锚定效应助推国民身心健康:两个现场实验
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摘要
从高个体关联且激发深度加工的锚值设计思路出发,在老年人及青少年身心健康领域开展现场助推实验,探索内部锚与精细锚的设计方法及其有效性。实验1探讨积极怀旧内部锚对老年人情绪状态和幸福感的影响。采用两因素混合设计,通过10周怀旧故事分享建立老年人积极怀旧内部锚(积极怀旧故事数),检验积极怀旧内部锚对情绪状态及幸福感的作用。结果显示,积极怀旧组的积极情绪及幸福感水平显著高于自由怀旧组。实验2探讨精细锚对中学生体育活动坚持性的影响。被试分别阅读精细锚、粗略区间锚和无锚条件的个性化"激励贴士"后进行体育活动测试,结果发现,精细锚组坚持激励度自评及成绩提升比均高于其他组。综合分析表明,内部锚和精细锚设计能够对人们身心健康起到积极助推作用。锚值与个体关联且激发深度加工,进而引发情绪情感及动机变化是产生影响的机制。本研究对于提升老年人和青少年身心健康及丰富其途径和方法具有现实意义。
Anchoring effect refers to the phenomenon that a target estimation was influenced by the numerical anchor value in the way that the final judgment would be close to the anchor value. Previous studies have found that external anchor could improve ones' attitudes and behaviors that may promote their physical and mental health. However, studies about other anchor types were not being found in the literature. Anchor values that are highly personally relevant can stimulate deep processing. The current study integrated anchor value with prevention science, conducted two on-site experiments that focused on the physical and mental health of older adults and adolescents, and explored design options of internal anchors and fine anchors and their effectiveness in improving outcomes. Experiment 1 examined the effect of positive nostalgia on the emotional state and well-being of older adults. A two-factor mixed design was adopted. A positive nostalgic internal anchor(the number of positive reminiscences) was built through 10-week nostalgic story sharing. 80 senior citizens participated in 10 weeks' interventions of compelling narrative life sharing(positive nostalgia condition) and collecting life stories(free nostalgia condition). The subjects shared two stories per week about different topics. The first experiment tested whether the positive nostalgia of internal anchors had any effect on positive emotions and happiness. The results showed that, the number of pleasant and inspirational stories(positive internal anchor) in positive nostalgia group was significantly higher than those in the free nostalgia group. The positive mood and well-being of the positive nostalgia group(intervention group) were significantly higher than those of the free nostalgia group(control). Experiment 2 examined the influence of fine anchor on persistence of physical activity among middle school students. There were three study conditions: fine anchors, rough interval anchors and no anchors. According to their base line performance in plank and 2 minutes rope skipping, 180 adolescents were divided into 3 groups Individualized "motivation tips" were delivered before the second experiment. It was found that the self-reported persistence levels and improvement rates were higher among students in the fine anchor group than those of the other two groups. Results of comprehensive analysis showed that the designed internal anchors and fine anchors played an active role in promoting physical and mental health among older adults and adolescents. The study provided evidence that self-generating internal anchor or fine anchor for individual promotes positive attitudes and behaviors on physical and mental health. A possible mechanism of the effect could be that the anchor values were personally relevant and could stimulate deep processing, which in turn triggered changes in feelings, emotions, or motives. Results of the study have implications on practical significance for improving the physical and mental health of older adults and adolescents and for increasing ways and methods to improve their health.
