荣成天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性和时空分布
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摘要
磷是滨海湿地生产力的关键限制因素之一,有机磷的矿化分解是湿地活性磷的重要补充途径。本文以滨海荣成天鹅湖湿地为研究对象,通过采集不同季节、不同点位的表层水样,利用酶水解技术研究了天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性及其时空变化规律。研究表明:(1)天鹅湖已经出现轻度富营养化。有机磷是天鹅湖水体总磷(TP)重要组成部分,其中溶解态有机磷(DOP)的含量为0.039～0.123 mg/L,占水体TP的29%～74%,颗粒态有机磷(POP)的含量为0.011～0.073mg/L,占水体TP的11%～25%。(2)在有机磷中,24%～31%的DOP和41%～82%的POP是潜在的生物可利用磷。(3)天鹅湖DOP遵循春夏高而秋冬含量低的特点。有机磷空间分布非均一性,DOP主要分布在湖中区和入河口区。POP集中分布在北部入河口和湖心区及其北部沙滩区域。另外,通过相关性分析表明,有机磷与水环境因子关系密切,DOP和溶解态酶水解有机磷(DEHP)的含量可以指示水体富营养化程度。总之,水体有机磷循环供磷可能是造成水体富营养化的重要原因。因此,在富营养化的防治过程中应该采取有效措施防治有机磷的矿化。
Phosphorus(P) is one of the key limiting factors for productivity of coastal wetland. The mineralization of organic phosphorus is an important process for supplying soluble reactive phosphorus in wetland. To evaluate the bioavailability of organic phosphorus and its contribution to water eutrophication, 60 water samples were collected at the Rongcheng Swan lake from 09/2015 to 06/2016. The enzymatic hydrolysis method was used to study the bioavailability and the seasonal and temporal variations of organic phosphorus in the lake water. The correlation analysis was conducted to reveal effects of organic phosphorus on water quality and eutrophication. Our results showed that:(1) the eutrophication of Swan lake was slight and organic phosphorus was an important component of total phosphorus(TP) in water, the contents of dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP) ranged from 0.039 to 0.123 mg/L, accounting for 29%-74% of TP, while the contents of particulate organic phosphorus(POP) ranged from 0.011 to 0.073 mg/L, accounting for 11%-25% of TP;(2) 24%-31% of DOP and 41%-82% of POP were potentially bioavailable phosphorus according to enzymatic hydrolyses;(3) the content of dissolved phosphorus(DP) varied in different seasons, both DP and DOP contents were higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, whereas DIP showed a contrast seasonal variation trend. The concentrations of organic phosphorus were higher in center and river estuary areas of the lake. The results further showed that DOP and DEHP could be used as indicators of primary productivity and eutrophication. In summary, the cycling of organic phosphorus in the lake water is very important to eutrophication of the Swan lake, therefore, effective measures should have been taken to prevent and to control the mineralization of organic phosphorus.
Phosphorus(P) is one of the key limiting factors for productivity of coastal wetland. The mineralization of organic phosphorus is an important process for supplying soluble reactive phosphorus in wetland. To evaluate the bioavailability of organic phosphorus and its contribution to water eutrophication, 60 water samples were collected at the Rongcheng Swan lake from 09/2015 to 06/2016. The enzymatic hydrolysis method was used to study the bioavailability and the seasonal and temporal variations of organic phosphorus in the lake water. The correlation analysis was conducted to reveal effects of organic phosphorus on water quality and eutrophication. Our results showed that:(1) the eutrophication of Swan lake was slight and organic phosphorus was an important component of total phosphorus(TP) in water, the contents of dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP) ranged from 0.039 to 0.123 mg/L, accounting for 29%-74% of TP, while the contents of particulate organic phosphorus(POP) ranged from 0.011 to 0.073 mg/L, accounting for 11%-25% of TP;(2) 24%-31% of DOP and 41%-82% of POP were potentially bioavailable phosphorus according to enzymatic hydrolyses;(3) the content of dissolved phosphorus(DP) varied in different seasons, both DP and DOP contents were higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, whereas DIP showed a contrast seasonal variation trend. The concentrations of organic phosphorus were higher in center and river estuary areas of the lake. The results further showed that DOP and DEHP could be used as indicators of primary productivity and eutrophication. In summary, the cycling of organic phosphorus in the lake water is very important to eutrophication of the Swan lake, therefore, effective measures should have been taken to prevent and to control the mineralization of organic phosphorus.
