高科技产业竞争的国际政治经济学分析
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摘要
只有在生产过程中发生地位(生产关系)的变化,才会实现生产者权力与利益的变化。同样在国际层面,国家只有在国际分工体系中提升地位,才能实现其在世界经济政治中地位的变化。科学技术作为第一生产力是这种变革的最重要动力。由于新技术产业具有国际分工再组织的作用,目前在国际分工生产体系占据优势地位的发达国家不断强化对知识产权的保护,维护对核心技术的垄断,这既是维护既定国际分工体系的需要,更是维护既定国际利益分配和国际关系权力格局的需要。中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会提出新时代的总任务是实现现代化强国梦,完成中华民族的伟大复兴,其中一个重要的物质基础就是中国必须在国际分工体系中实现从中低端向高端的转型升级。在这一过程中,中国必然会遭遇来自传统上引领国际分工的发达国家的阻挠。这就是近来中国与美国高技术产业贸易纷争的最深刻的背景。只有从国际分工和国际生产关系的角度来审视中美围绕高技术产业政策的贸易纷争,才能洞察其背后的根本原因,发现其对中国发展的重要意义。
One focus of current Sino-American quarrel over trade is concerned with high-tech sector. Rising of China in high-tech sector is accused by America of benefitting from the industrial policies of China's government and theft of American firm's intellectual property right( IPR),which becomes unfair trade between China and the United States. Correspondingly,the U. S. has also taken some measures to block out China's high-tech products,such as 5 G,home and abroad. The paper,against the background,explores why America is worried about the China's challenge in high-tech sector and what it means to America and China in future. Based upon Schumpeter's theory of economic development and Marx's theory of organic composition of capital,the authors point out that high-tech sector is one of origins of innovation which may trigger the change in a country's position of international labor of division,and resultant change in the distribution of the world economy and power structure. The development of high-tech sector needs heavy investment, which naturally forms high organic composition of capital. As a result,high-tech firms require scale of economy and strict regime of IPR to guarantee the profit rate and rent. By the investigation of history,the authors find that developments of western countries in high-tech obtained government's support in money and policy without exception,for market mechanism does not apply to the development of high-tech sector. Consequently,the paper's conclusion is that the U.S. block of China's rise in high-tech is for both political and economic purposes: politically holding back China's challenge to American hegemony and economically protecting economic gains of America. The America's practice to China's rising in high-tech sector hampers the realization of Chinese dream that makes China one of the strongest powers in the world,inhibiting China's going up from low to top position in internationally hierarchical labor of division.
One focus of current Sino-American quarrel over trade is concerned with high-tech sector. Rising of China in high-tech sector is accused by America of benefitting from the industrial policies of China's government and theft of American firm's intellectual property right( IPR),which becomes unfair trade between China and the United States. Correspondingly,the U. S. has also taken some measures to block out China's high-tech products,such as 5 G,home and abroad. The paper,against the background,explores why America is worried about the China's challenge in high-tech sector and what it means to America and China in future. Based upon Schumpeter's theory of economic development and Marx's theory of organic composition of capital,the authors point out that high-tech sector is one of origins of innovation which may trigger the change in a country's position of international labor of division,and resultant change in the distribution of the world economy and power structure. The development of high-tech sector needs heavy investment, which naturally forms high organic composition of capital. As a result,high-tech firms require scale of economy and strict regime of IPR to guarantee the profit rate and rent. By the investigation of history,the authors find that developments of western countries in high-tech obtained government's support in money and policy without exception,for market mechanism does not apply to the development of high-tech sector. Consequently,the paper's conclusion is that the U.S. block of China's rise in high-tech is for both political and economic purposes: politically holding back China's challenge to American hegemony and economically protecting economic gains of America. The America's practice to China's rising in high-tech sector hampers the realization of Chinese dream that makes China one of the strongest powers in the world,inhibiting China's going up from low to top position in internationally hierarchical labor of division.
引文
(1)Immanuel Wallenstein,“The Capitalist World Economy,”in Marc Genest,ed.,Conflict and Cooperation:Evolving Theories of International Relations,Belmont:Watsworth/Thomson Learning,2004,pp.215-216.
(1)Peter Gowen,“Industrial Development and International Political Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism,”in Alexander Anievas,ed.,Marxism and World Politics,London:Routledge,2010,p.139.
