低C/N驯化生物絮团的自养和异养硝化性能研究
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摘要
为减少生物絮团培养过程中的碳源添加和溶氧消耗,节约成本,逐步将C/N比值从15降至7.9,进行低C/N驯化培养。在此基础上,对低碳条件下培育的生物絮团在无外加碳源和碳源充足时的氮去除、NO_2~--N积累、碱度消耗等情况进行了研究,综合评价其自养硝化(autotrophic nitrification,AN)和异养硝化-好氧反硝化(heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification,HN-AD)效能。结果表明,低C/N驯化的生物絮团具有较高的AN活性和HN-AD活性,对NH_4~+-N去除率分别达97.10%和100.00%。氨氧化过程为AN的限速步骤,比氨氧化速率为13.17 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),小于比亚硝酸盐氧化速率[29.20 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1)],HN-AD的比氨氧化速率达40.28 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),约为AN过程的3倍。由于同步硝化反硝化的存在,HN-AD的碱度消耗(3.34 g碱度·g~(-1)NH_4~+-N,以Ca CO_3计)小于AN(4.30 g碱度·g~(-1)NH_4~+-N),且HN-AD的TIN去除率达53.69%。HN-AD的NO_2~--N积累较多,最多达2.62 mg·L~(-1),积累率为46.37%,AN的NO_2~--N最高仅0.47 mg·L~(-1),积累率为3.31%。研究结果可为生物絮团定向驯化及其在水产养殖水处理中的应用提供理论参考。
With the development of aquaculture in China,problems about aquaculture pollution are becoming increasingly prominent.More and more attention are dedicated to aquaculture process in harmony with environment.Bio-floc technology(BFT)is one of the new aquaculture models to reduce nutrient emissions.Using the process of activated sludge in waste-water treatment,bacteria of bio-floc decompose organic and inorganic nitrogen in aquaculture water mainly through metabolic pathways of ammonification,nitrification and nitrogen assimilation.In most traditional conditions,BFT utilizes microbial assimilation as predominant metabolism pathway by adding carbohydrate.To reduce the addition of external carbon sources and consumption of dissolved oxygen,bio-floc was acclimated by gradually reducing C/N ratio from 15 to 7.9.Based on this,autotrophic nitrification(AN),heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification(HN-AD)performances were studied to evaluate the existence of these two biochemical processes and their removal efficiencies of inorganic nitrogen.The results showed that:bio-floc had the characteristics of high autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification activities after acclimating under low C/N ratio condition,with NH_4~+-N removal percentages of 97.10%and 100.00%,respectively.Ammonia oxidation stage was the ratedetermining step in AN process,and special ammonia oxidation rate of AN process achieved 13.17 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),slower than special nitrite oxidation rate of 29.20 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1).Heterotrophic special ammonia oxidation rate was 40.28 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),about 3 times of autotrophic special ammonia oxidation rate.Due to the existence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND),consumption of alkalinity and removal of TIN in HN-AD process were both higher in comparison with heterotrophic nitrification.In HN-AD process,3.34 g alkalinity was required with per g NH_4~+-N removed(calculated as Ca CO3),while 4.30 g alkalinity was needed in AN process.TIN removal in heterotrophic nitrification was53.69%.HN-AD process showed higher nitrite accumulation phenomenon,and the highest accumulation rate of nitrite reached 46.37%,while mass concentration of NO_2~--N was 2.62 mg·L~(-1).In AN process,nitrite accumulation rate was only 3.31%,and mass concentration of NO_2~--N was 0.47 mg·L~(-1).The study on AN and HN-AD process of bio-floc which was acclimated by low C/N ration which would provide theoretical preference for bacterial orientational cultivation and its application in aquaculture water treatment.
With the development of aquaculture in China,problems about aquaculture pollution are becoming increasingly prominent.More and more attention are dedicated to aquaculture process in harmony with environment.Bio-floc technology(BFT)is one of the new aquaculture models to reduce nutrient emissions.Using the process of activated sludge in waste-water treatment,bacteria of bio-floc decompose organic and inorganic nitrogen in aquaculture water mainly through metabolic pathways of ammonification,nitrification and nitrogen assimilation.In most traditional conditions,BFT utilizes microbial assimilation as predominant metabolism pathway by adding carbohydrate.To reduce the addition of external carbon sources and consumption of dissolved oxygen,bio-floc was acclimated by gradually reducing C/N ratio from 15 to 7.9.Based on this,autotrophic nitrification(AN),heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification(HN-AD)performances were studied to evaluate the existence of these two biochemical processes and their removal efficiencies of inorganic nitrogen.The results showed that:bio-floc had the characteristics of high autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification activities after acclimating under low C/N ratio condition,with NH_4~+-N removal percentages of 97.10%and 100.00%,respectively.Ammonia oxidation stage was the ratedetermining step in AN process,and special ammonia oxidation rate of AN process achieved 13.17 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),slower than special nitrite oxidation rate of 29.20 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1).Heterotrophic special ammonia oxidation rate was 40.28 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),about 3 times of autotrophic special ammonia oxidation rate.Due to the existence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND),consumption of alkalinity and removal of TIN in HN-AD process were both higher in comparison with heterotrophic nitrification.In HN-AD process,3.34 g alkalinity was required with per g NH_4~+-N removed(calculated as Ca CO3),while 4.30 g alkalinity was needed in AN process.TIN removal in heterotrophic nitrification was53.69%.HN-AD process showed higher nitrite accumulation phenomenon,and the highest accumulation rate of nitrite reached 46.37%,while mass concentration of NO_2~--N was 2.62 mg·L~(-1).In AN process,nitrite accumulation rate was only 3.31%,and mass concentration of NO_2~--N was 0.47 mg·L~(-1).The study on AN and HN-AD process of bio-floc which was acclimated by low C/N ration which would provide theoretical preference for bacterial orientational cultivation and its application in aquaculture water treatment.