Anchoring effect refers to the phenomenon that a target estimation was influenced by the numerical anchor value in the way that the final judgment would be close to the anchor value. Previous studies have found that external anchor could improve ones' attitudes and behaviors that may promote their physical and mental health. However, studies about other anchor types were not being found in the literature. Anchor values that are highly personally relevant can stimulate deep processing. The current study integrated anchor value with prevention science, conducted two on-site experiments that focused on the physical and mental health of older adults and adolescents, and explored design options of internal anchors and fine anchors and their effectiveness in improving outcomes. Experiment 1 examined the effect of positive nostalgia on the emotional state and well-being of older adults. A two-factor mixed design was adopted. A positive nostalgic internal anchor(the number of positive reminiscences) was built through 10-week nostalgic story sharing. 80 senior citizens participated in 10 weeks' interventions of compelling narrative life sharing(positive nostalgia condition) and collecting life stories(free nostalgia condition). The subjects shared two stories per week about different topics. The first experiment tested whether the positive nostalgia of internal anchors had any effect on positive emotions and happiness. The results showed that, the number of pleasant and inspirational stories(positive internal anchor) in positive nostalgia group was significantly higher than those in the free nostalgia group. The positive mood and well-being of the positive nostalgia group(intervention group) were significantly higher than those of the free nostalgia group(control). Experiment 2 examined the influence of fine anchor on persistence of physical activity among middle school students. There were three study conditions: fine anchors, rough interval anchors and no anchors. According to their base line performance in plank and 2 minutes rope skipping, 180 adolescents were divided into 3 groups Individualized "motivation tips" were delivered before the second experiment. It was found that the self-reported persistence levels and improvement rates were higher among students in the fine anchor group than those of the other two groups. Results of comprehensive analysis showed that the designed internal anchors and fine anchors played an active role in promoting physical and mental health among older adults and adolescents. The study provided evidence that self-generating internal anchor or fine anchor for individual promotes positive attitudes and behaviors on physical and mental health. A possible mechanism of the effect could be that the anchor values were personally relevant and could stimulate deep processing, which in turn triggered changes in feelings, emotions, or motives. Results of the study have implications on practical significance for improving the physical and mental health of older adults and adolescents and for increasing ways and methods to improve their health.
引文
Austin,A.(2016).The relationship between congruent dimensions of the self and nostalgia(Unpublished doctorial dissertation).Iowa State University.
Baldwin,M.,&Landau,M.J.(2014).Exploring nostalgia's influence on psychological growth.Self and Identity,13(2),162-177.
Chen,A.(2015).Operationalizing physical literacy for learners:Embodying the motivation to move.Journal of Sport and Health Science,4(2),125-131.
Desharnais,R.,Bouillon,J.,&Godin,G.(1986).Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as determinants of exercise adherence.Psychological Reports,59,1155-1159.
Dogerlioglu-Demir,K.,&Kocas,C.(2015).Seemingly incidental anchoring:The effect of incidental environmental anchors on consumers’willingness to pay.Marketing Letters,26(4),607-618.
Dollman,J.,&Levine,W.H.(2016).Rapid communication:The mental number line dominates alternative,explicit coding of number magnitude.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,69(3),403-409.
Grove,J.R.,&Prapavessis,H.(1992).Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states.International Journal of Sport Psychology,23(2),93-109.
Holst,G.S.,Hermann,D.,&Musshoff,O.(2015).Anchoring effects in an experimental auction-Are farmers anchored?Journal of Economic Psychology,48,106-117.
Huang,X.L.(2006).Physical education psychology.Chongqing:Southwest China Normal University Press.[黄晓灵.(2006).体育教学心理学.重庆:西南师范大学出版社.]
Janiszewski,C.,&Uy,D.(2008).Precision of the anchor influences the amount of adjustment.Psychological Science,19(2),121-127.
Kahneman,D.,&Frederick,S.(2002).Representativeness revisited:Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.In T.Gilovich,D.Griffin,&D.Kahneman(Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive judgment(pp.49-81).New York,NY,US:Cambridge University Press.
Kozma,A.,&Stones,M.J.(1980).The measurement of happiness:Development of the memorial university of New Found Land scale of happiness(MUNSH).Journal of Gerontology,35(6),906-912.
Li,B.,Xu,F.M.,Zhang,J.W.,Liu,T.F.,Jiang,D.,&Deng,Z.J.(2012).The anchoring effects in differential sources of anchors information:How experimenter provided anchors and self-generated anchors affect dual-processing model selective accessibility model.Psychological Science,35(1),171-176.[李斌,徐富明,张军伟,刘腾飞,蒋多,邓子鹃.(2012).内在锚与外在锚对锚定效应及其双加工机制的影响.心理科学,35(1),171-176.]
Li,M.S.,&Han,B.X.(2012).Trends of detection rate of depression in urban elderly.Chinese Journal of Gerontology,32(16),3496-3499.[李晓敏,韩布新.(2012).城市老年人抑郁症状检出率随年代的变化趋势.中国老年学杂志,32(16),3496-3499.]
