中国与欧盟金属产量及工业废水中重金属污染物排放区域和行业分布变化研究
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摘要
利用英国地质调查局、欧洲污染物排放和转移登记系统、《中国环境统计年鉴》和《中国环境统计年报》数据,对比分析中国与欧盟金属产量、工业废水中重金属排放的区域和行业分布、演变规律及原因。结果显示,1993—2014年中国黑色金属和有色金属产量快速增加,但工业废水中重金属减排却非常明显;生产方式的转变(清洁生产和循环经济)、生产技术的革新以及行业标准的变化促进了中国工业废水中重金属的减排;中国工业废水中不同重金属排放的区域和行业分布不同,相比之下,欧盟的排放区域和行业分布变化不大,且排放较为集中。欧盟在政策制定、监管方面值得中国学习借鉴。
Based on the data collected from the British Geological Survey, European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register, China Statistical Yearbook on Environment, and Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China, the variations of metal production, regional and industrial distributions of heavy metals discharge from industrial wastewater were compared for China and European Union. Although the metal production increased quickly from 1993 to 2014, the total discharge of heavy metals in wastewaters decreased. This is ascribed to the change in production modes, technology innovation, and improvement of wastewater discharge standard. The regional and industry distributions of heavy metals in wastewaters were different for different heavy metals. Whereas, the regional and industrial distributions of heavy metal discharges from industrial wastewaters of European Union change insignificantly from 2007 to 2013. Moreover, the European Union's experience in policy formulation and supervision will help China learn from it.
Based on the data collected from the British Geological Survey, European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register, China Statistical Yearbook on Environment, and Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China, the variations of metal production, regional and industrial distributions of heavy metals discharge from industrial wastewater were compared for China and European Union. Although the metal production increased quickly from 1993 to 2014, the total discharge of heavy metals in wastewaters decreased. This is ascribed to the change in production modes, technology innovation, and improvement of wastewater discharge standard. The regional and industry distributions of heavy metals in wastewaters were different for different heavy metals. Whereas, the regional and industrial distributions of heavy metal discharges from industrial wastewaters of European Union change insignificantly from 2007 to 2013. Moreover, the European Union's experience in policy formulation and supervision will help China learn from it.
引文
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[27]European Council.Council directive 83/513/EEC of26 September 1983 on limit values and quality objectives for cadmium discharges(daughter to 2006/11/EC)[EB/OL].(1983-09-26)[2016-05-08].http://rod.eionet.europa.eu/instruments/531
[28]李剑英,任海静.意大利水体环境保护先进经验与借鉴(一)水体环境质量监控与管理.建设科技,2012(16):69–70
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[2]中华人民共和国财政部经济建设司.2014年重金属污染防治专项资金支出预算公示[EB/OL].(2014-10-29)[2016-02-21].http://jjs.mof.gov.cn/zhengwu xinxi/tongzhigonggao/201410/t20141028_1154704.html
[3]吴文俊,蒋洪强.中国工业废水重金属排放的等标负荷特征分析.环境科学与技术,2012,35(11):180–185
[4]陈炳辉,韦慧晓,周永章.粤北大宝山多金属矿山的生态环境污染原因及治理途径.中国矿业,2006,15(6):40–42
[5]陈桂秋,曾光明,袁兴中,等.治理重金属污染河流底泥的生物淋滤技术.生态学杂志,2008,27(4):639–644
[6]刘成,邵世光,范成新,等.巢湖重污染汇流湾区沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价.中国环境科学,2014,34(4):1031–1037
[7]张建伟,魏金春.重金属污染防治立法论纲.环境与可持续发展,2014,39(1):60–62
[8]孙宁,卢然,赵云皓,等.重金属污染重点防控区综合防控模式与政策分析.环境与可持续发展,2015,40(2):33–36
[9]徐珍,郭小品,丁怀,等.欧盟重金属污染防治制度研究.环境污染与防治,2014,36(8):102–110
[10]李芸,张明顺.欧盟环境政策现状及对中国环境政策发展的启示.环境与可持续发展,2015,40(4):22–26
[11]Snape R H.Effects of mineral development on the economy.Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics,1977,21(3):147–156
[12]Tilton J E.Mineral wealth and economic development:resources for the future.Resources Policy,1993,19(1):81-82
[13]李文光.中国西部地区矿产资源概况.吉林地质,2002,21(3):106–112
[14]段绍甫,郭敏.2013年中国有色金属矿业运行概况.中国矿业,2014,23(2):5–7
[15]张寿荣,毕学工.中国炼铁的过去,现在与展望.炼铁,2015,34(5):1–6
[16]赫荣亮.近期铁矿石价格震荡筑底.中国金属通报,2011,48:30-31
[17]周平.新常态下中国铜资源供需前景分析与预测[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2015:1–15
[18]方彰训.中国锌工业的发展与思考.世界有色金属,1999(6):20-21
[19]徐传华.铅在现代工业中的应用.矿冶,1995,4(3):127–130
[20]娄永刚,彭涛.铅锌工业喜中有忧.中国有色金属,2014(9):75–77
[21]程春艳.经济转型背景下中国铝产业发展战略研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013:30–35
[22]J?rup L.Hazards of heavy metal contamination.British Medical Bulletin,2003,68(1):167–182
[23]European Council.Council directive 75/440/EEC of16 June 1975 concerning the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the member states[EB/OL].(1975-07-25)[2016-05-08].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31975L0440
[24]沈镭,高丽.中国西部能源及矿业开发与环境保护协调发展研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(10):17–23
[25]彭庆庆,罗岳平,邢宏霖,等.湖南省涉汞行业汞污染现状及防治监管对策.中国环境监测,2014,30(2):67–69
[26]European Council.Directive 2008/105/EC of 16December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy[EB/OL].(2008-12-24)[2016-05-08].http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Lex Uri Serv/Lex Uri Serv.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:348:0084:0097:en:PDF
[27]European Council.Council directive 83/513/EEC of26 September 1983 on limit values and quality objectives for cadmium discharges(daughter to 2006/11/EC)[EB/OL].(1983-09-26)[2016-05-08].http://rod.eionet.europa.eu/instruments/531
[28]李剑英,任海静.意大利水体环境保护先进经验与借鉴(一)水体环境质量监控与管理.建设科技,2012(16):69–70
[29]European Council.Council directive 76/464/EEC of 4May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community[EB/OL].(1976-05-18)[2016-05-08].http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dan gersub/lib_dang_substances.htm