure may lead to different behaviors and responses than what became the norm under non-autonomous vehicle fleets;appropriate analysis of existing APT data will contribute to the improved understanding of these expected changes in behaviors and responses; appropriate planning of AV operations-focused APT is possible with existing technology to contribute to the provision of economic and durable road pavement infrastructure in future.
There is much research conducted on the vehicle technologies required for operation of autonomous vehicles(AV) on public roads, as well as analysis of the interaction between AV and the road environment. However, limited research exists on the impact of AV on road pavement structures. The research includes issues such as the effect of more channelized traffic loading, shorter inter-vehicle following distances and potential higher traffic volumes of more uniform vehicle types and loads. This paper discusses the application of existing and generation of new, relevant accelerated pavement testing(APT) data in understanding the effects of AV on pavement infrastructure. The paper presents development of provisional guidelines for the use and application of APT data to ensure that road pavement structures cope with anticipated increase in AV use. It is concludes that the use of AV fleets on existing road pavement infrastructure may lead to different behaviors and responses than what became the norm under non-autonomous vehicle fleets;appropriate analysis of existing APT data will contribute to the improved understanding of these expected changes in behaviors and responses; appropriate planning of AV operations-focused APT is possible with existing technology to contribute to the provision of economic and durable road pavement infrastructure in future.
There is much research conducted on the vehicle technologies required for operation of autonomous vehicles(AV) on public roads, as well as analysis of the interaction between AV and the road environment. However, limited research exists on the impact of AV on road pavement structures. The research includes issues such as the effect of more channelized traffic loading, shorter inter-vehicle following distances and potential higher traffic volumes of more uniform vehicle types and loads. This paper discusses the application of existing and generation of new, relevant accelerated pavement testing(APT) data in understanding the effects of AV on pavement infrastructure. The paper presents development of provisional guidelines for the use and application of APT data to ensure that road pavement structures cope with anticipated increase in AV use. It is concludes that the use of AV fleets on existing road pavement infrastructure may lead to different behaviors and responses than what became the norm under non-autonomous vehicle fleets;appropriate analysis of existing APT data will contribute to the improved understanding of these expected changes in behaviors and responses; appropriate planning of AV operations-focused APT is possible with existing technology to contribute to the provision of economic and durable road pavement infrastructure in future.
引文
Aguiar-Moya,J.P.,Vargas-Nordcbeck,A.,Leiva-Villacorta,F.,et al.,2016.The Roles of Accelerated Pavement TestingEngineering,Environment and Economics.Springer International Publishing,Basel.
Allen,G.,2019.Rice Statistician's Warning about Machine Learning Grabs Headlines Around the Globe.Available at:http://news.rice.e du/2019/0 2/28/rice-statisticians-warnin gabout-machine-learning-grabs-headlines-around-the-globe/(Accessed 16 February 2019).
Barksdale,R.,1971.Compressive stress pulse times in flexible pavements for use in dynamic testing.Highway Research Record 345,32-44.
Chen,D.-H.,Bilyeu,J.,Hugo,F.,1999.Monitoring pavement response and performance using in-situ instrumentation.In:Durham,G.N.,Marr,W.A.(Eds.),Field Instrumentation for Soil and Rock.ASTM,West Conshohocken,pp.121-134.
Chen,D.-H.,Lin,H.H.,1999.Development of an equation to predict permanent deformation.In:1st International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Reno,1999.
Chen,Q.,Abu-Farsakh,M.Y.,2010.Field rutting performance of various base and subbase materials under two types of loading.Transportation Research Record 2186,90-100.
De Beer,M.,Fisher,C.,Jooste,F.J.,1997.Determination of pneumatic tyre/pavement interface contact stresses under moving loads and some effects on pavements with thin asphalt surfacing layers.In:8th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements(8th ICAP'97),Seattle,1997.
De Beer,M.,1992.Developments in the failure criteria of South African mechanistic design procedure for asphalt pavements.In:7th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements,Nottingham,1992.
De la Escalera,A.,Armingol,J.M.,Mata,M.,2003.Traffic sign recognition and analysis for intelligent vehicles.Image and Vision Computing 21(3),247-258.
Denneman,E.,2007.The application of locally developed pavement temperature prediction algorithms in Performance Grade(PG)binder selection.In:26th Annual Southern African Transport Conference(SATC),Pretoria,2007.
Epps,A.L.,2001.Performance Prediction with the MMLS3 at WesTrack.Report Number 2134-S.Texas Transportation Institute,The Texas A&M University,College Station.
Fagnant,D.J.,Kockelman,K.,2015.Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles:opportunities,barriers and policy recommendations.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice 77,167-181.