引文
[1] 李子成, 邓义祥, 郑丙辉. 中国湖库营养状态现状调查分析[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2012,35(S1):209-213.
[2] Frumin G T, Gildeeva I M. Eutrophication of water bodies - A global environmental problem [J]. Russia Journal of General Chemistry, 2014, 84(13):2483-2488.
[3] 王海军, 王洪铸. 富营养化治理应放宽控氮、集中控磷[J]. 自然科学进展, 2009,19(6):599-604.
[4] Minear R A. Characterization of naturally occurring dissolved organophosphorus compounds [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 6(5):237-245.
[5] 刘广龙, 朱端卫, 周易勇, 等. 硝酸根对有机磷光解释放磷酸根的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2001,36(12):3657-3664.
[6] 周培疆, 郑振华, 余振坤, 等. 普通小球藻生长与武汉东湖水体磷形态的相关研究[J]. 水生生物学报, 2001,25(6):571-576.
[7] Ellison M E, Brett M T. Particulate phosphorus bioavailability as a function of stream flow and land cover[J]. Water Research, 2006, 40(6):1258.
[8] 田晓燕, 陆滢, 陈琤, 等. 荣成天鹅湖越冬前期大天鹅数量分布与行为研究[J]. 湿地科学与管理, 2017,13(1):29-34.
[9] 邵雪琳, 魏权, 高丽, 等. 天鹅湖泻湖表层沉积物中各形态磷的空间分布特征[J]. 土壤通报, 2015,46(1):127-132.
[10] 侯金枝. 荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷的释放规律及其影响因子的研究[D]. 烟台:烟台大学, 2013.
[11] 侯贺良, 吴锦. 荣成天鹅湖[J]. 走向世界, 2009(1): 86-87.
[12] 王友爱, 李平. 海岸生态环境变化对荣成市月湖旅游资源影响研究[J]. 海岸工程, 2009,28(2):98-104.
[13] 编委会国家环境保护总局水和废水监测分析方法. 水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版). 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002.
[14] 孙金华. 太湖水体有机磷组成空间分布及与水环境关系[D]. 郑州:河南大学, 2013.
[15] 何宗健, 熊强, 焦立新, 等. 夏季滇池不同来源溶解性有机磷特征及其生物有效性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(12):3189-3198.
[16] 张友, 徐刚, 高丽, 等. 黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤碳氮磷分布及其生态化学计量学意义[J]. 地球与环境, 2016,44(6):647-653.
[17] 孙超. 基于生态化学计量学的草地退化研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学, 2012.
[18] 邓大鹏, 刘刚, 李学德, 等. 湖泊富营养化综合评价的坡度加权评分法[J]. 环境科学学报, 2006,26(8): 1386-1392.
[19] 巴重振, 李爱军, 潘瑛, 等. 澜沧江梯级水电站库区水体富营养化研究[J]. 环境科学导刊, 2015,34(1):15-19.
[20] Suzumura M, Ogawa H. Characterization of dissolved organic phosphorus in coastal seawater using ultrafiltration and phosphohydrolytic enzymes[J]. Limnology & Oceanography, 1998,43(7):1553-1564.
[21] 高光, 秦伯强, 朱广伟, 等. 太湖梅梁湾中碱性磷酸酶的活性及其与藻类生长的关系[J]. 湖泊科学, 2004,16(3):245-251.
[22] 肖博文. 荣成天鹅湖碳氮磷的分布及鸟粪分解对碳氮磷含量的影响[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2015.
[23] Chen Y, Fan C, Teubner K, et al. Changes of nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll- A in a large shallow lake, Taihu, China: An 8-year investigation[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2003,506-509(1):273-279.
[24] 高光, 高锡芸, 秦伯强, 等. 太湖水体中碱性磷酸酶的作用阈值[J]. 湖泊科学, 2000,12(4):353-358.
[25] 张萍, 冯婧, 李哲, 等. 三峡澎溪河高阳平湖高水位时碱性磷酸酶活性及其动力学特征[J]. 湖泊科学, 2015,27(4):629-636.
