迁地保育林麝行为多样性及影响因素研究
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摘要
2016年6月和7月,运用焦点取样法和连续记录法,对四川省马尔康林麝繁育中心的圈养林麝进行了行为取样,计算了行为多样性指数,并且分析了林麝的性别、年龄、繁殖成效和麝香分泌等因素与其行为多样性指数的关系。结果表明:四川马尔康麝场圈养林麝雌麝的行为多样性(r=0.29±0.012,n=175)略高于雄麝(r=0.26±0.016,n=94),差异不显著(P>0.05);个体圈养年限的年龄对其行为多样性影响不显著(P>0.05);繁殖失败雌麝的行为多样性(r=0.33±0.035,n=13)大于繁殖成功雌麝(r=0.28±0.053,n=14),差异不显著(P>0.05);雄麝的麝香分泌量与其行为多样性相关不显著(P>0.05)。开展迁地保育林麝行为多样性及影响因素研究,为进一步提高濒危林麝人工驯养、迁地保育技术措施提供了重要的基础数据和理论依据。
Focal sampling and continuous recording methods were used to collect the behavior of captive forest musk deer at Maerkang Musk Deer Farm(MMDF),Sichuan Province in June and July,2016.Calculated the behavioral diversity index,and analyzed the effects of gender,age,breeding success,the musk secretion quantity and other factors on the behavioral diversity. Results indicated that female behavioral diversity(r=0.29±0.012,n=175) was slightly higher than that of male(r=0.26±0.016,n=94),but the difference was not significant(P > 0.05). Behavioral diversity of forest musk deer was not significantly reduced with age increasing(also directly reflect the captive time)(P > 0.05). Behavioral diversity of reproductive failure females(r=0.33±0.035,n=13) was not significant higher than that of reproductive success females(r=0.28±0.053,n=14)(P > 0.05). By examining the musk secretion data,it was found that males behavioral diversity cannot reflect its musk secretion(P > 0.05). Through the research on the relationship of gender,age and other factors on behavioral diversity of forest musk deer,related results will be contributed to the success of domestication,conservation and sustainable utilization of the endangered musk deer.
Focal sampling and continuous recording methods were used to collect the behavior of captive forest musk deer at Maerkang Musk Deer Farm(MMDF),Sichuan Province in June and July,2016.Calculated the behavioral diversity index,and analyzed the effects of gender,age,breeding success,the musk secretion quantity and other factors on the behavioral diversity. Results indicated that female behavioral diversity(r=0.29±0.012,n=175) was slightly higher than that of male(r=0.26±0.016,n=94),but the difference was not significant(P > 0.05). Behavioral diversity of forest musk deer was not significantly reduced with age increasing(also directly reflect the captive time)(P > 0.05). Behavioral diversity of reproductive failure females(r=0.33±0.035,n=13) was not significant higher than that of reproductive success females(r=0.28±0.053,n=14)(P > 0.05). By examining the musk secretion data,it was found that males behavioral diversity cannot reflect its musk secretion(P > 0.05). Through the research on the relationship of gender,age and other factors on behavioral diversity of forest musk deer,related results will be contributed to the success of domestication,conservation and sustainable utilization of the endangered musk deer.
引文
[1]蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国.保护生物学[M].杭州:浙江科技出版社,1997:43-70.
[2]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:254-279.
[3]Wemelsfelder F,Haskell M,Mendl M T,et al.Diversity of behavior during novel object tests is reduced in pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions[J].Animal.Behaviour,2000,60:385-394.
[4]郭经.人工麝香研究进展[J].中国医学科学院学报,2014,36(6):577-580.
[5]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.
[6]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性[J].动物学报,2006,52(6):1026-1033.
[7]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.圈养雌性马麝性活跃度与行为的关系[J].经济动物学报,2007,11(1):30-33.