(2)《美国人的5G战略》,https://www.sohu.com/a/240739041_611421,访问时间:2018年12月19日。
(1)Peter Gowen,“Industrial Development and International Political Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism,”p.142.
(2)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),北京:人民出版社1995年版,第68页。
(1)约瑟夫·熊彼特在《经济发展理论》中曾专门谈过信贷在创新中的作用,需要有远见的“资本家”的风险投资。参见Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry of Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,and Business Cycle,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1961,pp.68-74。
(2)Ricardo Hausmann and Dani Rodrik,“Doomed to Choose:Industrial Policy as Predicament,”Paper Presented at the Blue Sky Seminar,Center for International Development at Harvard University,September 9,2006,http://www.cid.harvard.edu/bluesky/papers/hausmann doomed_0609.pdf,访问时间:2018年10月14日。
(1)伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦著,孙立田等译:《现代世界体系》(第3卷),北京:高等教育出版社2000年版,第13-14页。
(2)Kenneth Flamm,Mismanaged Trade?Strategic Policy and the Semi-Conductor Industry,Washington D.C.:Brookings,1996,pp.36-39,p.147.
(1)Kenneth Flamm,Mismanaged Trade?Strategic Policy and the Semi-Conductor Industry,p.36,p.185,p.195.
(2)本文中的生产综合理论主要来源于对下列文献的概括:John Dunning,“The Eclectic(OLI)Paradigm of International Production:Past,Present and Future,”International Journal of the Economics of Business,Vol.8,No.2,2001,pp.173-190。
(1)有关“产品周期理论”的详细阐述可参见Raymond Vernon,“International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle,”Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.80,No.2,1966,pp.190-207。后来雷蒙德·弗农在1971年出版的《主权的困境》(Raymond Vernon,Sovereignty at Bay,New York:Basic Books,1971)一书中,又把产品周期与跨国生产联系起来,并对此进行了深入分析。
(1)Charles Lipson,“The Transformation of Trade:The Sources and Effects of Regime Change,”International Organization,Vol.36,No.4,1982,pp.428-429.
(2)Charles Lipson,“The Transformation of Trade:The Sources and Effects of Regime Change,”p.433.
(3)Charles Lipson,“The Transformation of Trade:The Sources and Effects of Regime Change,”p.445.
(1)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨著,雷达等译:《让全球化造福人类》,北京:中国人民大学出版社2011年版,第108页。
(2)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨:《让全球化造福人类》,第106-107页。
(3)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨:《让全球化造福人类》,第103-105页。
(1)The World Intellectual Property Report 2017(WIPR 2017),http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/zh/wipo_pub_944_2017.pdf,访问时间:2018年12月12日。
(2)罗伯特·诺齐克著,何怀宏等译:《无政府、国家与乌托邦》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1991年版,第180、183-187页。
(3)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨:《让全球化造福人类》,第96页。
(1)Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry of Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,and Business Cycle,p.66.
(2)Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry of Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,and Business Cycle,p.67.
(1)Peter Gowen,“Industrial Development and International Political Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism,”p.140.
(1)中国外交部网站,https://new.fmprc.gov.cn/web/chn/fyrth_673021/t1633414.shtml,访问时间:2019年1月30日。
(1)习近平:《决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利---在中国共产党第十九次全国人民代表大会上的讲话》,北京:人民出版社2017年版,第31页。
(2)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),第79页。
(3)生产关系、生产的社会关系和生产的权力关系是一个问题的三种不同表达方式。生产过程中体现的主导-从属关系就是权力关系。参见Robert W.Cox,Production,Power,and World Older,New York:Columbia University Press,1987,pp.12-13。
(4)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第2卷),北京:人民出版社1995年版,第32页。
(5)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),第32页。
(1)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),第276-277页。
(2)Theotonio Dos Santos,“The Structure of Dependence,”in Marc Genest,ed.,Conflict and Cooperation:Evolving Theories of International Relations,Beijing:Peking University Press,2003,pp.263-264,p.266.虽然桑多斯是在20世纪70年代提出这一观点,但目前全球生产链中这种技术的控制并没有改变,反而更加突出。
(1)罗伯特·吉尔平著,杨宇光等译:《国际关系政治经济学》,北京:经济科学出版社1989年版,第195页。
(1)Peter Gowen,“Industrial Development and International Political Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism,”in Alexander Anievas,ed.,Marxism and World Politics,London:Routledge,2010,p.139.
