需求响应下解决交叉补贴的阶梯电价方案研究——基于社会福利最大化视角
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摘要
我国电价交叉补贴问题非常严重,其无论从经济效率还是公平上而言都是不合理的,必须尽快解决。通过对现行电价政策分析,阶梯电价政策可以解决交叉补贴问题,但现行方案效果不明显,因此需要调整。不仅如此,由于各档次用户对电价变化的需求响应程度存在差异,调整阶梯电价来解决交叉补贴的方案有许多,故存在一个社会福利最大化的解决方案。本文以社会福利最大化为目标,调整各档用户的电价,同时引入拉格朗日函数,设计出最优解决交叉补贴问题的阶梯电价方案,得到各档相应的电价比值。结果表明,当分档电价比值为1:1.62:2.41时社会福利存在极大值,此时阶梯电价方案是众多方案中的最优方案,社会福利全年增加约为702.00亿元。此方案在解决交叉补贴问题的基础上还兼顾了用户间公平和承受能力,对当前电价改革具有重要参考价值。
The problem of cross-subsidy of electricity price in China is very serious,which is unreasonable in both economic efficiency and fairness.By analyzing the current electricity price policy,it is found that the tiered pricing for electricity can solve the cross-subsidy problem,but the effect of current scheme is not obvious,and it needs to be adjusted.What's more,due to the difference in the demand response degree of users of different grades,there are many schemes to solve the cross-subsidy problem by adjusting the tiered pricing for electricity.And there is a solution to maximize social welfare.The aim of this paper is to maximize social welfare,adjust the price of electricity for each file user,and at the same time introduce the Lagrange function to design an optimal electricity price plan for solving cross-subsidy problems and obtaining the corresponding electricity price ratio for each file.The results show that social welfare has a maximum value when the ratio of the block tariff is 1:1.62:2.41.At this time,the ladder price scheme is the optimal one among many schemes,and the social welfare increased by about 70.2 billion yuan for the whole year.The fairness and affordability among users on the basis of solving cross-subsidy issues are considered in this solution.It has important reference value for current electricity price reform.
The problem of cross-subsidy of electricity price in China is very serious,which is unreasonable in both economic efficiency and fairness.By analyzing the current electricity price policy,it is found that the tiered pricing for electricity can solve the cross-subsidy problem,but the effect of current scheme is not obvious,and it needs to be adjusted.What's more,due to the difference in the demand response degree of users of different grades,there are many schemes to solve the cross-subsidy problem by adjusting the tiered pricing for electricity.And there is a solution to maximize social welfare.The aim of this paper is to maximize social welfare,adjust the price of electricity for each file user,and at the same time introduce the Lagrange function to design an optimal electricity price plan for solving cross-subsidy problems and obtaining the corresponding electricity price ratio for each file.The results show that social welfare has a maximum value when the ratio of the block tariff is 1:1.62:2.41.At this time,the ladder price scheme is the optimal one among many schemes,and the social welfare increased by about 70.2 billion yuan for the whole year.The fairness and affordability among users on the basis of solving cross-subsidy issues are considered in this solution.It has important reference value for current electricity price reform.
引文
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[18]Hung M F,Chie B T.The long-run performance of increasing-block pricing in Taiwan's residential electricity sector[J].Energy Policy,2017,109:782-793.
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[27]代业明,高岩,高红伟,等.基于需求响应的智能电网实时电价谈判模型[J].中国管理科学,2017,25(3):130-136.
[28]何丽红,廖茜,刘蒙蒙,等.两层供应链系统最优广告努力水平与直接价格折扣的博弈分析[J].中国管理科学,2017,25(2):130-138.
[29]曹裕,李业梅,万光羽.基于消费者效用的生鲜农产品供应链生鲜度激励机制研究[J].中国管理科学,2018,26(2):160-174.
[30]李媛,罗琴,宋依群,等.基于需求响应的居民分时阶梯电价档位制定方法研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2012,40(18):65-68+74.
[31]Freund C,Wallich C.Public-sector price reforms in transition economies:Who gains?Who loses?The case of household energy prices in poland[J].Economic Development&Cultural Change,1997,46(1):35-59.
[32]Lin Boqiang,Jiang Zhujun.Estimates of energy subsidies in China and impact of energy subsidy reform[J].Energy Economics,2011,33(2):273-283.
[2]李虹,董亮,谢明华.取消燃气和电力补贴对我国居民生活的影响[J].经济研究,2011,46(2):100-112.
[3]Faulhaber G R.Cross-subsidization:Pricing in public enterprises[J].American Economic Review,1975,65(5):966-977.
[4]Chattopadhyay P.Cross-subsidy in electricity tariffs:Evidence from India[J].Energy Policy,2004,32(5):673-684.
