国界对跨界民族文化影响的地图表达方式初探——以中国和陆边邻国为例
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摘要
中国地理学者服务于中国外交的途径之一,是提供中国与周边国家经济、社会、文化等方面的专题地图。跨界民族分布图就是展现国家地缘关系的一种专题地图。目前的跨界民族地图表达方式不能呈现出国界的影响,无法服务于跨界民族的地区管理,为此,探索接近现实、易于理解的国界两侧跨界民族文化亲缘关系的专题地图十分必要。为弥补常见跨界民族分布地图的不足,从四个角度探索了地缘文化制图形式:跨界民族地区图斑空间单元尺度、多民族构成、两侧行政区边界不完全对位和语言亲缘度,设计了刻画地缘语言的亲缘度系数,而后绘制出专题地图。研究的结论为:第一,从数据的可获得性上看,跨界民族文化亲缘度地图的图斑空间单元以相当于中国县级区域的空间单元较为合适;第二,与传统的跨界民族分布图相比,跨界民族地缘语言亲缘度公式包含更多的因素,所作地图可呈现出更为精细的信息。
One of the ways for Chinese geographers to serve China's diplomacy is to provide thematic maps of China's neighboring countries related to economy, society and culture. Cross-border ethnic distribution map is a kind of the thematic map showing the geographic relationship of the countries. The current maps of cross-border ethnic groups cannot show the influence of national borders or serve the governance of cross-border ethnic areas. It is necessary to explore the thematic maps of cross-border ethnic cultural relationship on both sides of the borders that are close to reality and easy to be understood. In order to avoid the shortcomings of the common cross-border ethnic groups maps, the geo-cultural mapping patterns were explored from four perspectives: to determine the scale of spatial unit in the maps, to consider the multi-ethnic composition, to solve the mismatch of border length, and to measure the language affinities on both sides. Then an index for thematic maps was designed and the thematic maps were drawn. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, from the perspective of data availability, the patch space unit of the cross-border ethnic cultural affinity map is more suitable to be equivalent to the space unit of county-level region in China. Second, compared with the traditional cross-border ethnic distribution map, the new map showing the cross-border ethnic geo-linguistic affinity is better because the formula of cross-border ethnic geo-linguistic affinity contains more factors and can present more detailed information.
One of the ways for Chinese geographers to serve China's diplomacy is to provide thematic maps of China's neighboring countries related to economy, society and culture. Cross-border ethnic distribution map is a kind of the thematic map showing the geographic relationship of the countries. The current maps of cross-border ethnic groups cannot show the influence of national borders or serve the governance of cross-border ethnic areas. It is necessary to explore the thematic maps of cross-border ethnic cultural relationship on both sides of the borders that are close to reality and easy to be understood. In order to avoid the shortcomings of the common cross-border ethnic groups maps, the geo-cultural mapping patterns were explored from four perspectives: to determine the scale of spatial unit in the maps, to consider the multi-ethnic composition, to solve the mismatch of border length, and to measure the language affinities on both sides. Then an index for thematic maps was designed and the thematic maps were drawn. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, from the perspective of data availability, the patch space unit of the cross-border ethnic cultural affinity map is more suitable to be equivalent to the space unit of county-level region in China. Second, compared with the traditional cross-border ethnic distribution map, the new map showing the cross-border ethnic geo-linguistic affinity is better because the formula of cross-border ethnic geo-linguistic affinity contains more factors and can present more detailed information.
引文
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[2]金春子.中国的跨界民族.民族团结,1995,5:22-23.
[3]马曼丽,张树青.跨国民族理论问题综论.北京:民族出版社,2005.
[4]Newman D.Borders and bordering:Towards an interdisciplinary dialogue.European Journal of Social Theory,2014,9(2):171-186.
[5]Bie Q,Li C,Zhou S.Evaluation of the effectiveness of border policies in Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan,China.Sustainability,2014,6(8):5284-5299.
[6]Jr Alvarez R R.The Mexican-Us border:The making of an anthropology of borderlands.Annual Review of Anthropology,1995,24(1):447-470.
[7]Guild E.The migration apparatus:Security,labor,and policymaking in the European Union.American Ethnologist,2013,40(4):793-794.
[8]Bialasiewicz L.Off-shoring and out-sourcing the borders of Europe:Libya and EU border work in the Mediterranean.Geopolitics,2012,17(4):843-866.
[9]Ernste H,Houtum H V,Zoomers A.Trans-world:Debating the place and borders of places in the age of transnationalism.Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,2010,100(5):577-586.
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[11]克利福德·格尔茨.文化的解释.韩莉译,北京:译林出版社,2008.
[12]Adotey E.'International chiefs':chieftaincy,rituals and the reproduction of transborder Ewe ethnic communities on the Ghana-Togo boundary.Africa the Journal of the International African Institute,2018,88.
[13]陈健.地缘环境单元划分方法研究.郑州:解放军信息工程大学,2015.
