三种次级洞巢鸟对巢洞洞口的选择与生态适应
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摘要
以大山雀、普通?和白眉姬鹟三种同域繁殖的次级洞巢鸟为研究对象,根据自然条件下三种鸟所占巢洞的洞口倾角及大小,结合室内的防雨模拟实验,探讨分析了三种次级洞巢鸟的洞口选择模式及生态适应特征.结果表明:三种鸟均倾向于选择洞口倾角向下的巢洞,而未利用巢洞的洞口倾角多向上;大山雀和白眉姬鹟占用巢的洞口倾角无显著差异,但明显小于普通?的洞口倾角;三种鸟对洞口大小无明显的选择性;巢洞内进水量随洞口倾角和洞口大小的增大而增加,但进水量与洞口类型无显著相关性.建议利用人工巢箱招引保护鸟类时,应考虑悬挂巢箱的洞口倾角和洞口大小,以降低降雨等气候因素的影响,增加巢箱的利用率及次级洞巢鸟的繁殖适合度.
This paper selected three sympatric breeding secondary hole-nesting birds,the Great tit,European nuthatch and Yellow-rumped flycatcher as target species to analysis the patterns of nest entrance selection and its ecological adaptations by measuring their occupied hole entrance inclination angle and entrance size in the wild and conducting water proof experiments in the laboratory.The results showed that the entrance inclination angle of occupied nests tend to be downward,while entrance inclination angles of un-occupied holes were upward.The entrance inclination angles of Great tit did not differ from Yellow-rumped flycatcher,but both of them were significant smaller than that of European nuthatch.No difference was detected about the size of hole entrance among the three species.The volume of water entered into nests increases with the inclination angle and size of nest entrance,but does not relates to the types of nest hole.The paper suggest that the inclination angle and size of nest entrance should be taken into consideration when using artificial nest-box to protect birds,so as to reduce the influence of the climatic factors such as rainfall,increase the utilization of nest box and the reproductive fitness of secondary hole-nesting birds.
This paper selected three sympatric breeding secondary hole-nesting birds,the Great tit,European nuthatch and Yellow-rumped flycatcher as target species to analysis the patterns of nest entrance selection and its ecological adaptations by measuring their occupied hole entrance inclination angle and entrance size in the wild and conducting water proof experiments in the laboratory.The results showed that the entrance inclination angle of occupied nests tend to be downward,while entrance inclination angles of un-occupied holes were upward.The entrance inclination angles of Great tit did not differ from Yellow-rumped flycatcher,but both of them were significant smaller than that of European nuthatch.No difference was detected about the size of hole entrance among the three species.The volume of water entered into nests increases with the inclination angle and size of nest entrance,but does not relates to the types of nest hole.The paper suggest that the inclination angle and size of nest entrance should be taken into consideration when using artificial nest-box to protect birds,so as to reduce the influence of the climatic factors such as rainfall,increase the utilization of nest box and the reproductive fitness of secondary hole-nesting birds.
引文
[1]HAFTORN S.Egg-laying and regulation of egg temperature during incubation in the Goldcrest Regulus regulus[J].Ornis Scandinavica,1978,9(1):2-21.
[2]WEBB D R,KING J R.An analysis of the Heat Budgets of the eggs and nest of the White-Crowned Sparrow,Zonotrichia leucophrys,in relation to parental attentiveness[J].Physiological Zoology,1983,56(4):493-505.
[3]CAREY C.Incubation in extreme environments[G]//DEEMING D C.Avian incubation:behaviour,environment,and evolution.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002:238-253.
[4]EBERHARD J R.Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in Cavity-nesting birds[J].The Condor,2002,104(2):240-247.
[5]COCKLE K,MARTIN K,WIEBE K.Selection of nest trees by Cavity-nesting birds in the Neotropical Atlantic forest[J].Biotropica,2015,43(2):228-236.
[6]COLLIAS N E,COLLIAS E C.Nest building and bird behavior[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984:358.
[7]WICKLER S J,MARSH R L.Effects of nestling age and burrow depth on CO2and O2concentrations in the burrows of Bank Swallows(Riparia riparia)[J].Physiological Zoology,1981,54(1):132-136.
[8]HOOGE P N,STANBACK M T,KOENIG W D.Nest-site selection in the Acorn Woodpecker[J].The Auk,1999,116(1):45-54.
[9]BRIGHTSMITH D J.Competition,predation and nest niche shifts among tropical cavity nesters:phylogeny and natural history evolution of parrots(Psittaciformes)and trogons(Trogoniformes)[J].Journal of Avian Biology,2005,36(1):64-73.
[10]SALABERRIA C,CELIS P,LPEZ-RULL I,et al.Effects of temperature and nest heat exposure on nestling growth,dehydration and survival in a mediterranean hole-nesting passerine[J].Ibis,2014,156(2):265-275.
[11]BRUGGEMAN J E,SWEM T,ANDERSEN D E,et al.Dynamics of a recovering Arctic bird population:the importance of climate,density dependence,and site quality.[J].Ecological Applications,2015,25(7):1932-1943.