Fleyeh,H.,2004.Color detection and segmentation for road and traffic signs.In:IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems,Singapore,2004.
Franke,U.,Bottiger,F.,Zomotor,Z.,et al.,1995.Truck platooning in mixed traffic.In:Intelligent Vehicles'95 Symposium,Detroit,1995.
Ginsburg,R.,Uygur,A.R.,2017.Changing Technology in Transportation:Automated Vehicles in Freight.Urban Transportation Center,College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs,University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago.
Gopalakrishnan,K.,Agrawal,A.,Ceylan,H.,et al.,2013.Knowledge discovery and data mining in pavement inverse analysis.Transport 28(1),1-10.
Harding,J.,Powell,G.,Yoon,R.,et al.,2014.Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications:Readiness of V2V Technology for Application.Report No.DOT HS 812 014.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Washington DC.
Harvey,J.,Roesler,J.,Coetzee,N.,et al.,2000.CALTRANS Accelerated Pavement Test(CAL/APT)Program.FHWA/CA/RM-2000/15.Pavement Research Center,Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,Berkeley.
Hugo,F.,1999.Conference synthesis and view ahead.In:1st International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Reno,1999.
Hugo,F.,Epps Martin,A.,2004.Synthesis of Highway Practice 325:Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing.Transportation Research Board of the National Academies,Washington DC.
Kekwick,S.V.,1985.Derivation of Pavement Damage Coefficients from Heavy Vehicle Simulator Testing:Methods and Accuracy.Technical Report RP/17.National Institute of Roads and Transport Technology,CSIR,Pretoria.
Maalouf,M.,Khoury,N.,Trafalis,T.B.,2008.Support vector regression to predict asphalt mix performance.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 32(16),1989-1996.
McGennis,R.B.,Anderson,R.M.,Kennedy,T.W.,et al.,1995.Background of SUPERPAVE Asphalt Mixture Design and Analysis.Report No.FHWA-SA-95-003.Federal Highway Administration,Asphalt Institute,Lexington.
Mehmet,S.,Serdal,T.,Ecir,U.,2011.Backcalculation of pavement layer moduli and Poisson's ratio using data mining.Expert Systems with Applications 38(3),2600-2608.
Mlambo,A.S.,1994.From dirt tracks to modern highways:towards a history of roads and road transportation in colonial Rhodesia,1890 to World War II.Zambezia 21(2),147-166.
Monismith,C.L.,Deacon,J.A.,Harvey,J.T.,2000.WesTrack:Performance Models for Permanent Deformation and Fatigue.WesTrack Technical Report UCB-1.Pavement Research Center,Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,Berkeley.
Petty,J.,2017.Getting the best out of autonomous mining fleets.AusIMM Bulletin 2017,58-62.
Pretorius,C.J.,Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2016.The influence of road condition on the shelve-life of tomatoes.In:4th Chinese European Workshop on Functional Pavement Design,Delft,2016.
SAE International,2016.Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles.SAE J3016_201609.SAE International,Warrendale.
SAPEM,2014.South African Pavement Engineering Manual.South African National Roads Agency SOC Ltd.,Pretoria.
Sebanja,I.,Megherbi,D.B.,2010.Automatic detection and recognition of traffic road signs for intelligent autonomous unmanned vehicles for urban surveillance and rescue.In:2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security(HST),Waltham,2010.
Shladover,S.E.,2007.PATH at 20-history and major milestones.IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 8(4),584-592.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2009.Evaluation of the effect of tire loads with different contact stress patterns on asphalt rutting.In:GeoHunan Conference,Changsha,2009.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2012.Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing.NCHRP Synthesis,vol.433.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2016.Accelerated Pavement Testing(APT)role in innovative pavement developments.In:JSTI InternationalConference on Superpave-20 Year Development in China(SUP2016),Nanjing,2016.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Denneman,E.,2008.Simulation of temperature conditions on APT of HMA mixes.In:3rd International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Madrid,2008.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Fisher,C.,2008.Technical Memorandum:Phase1 of HVS Testing:Road P159/1-441A4,442A4,443A4,444A4,445A4,445A4A,446A4,447A4,448A4,449A4 and 450A4.CSIR Report CSIR/BE/IE/ER/2007/0033/B.CSIR Built Environment,Pretoria.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Ilse,M.,2015.Evaluation of tire/surfacing/base contact stresses and texture depth.International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 4(1),107-118.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Kleyn,E.G.,2017.Dynamic management of accelerated pavement tests due to pavement response and behavior.In:Inaugural World Transport Convention,Beijing,2017.
Terzi,S.,2006.Modeling the pavement present serviceability index of flexible highway pavements using data mining.Journal of Applied Sciences 6(1),193-197.