Li,S.(2016).Neither"carrot"nor"stick":A new shortcut to nudge social development.Management Insights.(2016-08-15).[李纾.(2016).既非“胡萝卜”也非“大棒”:助推社会发展的一条新捷径.管理视野.(2016-08-15)]
Mandera,P.,Keuleers,E.,&Brysbaert,M.(2017).Explaining human performance in psycholinguistic tasks with models of semantic similarity based on prediction and counting:Areview and empirical validation.Journal of Memory and Language,92,57-78.
Nie,Y.Z.,Wei,P.Y.,Peng,Y.S.,&Ding,L.(2007).The development of the adolescents'self-consciousness scale.Psychological Science,30(2),411-414.[聂衍刚,张卫,彭以松,丁莉.(2007).青少年自我意识的功能结构及测评的研究.心理科学,30(2),411-414.]
Pelletier,L.G.,Fortier,M.S.,Vallerand,R.J.,&Brière,N.M.(2001).Associations among perceived autonomy support,forms of self-regulation,and persistence:A prospective study.Motivation and Emotion,25(4),279-306.
Perlman,D.(2013).The influence of the social context on students in-class physical activity.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,32(1),46-60.
Petty,R.E.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(1986).The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,19,123-205.
Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2008).Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.Behavior Research Methods,40(3),879-891.
Qu,C.,Zhou,L.M.,&Luo,Y.J.(2008).The mental scale in anchoring effects:Evidence from event-related potentials.Acta Psychologica Sinica,40(6),681-692.[曲琛,周立明,罗跃嘉.(2008).锚定判断中的心理刻度效应:来自ERP的证据.心理学报,40(6),681-692.]
Russo,J.E.(2010).Understanding the effect of a numerical anchor.Journal of Consumer Psychology,20(1),25-27.
Schl?pfer,F.,&Schmitt,M.(2007).Anchors,endorsements,and preferences:A field experiment.Resource and Energy Economics,29(3),229-243.
Schnake,M.E.,Bushardt,S.C.,&Spottwood,C.(1984).Internal work motivation and intrinsic job satisfaction:The effects of goal clarity,goal difficulty,participation in goal setting,and task complexity.Group&Organization Studies,9(2),201-219.
Sedikides,C.,&Wildschut,T.(2018).Finding meaning in nostalgia.Review of General Psychology,22(1),48-61.
Standage,M.,Duda,J.L.,&Ntoumanis,N.(2005).A test of self-determination theory in school physical education.British Journal of Educational Psychology,75(3),411-433.
Strack,F.,Martin,L.L.,&Schwarz,N.(1988).Priming and communication:Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction.European Journal of Social Psychology,18(5),429-442.
Thaler,R.H.,&Sunstein,C.R.(2008).Nudge:Improving decisions about health,wealth and happiness.Yale:Yale University Press.
Tversky,A.,&Kahneman,D.(1975).Judgment under uncertainty:Heuristics and biases.Science,185,1124-1131.
Wang,X.Z.(2013).Anchoring effect in judgment and decisionmaking.Tianjin:Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press.[王晓庄.(2013).判断与决策中的锚定效应.天津:天津社会科学院出版社.]
Wegener,D.T.,Petty,R.E.,Blankenship,K.L.,&DetweilerBedell,B.(2010).Elaboration and numerical anchoring:Implications of attitude theories for consumer judgment and decision making.Journal of Consumer Psychology,20,5-16.
Wegener,D.T.,Petty,R.E.,Detweiler-Bedell,B.T.,&Jarvis,W.B.G.(2001).Implications of attitude change theories for numerical anchoring:Anchor plausibility and the limits of anchor effectiveness.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,37(1),62-69.
Wildschut,T.,Sedikides,C.,Arndt,J.,&Routledge,C.(2006).Nostalgia:Content,triggers,functions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(5),975-993.
Xue,J.,&Huang,X.T.(2011).The psychological research of nostalgia.Advances in Psychological Science,19(4),608-616.[薛婧,黄希庭.(2011).怀旧心理研究述评.心理科学进展,19(4),608-616.]