[12]HILTON G M,HANSELL M H,RUXTON G D,et al.Using artificial nests to test importance of nesting material and nest shelter for incubation energetics[J].The Auk,2004,121(3):777-787.
[13]BORDJAN D,TOME D.Rain may have more influence than temperature on nest abandonment in the Great tit Parus major[J].Ardea,2014,102(1):79-86.
[14]WESOOWSKI T,CZESZCZEWIK D,ROWI N'SKI P,et al.Nest soaking in natural holes-a serious cause of breeding failure[J].Ornis Fennica,2002,79(3):132-138.
[15]ZYL A J V.The influence of the environment on breeding success of a suburban population of Crested Barbets Trachyphonus vaillantii[J].Ostrich,1994,65(3/4):291-296.
[16]WESOOWSKI T.Ecology and behaviour of white-backed woodpecker(Dendrocopos leucotos)in a primaeval temperate forest(Bialowieza National Park,Poland)[J].Vogelwarte,1995,39(2):61-75.
[17]EAST M L,PERRINS C M.The effect of nestboxes on breeding populations of birds in broadleaved temperate woodlands[J].Ibis,1988,130(3):393-401.
[18]WESOOWSKI T,STAWARCZYK T.Survival and population dynamics of Nuthatches Sitta europaea breeding in natural cavities in a primeval temperate forest[J].Ornis Scandinavica,1991,22(2):143-154.
[19]RADFORD A N,PLESSIS M A D.The importance of rainfall to a cavity-nesting species[J].Ibis,2003,145(4):692-694.
[20]Conner R N.Orientation ofentrances to woodpecker nest cavities[J].The Auk,1975,92(2):371-374.
[21]WESOOWSKI T,TOMIALOJC L.The breeding ecology of woodpeckers in a temperate primaeval forest-preliminary data[J].Acta Ornithologica,1986,22(1):1-21.
[22]HEBDA G.Nesting sites of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L.in Poland:analysis of nest cards[J].Polish Journal of Ecology,2009,57(1):149-158.
[23]C'IKOVI C'D,BARII C'S,TUTIV,et al.Nest site and nest-hole characteristics used by Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L.in Croatia[J].Polish Journal of Ecology,2014,62(2):349-360.
[24]GUTZWILLER K J,ANDERSON S H.Multiscale associations between Cavity-Nesting Birds and features of Wyoming Streamside Woodlands[J].The Condor,1987,89(3):534-548.
[25]高玮,王海涛,王日昕.中国东北地区洞巢鸟类生态学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2004.
[26]MACLEAN G L.Arid-zone ornithology in Africa and South America[J].Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress,1976,16:468-480.
[27]MARTIN K,NELSON K J.Thermal aspects of nest-site location for Vesper Sparrows and Horned Larks in British Columbia[J].Studies in Avian Biology,1999,19(19):137-143.
[28]HUSSELL D J T,MONTGOMERIE R,POOLE A,et al.Lapland longspur(Calcarius lapponicus)[G]//POOLE A.The birols of North America Online.Ithaca,NY,USA:Cornell Lab of Ornithology,2002.
[29]孙寒梅,高玮,宫亮,等.吉林省左家自然保护区鸟类组成及其多样性研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学),2008,40(1):100-110.
[30]BORDJAN D,TOME D.Rain may have more influence than temperature on nest abandonment in the Great Tit Parus major[J].Ardea,2011,102:79-85.
[31]RAPHAEL M G.Orientation of American Kestrel nest cavities and nest trees[J].The Condor,1985,87(3):437-438.
[32]王海涛,高玮.次级洞巢鸟对次生林天然树洞的利用[J].动物学研究,2002,23(2):136-140.
[33]尚伟平,姜云垒,赵欣,等.4种次级洞巢鸟巢资源竞争对其繁殖优势度的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2015(7):123-126.
[34]MANUWAL D A.Spring bird communities in the southern Washington Cascade Range[G]//RUGGIERO L K,AUBRY A,CAREY,et al.Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests.Washington:U S Forest Service,1991:161-174.
[2]WEBB D R,KING J R.An analysis of the Heat Budgets of the eggs and nest of the White-Crowned Sparrow,Zonotrichia leucophrys,in relation to parental attentiveness[J].Physiological Zoology,1983,56(4):493-505.
[3]CAREY C.Incubation in extreme environments[G]//DEEMING D C.Avian incubation:behaviour,environment,and evolution.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002:238-253.
[4]EBERHARD J R.Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in Cavity-nesting birds[J].The Condor,2002,104(2):240-247.
[5]COCKLE K,MARTIN K,WIEBE K.Selection of nest trees by Cavity-nesting birds in the Neotropical Atlantic forest[J].Biotropica,2015,43(2):228-236.
[6]COLLIAS N E,COLLIAS E C.Nest building and bird behavior[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1984:358.
[7]WICKLER S J,MARSH R L.Effects of nestling age and burrow depth on CO2and O2concentrations in the burrows of Bank Swallows(Riparia riparia)[J].Physiological Zoology,1981,54(1):132-136.