(2)《美国人的5G战略》,https://www.sohu.com/a/240739041_611421,访问时间:2018年12月19日。
(1)Peter Gowen,“Industrial Development and International Political Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism,”p.142.
(2)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),北京:人民出版社1995年版,第68页。
(1)约瑟夫·熊彼特在《经济发展理论》中曾专门谈过信贷在创新中的作用,需要有远见的“资本家”的风险投资。参见Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry of Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,and Business Cycle,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1961,pp.68-74。
(2)Ricardo Hausmann and Dani Rodrik,“Doomed to Choose:Industrial Policy as Predicament,”Paper Presented at the Blue Sky Seminar,Center for International Development at Harvard University,September 9,2006,http://www.cid.harvard.edu/bluesky/papers/hausmann doomed_0609.pdf,访问时间:2018年10月14日。
(1)伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦著,孙立田等译:《现代世界体系》(第3卷),北京:高等教育出版社2000年版,第13-14页。
(2)Kenneth Flamm,Mismanaged Trade?Strategic Policy and the Semi-Conductor Industry,Washington D.C.:Brookings,1996,pp.36-39,p.147.
(1)Kenneth Flamm,Mismanaged Trade?Strategic Policy and the Semi-Conductor Industry,p.36,p.185,p.195.
(2)本文中的生产综合理论主要来源于对下列文献的概括:John Dunning,“The Eclectic(OLI)Paradigm of International Production:Past,Present and Future,”International Journal of the Economics of Business,Vol.8,No.2,2001,pp.173-190。
(1)有关“产品周期理论”的详细阐述可参见Raymond Vernon,“International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle,”Quarterly Journal of Economics,Vol.80,No.2,1966,pp.190-207。后来雷蒙德·弗农在1971年出版的《主权的困境》(Raymond Vernon,Sovereignty at Bay,New York:Basic Books,1971)一书中,又把产品周期与跨国生产联系起来,并对此进行了深入分析。
(1)Charles Lipson,“The Transformation of Trade:The Sources and Effects of Regime Change,”International Organization,Vol.36,No.4,1982,pp.428-429.
(2)Charles Lipson,“The Transformation of Trade:The Sources and Effects of Regime Change,”p.433.
(3)Charles Lipson,“The Transformation of Trade:The Sources and Effects of Regime Change,”p.445.
(1)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨著,雷达等译:《让全球化造福人类》,北京:中国人民大学出版社2011年版,第108页。
(2)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨:《让全球化造福人类》,第106-107页。
(3)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨:《让全球化造福人类》,第103-105页。
(1)The World Intellectual Property Report 2017(WIPR 2017),http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/zh/wipo_pub_944_2017.pdf,访问时间:2018年12月12日。
(2)罗伯特·诺齐克著,何怀宏等译:《无政府、国家与乌托邦》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1991年版,第180、183-187页。
(3)约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨:《让全球化造福人类》,第96页。
(1)Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry of Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,and Business Cycle,p.66.
(2)Joseph Schumpeter,The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry of Profits,Capital,Credit,Interest,and Business Cycle,p.67.
(1)Peter Gowen,“Industrial Development and International Political Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism,”p.140.
(1)中国外交部网站,https://new.fmprc.gov.cn/web/chn/fyrth_673021/t1633414.shtml,访问时间:2019年1月30日。
(1)习近平:《决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利---在中国共产党第十九次全国人民代表大会上的讲话》,北京:人民出版社2017年版,第31页。
(2)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),第79页。
(3)生产关系、生产的社会关系和生产的权力关系是一个问题的三种不同表达方式。生产过程中体现的主导-从属关系就是权力关系。参见Robert W.Cox,Production,Power,and World Older,New York:Columbia University Press,1987,pp.12-13。
(4)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第2卷),北京:人民出版社1995年版,第32页。
(5)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),第32页。
(1)《马克思恩格斯选集》(第1卷),第276-277页。
(2)Theotonio Dos Santos,“The Structure of Dependence,”in Marc Genest,ed.,Conflict and Cooperation:Evolving Theories of International Relations,Beijing:Peking University Press,2003,pp.263-264,p.266.虽然桑多斯是在20世纪70年代提出这一观点,但目前全球生产链中这种技术的控制并没有改变,反而更加突出。
(1)罗伯特·吉尔平著,杨宇光等译:《国际关系政治经济学》,北京:经济科学出版社1989年版,第195页。