[5]林伯强,蒋竺均,林静.有目标的电价补贴有助于能源公平和效率[J].金融研究,2009,(11):1-18.
[6]叶泽,吴永飞,李成仁,等.我国销售电价交叉补贴的关键问题及解决办法[J].价格理论与实践,2017,(4):20-24.
[7]唐要家,杨健.销售电价隐性补贴及改革的经济影响研究[J].中国工业经济,2014,(12):5-17.
[8]Hoque S F,Wichelns D.State-of-the-art review:Designing urban water tariffs to recover costs and promote wise use[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,2013,29(3):472-491.
[9]Whittington Dale.Possible adverse effects of increasing block water tariffs in developing countries[J].Economic Development&Cultural Change,1992,41(1):75-87.
[10]孙传旺.阶梯电价改革是否实现了效率与公平的双重目标?[J].经济管理,2014,36(8):156-167.
[11]Lin Boqiang,Jiang Zhujun.Designation and influence of household increasing block electricity tariffs in China[J].Energy Policy,2012,42(2):164-173.
[12]Sun Chuanwang,Lin Boqiang.Reforming residential electricity tariff in China:Block tariffs pricing approach[J].Energy Policy,2013,60(6):741-752.
[13]Li Lanlan,Yao Yue,Yang Ranron,et al.Is it more effective to bring time-of-use pricing into increasing block tariffs?Evidence from evaluation of residential electricity price policy in Anhui province[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018.
[14]Gong Chengzhu,Yu Shiwei,Zhu Kejun,et al.Evaluating the influence of increasing block tariffs in residential gas sector using agent-based computational economics[J].Energy Policy,2016,92:334-347
[15]Barde J A,Lehmann P.Distributional effects of water tariff reforms-An empirical study for Lima,Peru[J].Water Resources&Economics,2014,6:30-57.
[16]Nauges C,Whittington D.Evaluating the Performance of Alternative Municipal Water Tariff Designs:Quantifying the Tradeoffs between Equity,Economic Efficiency,and Cost Recovery[J].World Development,2016,91:125-143.
[17]Whittington D,Nauges C,Fuente D,et al.A diagnostic tool for estimating the incidence of subsidies delivered by water utilities in low-and medium-income countries,with illustrative simulations[J].Utilities Policy,2015,34:70-81.
[18]Hung M F,Chie B T.The long-run performance of increasing-block pricing in Taiwan's residential electricity sector[J].Energy Policy,2017,109:782-793.
[19]陈剑,王自力.阶梯电价前沿问题研究---“全国阶梯电价理论与政策研讨会”观点综述[J].中国工业经济,2013,(12):71-77.
[20]张昕竹,刘自敏.分时与阶梯混合定价下的居民电力需求---基于DCC模型的分析[J].经济研究,2015,50(3):146-158.
[21]刘自敏,杨丹,冯永晟.递增阶梯定价政策评价与优化设计---基于充分统计量方法[J].经济研究,2017,52(3):181-194.
[22]Donadio D,Bernasconi M,Tassone F.On the inequity of flat-rate electricity tariffs[J].Energy Journal,2016,volume 37(13):399-404.
[23]Liu Chang,Lin Boqiang.Evaluating design of increasing block tariffs for residential natural gas in China:Acase study of henan province[J].Computational Economics,2017,(1):1-17.
[24]崔佳,孔英.工业行业间碳排放权分配的社会成本最小化综合决策模型研究[J].中国管理科学,2016,24(S1):890-895.
[25]OECD.World energy outlook 2009[J].International Energy Agency,2009,2010(1):3.
[26]刘思强,叶泽,于从文,等.我国分压分类电价交叉补贴程度及处理方式研究---基于天津市输配电价水平测算的实证分析[J].价格理论与实践,2016,(5):65-68.
[27]代业明,高岩,高红伟,等.基于需求响应的智能电网实时电价谈判模型[J].中国管理科学,2017,25(3):130-136.
[28]何丽红,廖茜,刘蒙蒙,等.两层供应链系统最优广告努力水平与直接价格折扣的博弈分析[J].中国管理科学,2017,25(2):130-138.
[29]曹裕,李业梅,万光羽.基于消费者效用的生鲜农产品供应链生鲜度激励机制研究[J].中国管理科学,2018,26(2):160-174.
[30]李媛,罗琴,宋依群,等.基于需求响应的居民分时阶梯电价档位制定方法研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2012,40(18):65-68+74.
[31]Freund C,Wallich C.Public-sector price reforms in transition economies:Who gains?Who loses?The case of household energy prices in poland[J].Economic Development&Cultural Change,1997,46(1):35-59.
[32]Lin Boqiang,Jiang Zhujun.Estimates of energy subsidies in China and impact of energy subsidy reform[J].Energy Economics,2011,33(2):273-283.