引文
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[22]刘瑾瑾,袁悦,李夕耀,等.腐殖酸预处理对活性污泥中硝化菌活性的影响[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,49(8):15-19.LIU J J,YUAN Y,Li X Y,et al. Effect of pretreatment with humic acids on the activity of nitrifying bacteria in activated sludge[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,49(08):1-6.
[23]卞伟,李军,赵白航,等.硝化污泥中AOB/NOB对硝化特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2395-2401.BIAN W,LI J,ZHAO B H,et al. The effect of AOB/NOB in nitrifying sludge on nitrification characteristics[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2395-2401.
[24]高瑶远,彭永臻,包鹏,等.低溶解氧环境下全程硝化活性污泥的特性[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1769-1774.GAO Y Y, PENG Y Z, BAO P, et al. The characteristic of activated sludge in nitrifying low-DO reactor[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(5):1769-1774.
[25] WANG L K,ZENG G M,YANG Z H,et al.Operation of partial nitrification to nitrite of landfill leachate and its performance with respect to different oxygen conditions[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal,2014,87(12):62-68.
[26] EBELING J M,TIMMONS M B,BISOGNI J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J]. Aquaculture,2006,257(1-4):346-358.
[27] ZHANG X,ZHENG S,SUN J,et al. Elucidation of microbial nitrogen-transformation mechanisms in activated sludge by comprehensive evaluation of nitrogen-transformation activity[J]. Bioresource Technology,2017,234:15-22.
[28] CHEN J,HAN Y,WANG Y,et al. Start-up and microbial communities of a simultaneous nitrogen removal system for high salinity and high nitrogen organic wastewater via heterotrophic nitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:196-202.
[29] ZHAO J,FENG L,YANG G,et al. Development of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification(SND)in biofilm reactors with partially coupled a novel biodegradable carrier for nitrogen-rich water purification[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017,243:800-809.
[30]刘文畅,罗国芝,谭洪新,等.生物絮凝反应器对中试循环水养殖系统中污水的处理效果[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(8):184-191.LIU W C,LUO G Z,TAN H X,et al. Treatment efficiency of wastewater in pilot test of biofloc reactor in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(8):184-191.
[31]高大文,彭永臻,郑庆柱. SBR工艺中短程硝化反硝化的过程控制[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(11):13-18.GAO D W,PENG Y Z, ZHENG Q Z. Process control of shortcut nitrification-denitrification in sequencing batch reactor process[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2002,18(11):13-18.
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[2] LIU X,XU H,WANG X,et al. An ecological engineering pond aquaculture recirculating system for effluent purification and water quality control[J].Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica, 2014, 42(3):221-228.
[3] AAEN S M,HELGESEN K O,BAKKE M J,et al.Drug resistance in sea lice:a threat to salmonid aquaculture[J]. Trends in Parasitology,2015,31(2):72-81.
[4] ZHANG J,YANG X,KUANG D,et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in retail aquaculture products[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology,2015,210:47-52.
[5] CRAB R,DEFOIRDT T,BOSSIER P,et al. Biofloc technology in aquaculture:Beneficial effects and future challenges[J]. Aquaculture,2012,356-357(4):351-356.
[6] XU W J,PAN L Q,SUN X H,et al. Effects of bioflocs on water quality,and survival,growth and digestive enzyme activities of Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone)in zero-water exchange culture tanks[J].Aquaculture Research,2013,44(7):1093-1102.
[7]邓吉朋,黄建华,江世贵,等.生物絮团在斑节对虾养殖系统中的形成条件及作用效果[J].南方水产科学,2014,10(3):29-37.DENG J P, HUANG J H, JIANG S G, et al.Conditions for bio-floc formation and its effects on penaeus monodon culture system[J]. South China Fisheries Science,2014,10(3):29-37.
[8] AVNIMELECH Y. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems[J]. Aquaculture,1999,176(3–4):227-235.
[9] AVNIMELECH Y. Biofloc technology:A practical guide book[M]. Louisiana:The World Aquaculture Society,2012.