[8]Meng X X,Perkins G,Yang Q S,et al.Relationship Between Behavioral Frequency and Reproductive Potential of Female Alpine Musk Deer in Captivity[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2008,7(12):1497-1502.
[9]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别[J].动物学研究,2007,28(2):149-154.
[10]李林海,黄祥云,刘刚,等.我国麝养殖种群现状及其养殖业发展的分析[J].四川动物,2012,31(3):492-496.
[11]吴民耀,王念,惠董娜,等.林麝保护的现状及研究进展[J].重庆理工大学学报:自然科学版,2011,25(1):34-39.
[12]胡忠军,王淯,薛文杰,等.紫柏山自然保护区林麝冬季生境选择[J].河南大学学报:自然科学版,2006,36(1):70-74.
[13]郭建,程晓峰,巨云为,等.冶勒自然保护区林麝对生境选择研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):183-185.
[14]胡忠军,王淯,薛文杰,等.陕西凤县林麝家庭养殖:历史,现状与繁殖特性[J].四川动物,2007,26(4):948-951.
[15]杜卫国,盛和林.圈养林麝的分娩及一日龄行为[J].浙江师范大学学报:自然科学版,1996,(S1):84-86.
[16]杜卫国,盛和林.林麝哺乳期的时间分配和行为研究[J].兽类学报,1998,18(1):21-26.
[17]徐正强,徐宏发.饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究[J].兽类学报,2003,23(1):17-20.
[18]戚文华,汪小方,杨承忠,等.圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配[J].四川动物,2013,(1):19-22.
[19]Stolba A,Baker N,Wood-Gush D G M.The characterisation of stereotyped behaviour in stalled sows by informational redundancy[J].Behaviour,1983,87(3):157-182.
[20]Haskell M,Wemelsfelder F,Mendl M T,et al.The effect of substrate-enriched and substrate-impoverished housing environments on the diversity of behaviour in pigs[J].Behaviour,1996,133(9):741-761.
[21]Wemelsfelder F,Haskell M,Mendl M T,et al.Diversity of behaviour during novel object tests is reduced in pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions[J].Animal Behaviour,2000,60(3):385-394.
[22]Schoenecker B,Heller K E,Freimanis T.Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareolus)and their laboratory-bred offspring:Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus[J].Applied animal behaviour science,2000,68(4):349-357.
[23]Ruckstuhl K E.Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep[J].Animal Behaviour,1998,56(1):99-106.
[24]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:科学技术出版社,2007:1-158.
[25]白康,任战军,王永奇,等.林麝泌香期性激素变化及其与泌香量的关系[J].中国兽医学报,2013,33(6):956-962.
[26]张保良.麝的驯养[M].北京:农业出版社,1979:20-43.
[27]李红亮,黎勇,周密,等.驯养马麝麝香产量及其影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2011,45(3):522-528.
[28]Homes V.On the scent:conserving musk deer:the uses of musk and Europe's role in its trade[M].Brussels:Traffic Europe,1999:1-30.
[29]Zhang B L.Musk-deer:their capture,domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods[J].Unasylva(FAO),1983,35:16-24.
[30]Cheng J G,Luo Y,Qiao M P,et al.The factors affecting musk secretion quantity in Moschus berezovskii[J].Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,2002,(3):15-18.
[31]Bai K,Ren Z J,Wang Y Q,Li F R,et al.An association with gonadal hormone level and musk yield in Moschus berezovskii during musk-secreting period[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science,2013,(6):30.
[32]Jie H,Feng X L,Zhao G J,et al.Research progress on musk secretion mechanism of forest musk deer[J].China journal of Chinese material medical,2014,39(23):4522-4525.
[2]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:254-279.
[3]Wemelsfelder F,Haskell M,Mendl M T,et al.Diversity of behavior during novel object tests is reduced in pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions[J].Animal.Behaviour,2000,60:385-394.
[4]郭经.人工麝香研究进展[J].中国医学科学院学报,2014,36(6):577-580.