Tia,M.,Byron,T.,Choubane,B.,2003.Assessing appropriate loading configuration in accelerated pavement testing.In:82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board,Washington DC,2003.
Viljoen,A.W.,2001.Estimating Asphalt Temperatures from Air Temperatures and Basic Sky Parameters.Report CR2001/78.CSIR Transportek,Pretoria.
Wu,R.,Harvey,J.T.,2008.Evaluation of the effect of wander on rutting performance in HVS tests.In:3rd International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Madrid,2008.
Wessels,I.,Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2015.Telematics-based technology and the development of road condition trends from cloudsourced data.In:2015 Southern African Transportation Conference.SATC),Pretoria.
White,T.D.,Hua,J.,Galal,K.,1999.Analysis of accelerated pavement tests.In:1st International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Reno,1999.
Wolhuter,K.,2015.Geometric Design of Roads Handbook.CRC Press,Cleveland.
Zhang,Y.,2013.Adapting Infrastructure for Automated Driving.Center for Urban Transportation Research,University of South Florida,Florida.
Zhang,H.Y.,Wang,C.X.,Yi,J.Y.,2013.Study on basic characteristics and design method of concrete strip roads.Advanced Materials Research 723,212-219.
Allen,G.,2019.Rice Statistician's Warning about Machine Learning Grabs Headlines Around the Globe.Available at:http://news.rice.e du/2019/0 2/28/rice-statisticians-warnin gabout-machine-learning-grabs-headlines-around-the-globe/(Accessed 16 February 2019).
Barksdale,R.,1971.Compressive stress pulse times in flexible pavements for use in dynamic testing.Highway Research Record 345,32-44.
Chen,D.-H.,Bilyeu,J.,Hugo,F.,1999.Monitoring pavement response and performance using in-situ instrumentation.In:Durham,G.N.,Marr,W.A.(Eds.),Field Instrumentation for Soil and Rock.ASTM,West Conshohocken,pp.121-134.
Chen,D.-H.,Lin,H.H.,1999.Development of an equation to predict permanent deformation.In:1st International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Reno,1999.
Chen,Q.,Abu-Farsakh,M.Y.,2010.Field rutting performance of various base and subbase materials under two types of loading.Transportation Research Record 2186,90-100.
De Beer,M.,Fisher,C.,Jooste,F.J.,1997.Determination of pneumatic tyre/pavement interface contact stresses under moving loads and some effects on pavements with thin asphalt surfacing layers.In:8th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements(8th ICAP'97),Seattle,1997.
De Beer,M.,1992.Developments in the failure criteria of South African mechanistic design procedure for asphalt pavements.In:7th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements,Nottingham,1992.
De la Escalera,A.,Armingol,J.M.,Mata,M.,2003.Traffic sign recognition and analysis for intelligent vehicles.Image and Vision Computing 21(3),247-258.
Denneman,E.,2007.The application of locally developed pavement temperature prediction algorithms in Performance Grade(PG)binder selection.In:26th Annual Southern African Transport Conference(SATC),Pretoria,2007.
Epps,A.L.,2001.Performance Prediction with the MMLS3 at WesTrack.Report Number 2134-S.Texas Transportation Institute,The Texas A&M University,College Station.
Fagnant,D.J.,Kockelman,K.,2015.Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles:opportunities,barriers and policy recommendations.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice 77,167-181.
Fleyeh,H.,2004.Color detection and segmentation for road and traffic signs.In:IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems,Singapore,2004.
Franke,U.,Bottiger,F.,Zomotor,Z.,et al.,1995.Truck platooning in mixed traffic.In:Intelligent Vehicles'95 Symposium,Detroit,1995.
Ginsburg,R.,Uygur,A.R.,2017.Changing Technology in Transportation:Automated Vehicles in Freight.Urban Transportation Center,College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs,University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago.
Gopalakrishnan,K.,Agrawal,A.,Ceylan,H.,et al.,2013.Knowledge discovery and data mining in pavement inverse analysis.Transport 28(1),1-10.
Harding,J.,Powell,G.,Yoon,R.,et al.,2014.Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications:Readiness of V2V Technology for Application.Report No.DOT HS 812 014.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Washington DC.
Harvey,J.,Roesler,J.,Coetzee,N.,et al.,2000.CALTRANS Accelerated Pavement Test(CAL/APT)Program.FHWA/CA/RM-2000/15.Pavement Research Center,Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,Berkeley.
Hugo,F.,1999.Conference synthesis and view ahead.In:1st International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Reno,1999.
Hugo,F.,Epps Martin,A.,2004.Synthesis of Highway Practice 325:Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing.Transportation Research Board of the National Academies,Washington DC.