Yang,D.J.,&Ma,T.K.E.(2011).Exploring anchoring and communication effects from message manipulation:An experimental study about recycling.Pan-Pacific Management Review,14(2),79-108.
Yang,J.,&Su,Y.J.(2009).The goal clarity in flies high pulls out strikes of tennis exercise.Journal of Jilin Institute of Physical Education,25(4),47-48.[杨剑,苏玉金.(2009).目标清晰度在网球练习凌空抽击中的应用研究.吉林体育学院学报,25(4),47-48.]
Zhu,B.L.(1995).Brief introduction of POMS scale and its model for China.Journal of Tianjin Institute of Physical Education,10(1),35-37.[祝蓓里.(1995).POMS量表及简式中国常模简介.天津体育学院学报,10(1),35-37.]
Baldwin,M.,&Landau,M.J.(2014).Exploring nostalgia's influence on psychological growth.Self and Identity,13(2),162-177.
Chen,A.(2015).Operationalizing physical literacy for learners:Embodying the motivation to move.Journal of Sport and Health Science,4(2),125-131.
Desharnais,R.,Bouillon,J.,&Godin,G.(1986).Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as determinants of exercise adherence.Psychological Reports,59,1155-1159.
Dogerlioglu-Demir,K.,&Kocas,C.(2015).Seemingly incidental anchoring:The effect of incidental environmental anchors on consumers’willingness to pay.Marketing Letters,26(4),607-618.
Dollman,J.,&Levine,W.H.(2016).Rapid communication:The mental number line dominates alternative,explicit coding of number magnitude.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,69(3),403-409.
Grove,J.R.,&Prapavessis,H.(1992).Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states.International Journal of Sport Psychology,23(2),93-109.
Holst,G.S.,Hermann,D.,&Musshoff,O.(2015).Anchoring effects in an experimental auction-Are farmers anchored?Journal of Economic Psychology,48,106-117.
Huang,X.L.(2006).Physical education psychology.Chongqing:Southwest China Normal University Press.[黄晓灵.(2006).体育教学心理学.重庆:西南师范大学出版社.]
Janiszewski,C.,&Uy,D.(2008).Precision of the anchor influences the amount of adjustment.Psychological Science,19(2),121-127.
Kahneman,D.,&Frederick,S.(2002).Representativeness revisited:Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.In T.Gilovich,D.Griffin,&D.Kahneman(Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive judgment(pp.49-81).New York,NY,US:Cambridge University Press.
Kozma,A.,&Stones,M.J.(1980).The measurement of happiness:Development of the memorial university of New Found Land scale of happiness(MUNSH).Journal of Gerontology,35(6),906-912.
Li,B.,Xu,F.M.,Zhang,J.W.,Liu,T.F.,Jiang,D.,&Deng,Z.J.(2012).The anchoring effects in differential sources of anchors information:How experimenter provided anchors and self-generated anchors affect dual-processing model selective accessibility model.Psychological Science,35(1),171-176.[李斌,徐富明,张军伟,刘腾飞,蒋多,邓子鹃.(2012).内在锚与外在锚对锚定效应及其双加工机制的影响.心理科学,35(1),171-176.]
Li,M.S.,&Han,B.X.(2012).Trends of detection rate of depression in urban elderly.Chinese Journal of Gerontology,32(16),3496-3499.[李晓敏,韩布新.(2012).城市老年人抑郁症状检出率随年代的变化趋势.中国老年学杂志,32(16),3496-3499.]
Li,S.(2016).Neither"carrot"nor"stick":A new shortcut to nudge social development.Management Insights.(2016-08-15).[李纾.(2016).既非“胡萝卜”也非“大棒”:助推社会发展的一条新捷径.管理视野.(2016-08-15)]
Mandera,P.,Keuleers,E.,&Brysbaert,M.(2017).Explaining human performance in psycholinguistic tasks with models of semantic similarity based on prediction and counting:Areview and empirical validation.Journal of Memory and Language,92,57-78.
Nie,Y.Z.,Wei,P.Y.,Peng,Y.S.,&Ding,L.(2007).The development of the adolescents'self-consciousness scale.Psychological Science,30(2),411-414.[聂衍刚,张卫,彭以松,丁莉.(2007).青少年自我意识的功能结构及测评的研究.心理科学,30(2),411-414.]