[5]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.
[6]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性[J].动物学报,2006,52(6):1026-1033.
[7]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.圈养雌性马麝性活跃度与行为的关系[J].经济动物学报,2007,11(1):30-33.
[8]Meng X X,Perkins G,Yang Q S,et al.Relationship Between Behavioral Frequency and Reproductive Potential of Female Alpine Musk Deer in Captivity[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2008,7(12):1497-1502.
[9]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别[J].动物学研究,2007,28(2):149-154.
[10]李林海,黄祥云,刘刚,等.我国麝养殖种群现状及其养殖业发展的分析[J].四川动物,2012,31(3):492-496.
[11]吴民耀,王念,惠董娜,等.林麝保护的现状及研究进展[J].重庆理工大学学报:自然科学版,2011,25(1):34-39.
[12]胡忠军,王淯,薛文杰,等.紫柏山自然保护区林麝冬季生境选择[J].河南大学学报:自然科学版,2006,36(1):70-74.
[13]郭建,程晓峰,巨云为,等.冶勒自然保护区林麝对生境选择研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):183-185.
[14]胡忠军,王淯,薛文杰,等.陕西凤县林麝家庭养殖:历史,现状与繁殖特性[J].四川动物,2007,26(4):948-951.
[15]杜卫国,盛和林.圈养林麝的分娩及一日龄行为[J].浙江师范大学学报:自然科学版,1996,(S1):84-86.
[16]杜卫国,盛和林.林麝哺乳期的时间分配和行为研究[J].兽类学报,1998,18(1):21-26.
[17]徐正强,徐宏发.饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究[J].兽类学报,2003,23(1):17-20.
[18]戚文华,汪小方,杨承忠,等.圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配[J].四川动物,2013,(1):19-22.
[19]Stolba A,Baker N,Wood-Gush D G M.The characterisation of stereotyped behaviour in stalled sows by informational redundancy[J].Behaviour,1983,87(3):157-182.
[20]Haskell M,Wemelsfelder F,Mendl M T,et al.The effect of substrate-enriched and substrate-impoverished housing environments on the diversity of behaviour in pigs[J].Behaviour,1996,133(9):741-761.
[21]Wemelsfelder F,Haskell M,Mendl M T,et al.Diversity of behaviour during novel object tests is reduced in pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions[J].Animal Behaviour,2000,60(3):385-394.
[22]Schoenecker B,Heller K E,Freimanis T.Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareolus)and their laboratory-bred offspring:Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus[J].Applied animal behaviour science,2000,68(4):349-357.
[23]Ruckstuhl K E.Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep[J].Animal Behaviour,1998,56(1):99-106.
[24]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:科学技术出版社,2007:1-158.
[25]白康,任战军,王永奇,等.林麝泌香期性激素变化及其与泌香量的关系[J].中国兽医学报,2013,33(6):956-962.
[26]张保良.麝的驯养[M].北京:农业出版社,1979:20-43.
[27]李红亮,黎勇,周密,等.驯养马麝麝香产量及其影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2011,45(3):522-528.
[28]Homes V.On the scent:conserving musk deer:the uses of musk and Europe's role in its trade[M].Brussels:Traffic Europe,1999:1-30.
[29]Zhang B L.Musk-deer:their capture,domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods[J].Unasylva(FAO),1983,35:16-24.
[30]Cheng J G,Luo Y,Qiao M P,et al.The factors affecting musk secretion quantity in Moschus berezovskii[J].Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,2002,(3):15-18.
[31]Bai K,Ren Z J,Wang Y Q,Li F R,et al.An association with gonadal hormone level and musk yield in Moschus berezovskii during musk-secreting period[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science,2013,(6):30.
[32]Jie H,Feng X L,Zhao G J,et al.Research progress on musk secretion mechanism of forest musk deer[J].China journal of Chinese material medical,2014,39(23):4522-4525.