Kekwick,S.V.,1985.Derivation of Pavement Damage Coefficients from Heavy Vehicle Simulator Testing:Methods and Accuracy.Technical Report RP/17.National Institute of Roads and Transport Technology,CSIR,Pretoria.
Maalouf,M.,Khoury,N.,Trafalis,T.B.,2008.Support vector regression to predict asphalt mix performance.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 32(16),1989-1996.
McGennis,R.B.,Anderson,R.M.,Kennedy,T.W.,et al.,1995.Background of SUPERPAVE Asphalt Mixture Design and Analysis.Report No.FHWA-SA-95-003.Federal Highway Administration,Asphalt Institute,Lexington.
Mehmet,S.,Serdal,T.,Ecir,U.,2011.Backcalculation of pavement layer moduli and Poisson's ratio using data mining.Expert Systems with Applications 38(3),2600-2608.
Mlambo,A.S.,1994.From dirt tracks to modern highways:towards a history of roads and road transportation in colonial Rhodesia,1890 to World War II.Zambezia 21(2),147-166.
Monismith,C.L.,Deacon,J.A.,Harvey,J.T.,2000.WesTrack:Performance Models for Permanent Deformation and Fatigue.WesTrack Technical Report UCB-1.Pavement Research Center,Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,Berkeley.
Petty,J.,2017.Getting the best out of autonomous mining fleets.AusIMM Bulletin 2017,58-62.
Pretorius,C.J.,Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2016.The influence of road condition on the shelve-life of tomatoes.In:4th Chinese European Workshop on Functional Pavement Design,Delft,2016.
SAE International,2016.Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles.SAE J3016_201609.SAE International,Warrendale.
SAPEM,2014.South African Pavement Engineering Manual.South African National Roads Agency SOC Ltd.,Pretoria.
Sebanja,I.,Megherbi,D.B.,2010.Automatic detection and recognition of traffic road signs for intelligent autonomous unmanned vehicles for urban surveillance and rescue.In:2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security(HST),Waltham,2010.
Shladover,S.E.,2007.PATH at 20-history and major milestones.IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 8(4),584-592.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2009.Evaluation of the effect of tire loads with different contact stress patterns on asphalt rutting.In:GeoHunan Conference,Changsha,2009.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2012.Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing.NCHRP Synthesis,vol.433.Transportation Research Board,Washington DC.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2016.Accelerated Pavement Testing(APT)role in innovative pavement developments.In:JSTI InternationalConference on Superpave-20 Year Development in China(SUP2016),Nanjing,2016.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Denneman,E.,2008.Simulation of temperature conditions on APT of HMA mixes.In:3rd International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Madrid,2008.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Fisher,C.,2008.Technical Memorandum:Phase1 of HVS Testing:Road P159/1-441A4,442A4,443A4,444A4,445A4,445A4A,446A4,447A4,448A4,449A4 and 450A4.CSIR Report CSIR/BE/IE/ER/2007/0033/B.CSIR Built Environment,Pretoria.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Ilse,M.,2015.Evaluation of tire/surfacing/base contact stresses and texture depth.International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 4(1),107-118.
Steyn,W.J.vdM.,Kleyn,E.G.,2017.Dynamic management of accelerated pavement tests due to pavement response and behavior.In:Inaugural World Transport Convention,Beijing,2017.
Terzi,S.,2006.Modeling the pavement present serviceability index of flexible highway pavements using data mining.Journal of Applied Sciences 6(1),193-197.
Tia,M.,Byron,T.,Choubane,B.,2003.Assessing appropriate loading configuration in accelerated pavement testing.In:82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board,Washington DC,2003.
Viljoen,A.W.,2001.Estimating Asphalt Temperatures from Air Temperatures and Basic Sky Parameters.Report CR2001/78.CSIR Transportek,Pretoria.
Wu,R.,Harvey,J.T.,2008.Evaluation of the effect of wander on rutting performance in HVS tests.In:3rd International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Madrid,2008.
Wessels,I.,Steyn,W.J.vdM.,2015.Telematics-based technology and the development of road condition trends from cloudsourced data.In:2015 Southern African Transportation Conference.SATC),Pretoria.
White,T.D.,Hua,J.,Galal,K.,1999.Analysis of accelerated pavement tests.In:1st International Conference on Accelerated Pavement Testing,Reno,1999.
Wolhuter,K.,2015.Geometric Design of Roads Handbook.CRC Press,Cleveland.
Zhang,Y.,2013.Adapting Infrastructure for Automated Driving.Center for Urban Transportation Research,University of South Florida,Florida.
Zhang,H.Y.,Wang,C.X.,Yi,J.Y.,2013.Study on basic characteristics and design method of concrete strip roads.Advanced Materials Research 723,212-219.