[26] 张路, 范成新, 王建军, 等. 太湖水土界面氮磷交换通量的时空差异[J]. 环境科学, 2006,27(8):1537-1543.
[27] Clavero V, Izquierdo J J, Fernandez J A, et al. Seasonal fluxes of phosphate and ammonium across the sediment-water interface in a shallow small estuary (Palmones River, southern Spain)[J]. Marine Ecology Progress, 2000, 198(1):51-60.
[28] 林秋奇, 胡韧, 韩博平. 流溪河水库水动力学对营养盐和浮游植物分布的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2003,23(11):2278-2284.
[29] 董翠玲, 齐晓丽, 刘建. 荣成天鹅湖湿地越冬大天鹅食性分析[J]. 动物学杂志, 2007,42(6):53-56.
[30] 高丽, 宋鹏鹏, 史衍玺, 等. 荣成天鹅湖沉积物中重金属的分布特征研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2010,29(11):2192-2197.
[31] 唐艳凌, 章光新. 基于稳定同位素示踪的流域颗粒有机物质来源辨析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2010,30(9):1257-1267.
[32] 吕贻忠. 土壤学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2006.
[33] Whitton B A, Grainger S L,Hawley G R, et al. Cell-bound and extracellular phosphatase activities of cyanobacterial isolates[J]. Microbial Ecology, 1991, 21(1):85.
[34] 罗东, 陈荣, 程青, 等. 不同磷浓度和N/P对铜绿微囊藻生长及水环境因子的影响[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2015,38(7):6-9.
[35] 龚荔. 水中NO-2/NO-3光化学作用及其驱动有机磷转化的研究[D].武汉: 华中农业大学, 2015.
[36] 雍艳丽. 长春新立城水库浮游藻类特征及磷、碱性磷酸酶活性的关系[D].长春:东北师范大学, 2010.
[37] 李柯, 关保华, 刘正文. 蓝藻碎屑分解速率及氮磷释放形态的实验分析[J]. 湖泊科学, 2011,23(6):919-925.
[38] 张胜花, 常军军, 孙珮石. 水体藻类磷代谢及藻体磷矿化研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2013,22(7):1250-1254.
[39] 范成新, 周易勇, 吴庆龙. 湖泊沉积物界面过程与效应[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2013.
[2] Frumin G T, Gildeeva I M. Eutrophication of water bodies - A global environmental problem [J]. Russia Journal of General Chemistry, 2014, 84(13):2483-2488.
[3] 王海军, 王洪铸. 富营养化治理应放宽控氮、集中控磷[J]. 自然科学进展, 2009,19(6):599-604.
[4] Minear R A. Characterization of naturally occurring dissolved organophosphorus compounds [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 6(5):237-245.
[5] 刘广龙, 朱端卫, 周易勇, 等. 硝酸根对有机磷光解释放磷酸根的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2001,36(12):3657-3664.
[6] 周培疆, 郑振华, 余振坤, 等. 普通小球藻生长与武汉东湖水体磷形态的相关研究[J]. 水生生物学报, 2001,25(6):571-576.
[7] Ellison M E, Brett M T. Particulate phosphorus bioavailability as a function of stream flow and land cover[J]. Water Research, 2006, 40(6):1258.
[8] 田晓燕, 陆滢, 陈琤, 等. 荣成天鹅湖越冬前期大天鹅数量分布与行为研究[J]. 湿地科学与管理, 2017,13(1):29-34.
[9] 邵雪琳, 魏权, 高丽, 等. 天鹅湖泻湖表层沉积物中各形态磷的空间分布特征[J]. 土壤通报, 2015,46(1):127-132.
[10] 侯金枝. 荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷的释放规律及其影响因子的研究[D]. 烟台:烟台大学, 2013.
[11] 侯贺良, 吴锦. 荣成天鹅湖[J]. 走向世界, 2009(1): 86-87.
[12] 王友爱, 李平. 海岸生态环境变化对荣成市月湖旅游资源影响研究[J]. 海岸工程, 2009,28(2):98-104.
[13] 编委会国家环境保护总局水和废水监测分析方法. 水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版). 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002.
[14] 孙金华. 太湖水体有机磷组成空间分布及与水环境关系[D]. 郑州:河南大学, 2013.