Pelletier,L.G.,Fortier,M.S.,Vallerand,R.J.,&Brière,N.M.(2001).Associations among perceived autonomy support,forms of self-regulation,and persistence:A prospective study.Motivation and Emotion,25(4),279-306.
Perlman,D.(2013).The influence of the social context on students in-class physical activity.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,32(1),46-60.
Petty,R.E.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(1986).The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,19,123-205.
Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2008).Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.Behavior Research Methods,40(3),879-891.
Qu,C.,Zhou,L.M.,&Luo,Y.J.(2008).The mental scale in anchoring effects:Evidence from event-related potentials.Acta Psychologica Sinica,40(6),681-692.[曲琛,周立明,罗跃嘉.(2008).锚定判断中的心理刻度效应:来自ERP的证据.心理学报,40(6),681-692.]
Russo,J.E.(2010).Understanding the effect of a numerical anchor.Journal of Consumer Psychology,20(1),25-27.
Schl?pfer,F.,&Schmitt,M.(2007).Anchors,endorsements,and preferences:A field experiment.Resource and Energy Economics,29(3),229-243.
Schnake,M.E.,Bushardt,S.C.,&Spottwood,C.(1984).Internal work motivation and intrinsic job satisfaction:The effects of goal clarity,goal difficulty,participation in goal setting,and task complexity.Group&Organization Studies,9(2),201-219.
Sedikides,C.,&Wildschut,T.(2018).Finding meaning in nostalgia.Review of General Psychology,22(1),48-61.
Standage,M.,Duda,J.L.,&Ntoumanis,N.(2005).A test of self-determination theory in school physical education.British Journal of Educational Psychology,75(3),411-433.
Strack,F.,Martin,L.L.,&Schwarz,N.(1988).Priming and communication:Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction.European Journal of Social Psychology,18(5),429-442.
Thaler,R.H.,&Sunstein,C.R.(2008).Nudge:Improving decisions about health,wealth and happiness.Yale:Yale University Press.
Tversky,A.,&Kahneman,D.(1975).Judgment under uncertainty:Heuristics and biases.Science,185,1124-1131.
Wang,X.Z.(2013).Anchoring effect in judgment and decisionmaking.Tianjin:Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press.[王晓庄.(2013).判断与决策中的锚定效应.天津:天津社会科学院出版社.]
Wegener,D.T.,Petty,R.E.,Blankenship,K.L.,&DetweilerBedell,B.(2010).Elaboration and numerical anchoring:Implications of attitude theories for consumer judgment and decision making.Journal of Consumer Psychology,20,5-16.
Wegener,D.T.,Petty,R.E.,Detweiler-Bedell,B.T.,&Jarvis,W.B.G.(2001).Implications of attitude change theories for numerical anchoring:Anchor plausibility and the limits of anchor effectiveness.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,37(1),62-69.
Wildschut,T.,Sedikides,C.,Arndt,J.,&Routledge,C.(2006).Nostalgia:Content,triggers,functions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(5),975-993.
Xue,J.,&Huang,X.T.(2011).The psychological research of nostalgia.Advances in Psychological Science,19(4),608-616.[薛婧,黄希庭.(2011).怀旧心理研究述评.心理科学进展,19(4),608-616.]
Yang,D.J.,&Ma,T.K.E.(2011).Exploring anchoring and communication effects from message manipulation:An experimental study about recycling.Pan-Pacific Management Review,14(2),79-108.
Yang,J.,&Su,Y.J.(2009).The goal clarity in flies high pulls out strikes of tennis exercise.Journal of Jilin Institute of Physical Education,25(4),47-48.[杨剑,苏玉金.(2009).目标清晰度在网球练习凌空抽击中的应用研究.吉林体育学院学报,25(4),47-48.]
Zhu,B.L.(1995).Brief introduction of POMS scale and its model for China.Journal of Tianjin Institute of Physical Education,10(1),35-37.[祝蓓里.(1995).POMS量表及简式中国常模简介.天津体育学院学报,10(1),35-37.]