[8]HOOGE P N,STANBACK M T,KOENIG W D.Nest-site selection in the Acorn Woodpecker[J].The Auk,1999,116(1):45-54.
[9]BRIGHTSMITH D J.Competition,predation and nest niche shifts among tropical cavity nesters:phylogeny and natural history evolution of parrots(Psittaciformes)and trogons(Trogoniformes)[J].Journal of Avian Biology,2005,36(1):64-73.
[10]SALABERRIA C,CELIS P,LPEZ-RULL I,et al.Effects of temperature and nest heat exposure on nestling growth,dehydration and survival in a mediterranean hole-nesting passerine[J].Ibis,2014,156(2):265-275.
[11]BRUGGEMAN J E,SWEM T,ANDERSEN D E,et al.Dynamics of a recovering Arctic bird population:the importance of climate,density dependence,and site quality.[J].Ecological Applications,2015,25(7):1932-1943.
[12]HILTON G M,HANSELL M H,RUXTON G D,et al.Using artificial nests to test importance of nesting material and nest shelter for incubation energetics[J].The Auk,2004,121(3):777-787.
[13]BORDJAN D,TOME D.Rain may have more influence than temperature on nest abandonment in the Great tit Parus major[J].Ardea,2014,102(1):79-86.
[14]WESOOWSKI T,CZESZCZEWIK D,ROWI N'SKI P,et al.Nest soaking in natural holes-a serious cause of breeding failure[J].Ornis Fennica,2002,79(3):132-138.
[15]ZYL A J V.The influence of the environment on breeding success of a suburban population of Crested Barbets Trachyphonus vaillantii[J].Ostrich,1994,65(3/4):291-296.
[16]WESOOWSKI T.Ecology and behaviour of white-backed woodpecker(Dendrocopos leucotos)in a primaeval temperate forest(Bialowieza National Park,Poland)[J].Vogelwarte,1995,39(2):61-75.
[17]EAST M L,PERRINS C M.The effect of nestboxes on breeding populations of birds in broadleaved temperate woodlands[J].Ibis,1988,130(3):393-401.
[18]WESOOWSKI T,STAWARCZYK T.Survival and population dynamics of Nuthatches Sitta europaea breeding in natural cavities in a primeval temperate forest[J].Ornis Scandinavica,1991,22(2):143-154.
[19]RADFORD A N,PLESSIS M A D.The importance of rainfall to a cavity-nesting species[J].Ibis,2003,145(4):692-694.
[20]Conner R N.Orientation ofentrances to woodpecker nest cavities[J].The Auk,1975,92(2):371-374.
[21]WESOOWSKI T,TOMIALOJC L.The breeding ecology of woodpeckers in a temperate primaeval forest-preliminary data[J].Acta Ornithologica,1986,22(1):1-21.
[22]HEBDA G.Nesting sites of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L.in Poland:analysis of nest cards[J].Polish Journal of Ecology,2009,57(1):149-158.
[23]C'IKOVI C'D,BARII C'S,TUTIV,et al.Nest site and nest-hole characteristics used by Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major L.in Croatia[J].Polish Journal of Ecology,2014,62(2):349-360.
[24]GUTZWILLER K J,ANDERSON S H.Multiscale associations between Cavity-Nesting Birds and features of Wyoming Streamside Woodlands[J].The Condor,1987,89(3):534-548.
[25]高玮,王海涛,王日昕.中国东北地区洞巢鸟类生态学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2004.
[26]MACLEAN G L.Arid-zone ornithology in Africa and South America[J].Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress,1976,16:468-480.
[27]MARTIN K,NELSON K J.Thermal aspects of nest-site location for Vesper Sparrows and Horned Larks in British Columbia[J].Studies in Avian Biology,1999,19(19):137-143.
[28]HUSSELL D J T,MONTGOMERIE R,POOLE A,et al.Lapland longspur(Calcarius lapponicus)[G]//POOLE A.The birols of North America Online.Ithaca,NY,USA:Cornell Lab of Ornithology,2002.
[29]孙寒梅,高玮,宫亮,等.吉林省左家自然保护区鸟类组成及其多样性研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学),2008,40(1):100-110.
[30]BORDJAN D,TOME D.Rain may have more influence than temperature on nest abandonment in the Great Tit Parus major[J].Ardea,2011,102:79-85.
[31]RAPHAEL M G.Orientation of American Kestrel nest cavities and nest trees[J].The Condor,1985,87(3):437-438.
[32]王海涛,高玮.次级洞巢鸟对次生林天然树洞的利用[J].动物学研究,2002,23(2):136-140.
[33]尚伟平,姜云垒,赵欣,等.4种次级洞巢鸟巢资源竞争对其繁殖优势度的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2015(7):123-126.
[34]MANUWAL D A.Spring bird communities in the southern Washington Cascade Range[G]//RUGGIERO L K,AUBRY A,CAREY,et al.Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests.Washington:U S Forest Service,1991:161-174.