[15] 何宗健, 熊强, 焦立新, 等. 夏季滇池不同来源溶解性有机磷特征及其生物有效性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(12):3189-3198.
[16] 张友, 徐刚, 高丽, 等. 黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤碳氮磷分布及其生态化学计量学意义[J]. 地球与环境, 2016,44(6):647-653.
[17] 孙超. 基于生态化学计量学的草地退化研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学, 2012.
[18] 邓大鹏, 刘刚, 李学德, 等. 湖泊富营养化综合评价的坡度加权评分法[J]. 环境科学学报, 2006,26(8): 1386-1392.
[19] 巴重振, 李爱军, 潘瑛, 等. 澜沧江梯级水电站库区水体富营养化研究[J]. 环境科学导刊, 2015,34(1):15-19.
[20] Suzumura M, Ogawa H. Characterization of dissolved organic phosphorus in coastal seawater using ultrafiltration and phosphohydrolytic enzymes[J]. Limnology & Oceanography, 1998,43(7):1553-1564.
[21] 高光, 秦伯强, 朱广伟, 等. 太湖梅梁湾中碱性磷酸酶的活性及其与藻类生长的关系[J]. 湖泊科学, 2004,16(3):245-251.
[22] 肖博文. 荣成天鹅湖碳氮磷的分布及鸟粪分解对碳氮磷含量的影响[D]. 呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2015.
[23] Chen Y, Fan C, Teubner K, et al. Changes of nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll- A in a large shallow lake, Taihu, China: An 8-year investigation[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2003,506-509(1):273-279.
[24] 高光, 高锡芸, 秦伯强, 等. 太湖水体中碱性磷酸酶的作用阈值[J]. 湖泊科学, 2000,12(4):353-358.
[25] 张萍, 冯婧, 李哲, 等. 三峡澎溪河高阳平湖高水位时碱性磷酸酶活性及其动力学特征[J]. 湖泊科学, 2015,27(4):629-636.
[26] 张路, 范成新, 王建军, 等. 太湖水土界面氮磷交换通量的时空差异[J]. 环境科学, 2006,27(8):1537-1543.
[27] Clavero V, Izquierdo J J, Fernandez J A, et al. Seasonal fluxes of phosphate and ammonium across the sediment-water interface in a shallow small estuary (Palmones River, southern Spain)[J]. Marine Ecology Progress, 2000, 198(1):51-60.
[28] 林秋奇, 胡韧, 韩博平. 流溪河水库水动力学对营养盐和浮游植物分布的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2003,23(11):2278-2284.
[29] 董翠玲, 齐晓丽, 刘建. 荣成天鹅湖湿地越冬大天鹅食性分析[J]. 动物学杂志, 2007,42(6):53-56.
[30] 高丽, 宋鹏鹏, 史衍玺, 等. 荣成天鹅湖沉积物中重金属的分布特征研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2010,29(11):2192-2197.
[31] 唐艳凌, 章光新. 基于稳定同位素示踪的流域颗粒有机物质来源辨析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2010,30(9):1257-1267.
[32] 吕贻忠. 土壤学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社, 2006.
[33] Whitton B A, Grainger S L,Hawley G R, et al. Cell-bound and extracellular phosphatase activities of cyanobacterial isolates[J]. Microbial Ecology, 1991, 21(1):85.
[34] 罗东, 陈荣, 程青, 等. 不同磷浓度和N/P对铜绿微囊藻生长及水环境因子的影响[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2015,38(7):6-9.
[35] 龚荔. 水中NO-2/NO-3光化学作用及其驱动有机磷转化的研究[D].武汉: 华中农业大学, 2015.
[36] 雍艳丽. 长春新立城水库浮游藻类特征及磷、碱性磷酸酶活性的关系[D].长春:东北师范大学, 2010.
[37] 李柯, 关保华, 刘正文. 蓝藻碎屑分解速率及氮磷释放形态的实验分析[J]. 湖泊科学, 2011,23(6):919-925.
[38] 张胜花, 常军军, 孙珮石. 水体藻类磷代谢及藻体磷矿化研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2013,22(7):1250-1254.
[39] 范成新, 周易勇, 吴庆龙. 湖泊沉积物界面过程与效应[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2013.