[14]胡志丁,葛岳静,鲍捷,等.南亚地缘环境的空间格局与分异规律研究.地理科学,2013,33(6):685-692.
[15]Kim S S,Prideaux B,Prideaux J.Using tourism to promote peace on the Korean Peninsula.Annals of Tourism Research,2007,34(2):291-309.
[16]Valverde K L C.Transnationalizing Vietnam.Transnationalizing Vietnam,2012:190.
[17]Mac Donald F,Dodds K J,Hughes R.Observant States:Geopolitics and Visual Culture.London:I.B.Tauris.2010.
[18]Neckerman K M,Carter P,Lee J.Segmented assimilation and minority cultures of mobility.Ethnic and Racial Studies,1999,22(6):945-965.
[19]王淑芳,葛岳静,曹原,等.中国周边地缘影响力的建模与测算--以南亚为例.地理科学进展,2014,33(6):738-747.
[20]胡志丁,陆大道,杜德斌,等.未来十年中国地缘政治学重点研究方向.地理研究,2017,36(2):205-214.
[21]Akom A A.Black metropolis and mental life:Beyond the“burden of‘acting white’”toward a third wave of critical racial studies.Anthropology&Education Quarterly,2010,39(3):247-265.
[22]Cammarota J.The generational battle for curriculum:Figuring race and culture on the border.Transforming Anthropology,2010,17(2):117-130.
[23]Moisi,Dominique.The geopolitics of emotion:How cultures of fear,humiliation,and hope are reshaping the world.New York:Anchor,2009.
[24]Levitt P,Schiller N G.Conceptualizing simultaneity:A transnational social field perspective on society.International Migration Review,2010,38(3):1002-1039.
[25]Shen Z,Xia Y.Chinese-North Korean relations and china's policy toward Korean cross-border migration,1950-1962.Journal of Cold War Studies,2014,16(4):133-158.
[26]唐雪琼,钱俊希,杨茜好.跨境流动视阈下的节庆文化与民族认同研究.地理科学进展,2017,36(9):1081-1091.
[27]吕俊荣,杨胜天.地缘环境区划玫瑰图模型.中国地理学会2012年学术年会,2012:91.
[28]武丽丽.基于六角格的初始划界方案线辅助生成技术研究.郑州:解放军信息工程大学,2013.
[29]周秋文,杨胜天,廖华,等.地缘环境单元划分方法及实例研究.世界地理研究,2016,25(4):58-66.
[30]Ethnic map of the world.http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/ethnicmap.
[31]Weidmann N B,R?d J K,Cederman L E.Representing ethnic groups in space:A new dataset.Journal of Peace Research,2010,47(4):491-499.
[32]Ian J,Andrew W.Developing time-base GIS display for cultural data.Australia:University of Sydney,2003.
[33]Kolacny.A.Cartographic information--A fundamental concept and term in modern cartography.Cartographic Journal,1977,6(1):47-49.
[34]Witschas S.Cross-Border Mapping:Geodata,Geonames,Multilinguality and More.Cartography in Central and Eastern Europe.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2009:163-180.
[35]Wood D.The power of maps.Scientific American,1992,268(5):88-93.
[36]Novaes A R.Map art and popular geopolitics:Mapping borders between Colombia and Venezuela.Geopolitics,2015,20(1):121-141.
[37]Harley J B,Laxton P,Places C F A.The New Nature of Maps:Essays in the History of Cartography.The new nature of maps:essays in the history of cartography.The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001.
[38]Tuathail Gó,Agnew J.Geopolitics and discourse:Practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy.Political Geography,1992,11(2):190-204.
[39]Van Houtum H.Remapping Borders.Companion to Border Studies,A.John Wiley&Sons,Ltd,2012:405-418.
[40]The Census of Marine Life.Global Administrative Areas Maps.2012,http://gadm.org/country.
[41]国务院人口普查办公室,国家统计局人口和就业统计司,中国2010年人口普查资料.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm.
[42]United Nations Economic and Social Council.Demographic and Social Statistics.2017,https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/default.htm
[43]United Nations Statistics Division,Demographic Statistics Database.2017,http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=table Code%3a26.
[44]中国社会科学院语言研究所,中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,香港城市大学语言资讯科学研究中学.中国语言地图集·少数民族卷.北京:商务印书馆.2012.
[45]Summer Institute of Linguistics.Ethnologue.http://www.ethnologue.com/world.
[46]United Nations Statistics Division,Demographic Statistics Database.2017,http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=table Code%3a27.
[47]中华人民共和国民政部.县级以上行政区划变更情况.2014,http://xzqh.mca.gov.cn/map.
[48]李俊清.中国民族问题与边疆安全.西部发展研究,2013:32-49.
[49]尹朝晖.地缘文化---当代国际政治理论研究的新视角.理论导刊,2009(1):104-106.