[10] COHEN J M,SAMOCHA T M,FOX J M,et al.Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools[J]. Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(3–4):425-442.
[11] CHOI K J,ZHANG S,SONG J H,et al. Aerobic denitrification by a heterotrophic nitrifying-aerobic denitrifying(HN-AD)culture enriched activated sludge[J]. Ksce Journal of Civil Engineering,2017,21(6):2113-2118.
[12]谭洪新,庞云,王潮辉,等.驯化硝化型生物絮体养殖南美白对虾的初步研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2017,26(4):490-500.TAN H X, PANG Y, WANG C H, et al.Preliminary study on domesticating nitrifying bio-flocs to Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2017,26(4):490-500.
[13]成小婷,罗国芝,谭洪新.以水产养殖固体废弃物水解产物为碳源的异养反硝化研究进展[J].渔业现代化,2013,40(6):36-39.CHENG X T,LUO G Z,TAN H X. Review of research on aquaculture solid waste hydrolysate as a carbon source of heterotrophic denitrification[J].Fishery Modernization,2013,40(6):36-39.
[14] METCALF E,BURTON F L,D S H,et al. Wastewater engineering:Treatment and reuse[M]. America:McGraw Hill,2003.
[15]赵培.生物絮团技术在海水养殖中的研究与应用[D].上海:上海海洋大学,2011:7-9.ZHAO P. The study and application of bioflocs technology in seawater aquaculture[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Ocean University,2011:7-9.
[16]林燕,孔海南,王茸影,等.异养硝化作用的主要特点及其研究动向[J].环境科学,2008,29(11):3291-3296.LIN Y, KONG H N, WANG R Y, et al.Characteristic and prospects of heterotrophic nitrification[J]. Environmental Science,2008,29(11):3291-3296.
[17]陈家长,臧学磊,胡庚东,等.氨氮胁迫下罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)机体免疫力的变化及其对海豚链球菌易感性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):629-634.CHEN J C,ZANG X L, HU G D, et al. The immune response of GIFT Oreochromis niloticus and its susceptibility to Streptococcus iniae under stress in different ammonia[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(4):629-634.
[18]陈家长,臧学磊,孟顺龙,等.亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(5):897-901.CHEN J C,ZANG X L,MENG S L,et al. Effect of nitrite nitrogen stress on the activities of nonspecific immune enzymes in serum of tilapia(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(5):897-901.
[19]韩春艳,郑清梅,陈桂丹,等.氨氮胁迫对奥尼罗非鱼非特异性免疫的影响[J].南方水产科学,2014,10(3):47-52.HAN C Y,ZHENG Q M,CHEN G D,et al. Effect of ammonia-N stress on non-specific immunity of tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus×O. areus)[J].South China Fisheries Science,2014,10(3):47-52.
[20]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.The State Environmental Protection Adminstration.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method[M]. Fourth Edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[21]刘宏,彭永臻,卢炯元,等.温度对间歇曝气SBR短程硝化及硝化活性的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4656-4663.LIU H,PENG Y Z,LU J Y,et al. Effects of Temperature on shortcut nitrification and activity of nitrification in intermittent aeration SBR[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4656-4663.
[22]刘瑾瑾,袁悦,李夕耀,等.腐殖酸预处理对活性污泥中硝化菌活性的影响[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2017,49(8):15-19.LIU J J,YUAN Y,Li X Y,et al. Effect of pretreatment with humic acids on the activity of nitrifying bacteria in activated sludge[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2017,49(08):1-6.
[23]卞伟,李军,赵白航,等.硝化污泥中AOB/NOB对硝化特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2395-2401.BIAN W,LI J,ZHAO B H,et al. The effect of AOB/NOB in nitrifying sludge on nitrification characteristics[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2395-2401.
[24]高瑶远,彭永臻,包鹏,等.低溶解氧环境下全程硝化活性污泥的特性[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1769-1774.GAO Y Y, PENG Y Z, BAO P, et al. The characteristic of activated sludge in nitrifying low-DO reactor[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(5):1769-1774.
[25] WANG L K,ZENG G M,YANG Z H,et al.Operation of partial nitrification to nitrite of landfill leachate and its performance with respect to different oxygen conditions[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal,2014,87(12):62-68.
[26] EBELING J M,TIMMONS M B,BISOGNI J J.Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture systems[J]. Aquaculture,2006,257(1-4):346-358.
[27] ZHANG X,ZHENG S,SUN J,et al. Elucidation of microbial nitrogen-transformation mechanisms in activated sludge by comprehensive evaluation of nitrogen-transformation activity[J]. Bioresource Technology,2017,234:15-22.
[28] CHEN J,HAN Y,WANG Y,et al. Start-up and microbial communities of a simultaneous nitrogen removal system for high salinity and high nitrogen organic wastewater via heterotrophic nitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:196-202.
[29] ZHAO J,FENG L,YANG G,et al. Development of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification(SND)in biofilm reactors with partially coupled a novel biodegradable carrier for nitrogen-rich water purification[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017,243:800-809.
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