加压训练和传统增肌训练对优秀男子手球运动员部分激素及生物活性因子的影响
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摘要
目的:探讨单次、多次加压训练与传统增肌训练,对优秀男子手球运动员与肌肉合成、分解相关的部分激素和生物活性因子的影响。方法:将18名优秀男子手球运动员按照年龄随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组在加压(下肢加压,加压带宽度5 cm,压力值:着装压45 mmHg,训练压200 mmHg)下完成每周3次的深蹲、硬拉、负重剪蹲和推雪橇车前行练习,对照组按照传统的训练方式训练。分别在首次训练前晨起(PRE)、训练后即刻(POST-0)、训练后次日晨(POST-1d)和连续训练两周后晨起(POST-14d)采集血液样本,检测睾酮、皮质醇、胰岛素、HGH、MSTN及IGF-1、IL-6、NOS等指标,进行组间和组内的对比分析。结果:1)HGH:与PRE相比(下同),实验组和对照组在POST-0分别上升962.2%(P<0.01)和568.2%(P<0.01),组间比较P<0.05;在POST-1d分别上升14.3%和0.3%;在POST-14d分别升高16.6%和8.7%。2)IGF-1:实验组和对照组在POST-0分别升高2.6%(P<0.05)和下降3.8%,在POST-1d分别下降2.7%和1.2%;在POST-14d分别下降1.6%和7.2%(P<0.01)。3)NOS:实验组在POST-0上升5.8%、POST-1d下降3.7%(P<0.01),而对照组为持续下降1.3%和7.4%,在POST-0,组间比较P<0.05;在POST-14d实验组和对照组分别下降11.8%(P<0.01)和16.3%(P<0.01)。4)睾酮:实验组和对照组在POST-0分别下降30.9%和35.3%;在POST-1d分别下降7.3%和9.7%;在POST-14d分别下降1.3%和5.6%,组间比较P<0.05。结论:对于竞技水平较高的运动员来说,与传统增肌训练相比,加压训练能更加有效地促进与肌肉合成相关的NOS、HGH等激素和生物活性因子的良性变化,且由于负荷相对较小,加压训练更有利于竞技状态的保持。加压训练值得在高水平运动队中推广和应用。为达到更好的训练效果,进行加压训练同样需要随着机体的适应而调整个体的训练压力和训练负荷。
Objective: To investigate the effects of single and multiple KAATSU training on some hormones and bioactive factors related to muscle synthesis composition of elite male handball players compared with traditional muscle hypertrophy training. Methods: 18 excellent male handball players were randomly divided into experimental group and control group according to their age. The experimental group completed squats, hard pull, weight shear squats and pushing sleigh cart forward exercises three times per week under pressure(lower limb pressure, pressure band width of 5 cm, pressure value: dressing pressure of 45 mmHg,under the inflatable pressure 200 mmHg). The control group was trained according to the traditional training method. Blood samples, testosterone, cortisol, insulin, growth hormone,myostatin, iris and insulin-like growth factor, interleukin-6, NO synthetase were detected in the morning of the first training(PRE), immediately after training(POST-0), next morning after training(POST-1d), and the morning after 2 weeks training(POST-14 d), respectively.Comparative analysis between and within groups was performed. Results: 1) Human growth hormone(HGH): Compared with PRE(same as below), experimental and control groups increased by 962.2%(P< 0.01) and 568.2%(P< 0.01) at POST-0, comparison between groups P< 0.05; at POST-1d, increased by 14.3% and 0.3%; at POST-14d increased by 16.6% and 8.7%. 2) Insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1): Experimental group decreased by 2.6%(P< 0.05)at POST-0, and by 2.7% at POST-1d, and Control group decreased by 3.8% and 1.2%. POST-14d experimental group decreased by 1.6%, and control group decreased by 7.2%(P< 0.01).3) NO synthase(NOS): Experimental group increased by 5.8% at POST-0, and decreased by 3.7% at POST-1d(P< 0.01). Control group continued to decrease by 1.3% and 7.4%, compared with group at POST-0 P< 0.05. At the time point of POST-14d, experimental and control group decreased by 11.8%(P< 0.01) and 16.3%(P< 0.01). 4) Testosterone(T): compared with PRE(Same as below), experimental and control group decreased by 30.9% and 35.3% at POST-0,by 7.3% and 9.7% at POST-1d, by 1.3% and 5.6% at POST-14d, respectively. Comparison between groups P< 0.05. Conclusion: For elite athletes, compared with the traditional muscle hypertrophy training, KAATSU training can effectively promote NOS associated with muscle synthesis, HGH and positive change of other hormones and bioactive factors. As the load is relatively small, KAATSU training is more advantageous to keep competitive state. KAATSU training, as a new training method, is very worthy of being popularized and applied in high-level sports teams. In order to achieve better training effect, KAATSU training also needs to adjust the individual training pressure and training load with the body's adaptation.
Objective: To investigate the effects of single and multiple KAATSU training on some hormones and bioactive factors related to muscle synthesis composition of elite male handball players compared with traditional muscle hypertrophy training. Methods: 18 excellent male handball players were randomly divided into experimental group and control group according to their age. The experimental group completed squats, hard pull, weight shear squats and pushing sleigh cart forward exercises three times per week under pressure(lower limb pressure, pressure band width of 5 cm, pressure value: dressing pressure of 45 mmHg,under the inflatable pressure 200 mmHg). The control group was trained according to the traditional training method. Blood samples, testosterone, cortisol, insulin, growth hormone,myostatin, iris and insulin-like growth factor, interleukin-6, NO synthetase were detected in the morning of the first training(PRE), immediately after training(POST-0), next morning after training(POST-1d), and the morning after 2 weeks training(POST-14 d), respectively.Comparative analysis between and within groups was performed. Results: 1) Human growth hormone(HGH): Compared with PRE(same as below), experimental and control groups increased by 962.2%(P< 0.01) and 568.2%(P< 0.01) at POST-0, comparison between groups P< 0.05; at POST-1d, increased by 14.3% and 0.3%; at POST-14d increased by 16.6% and 8.7%. 2) Insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1): Experimental group decreased by 2.6%(P< 0.05)at POST-0, and by 2.7% at POST-1d, and Control group decreased by 3.8% and 1.2%. POST-14d experimental group decreased by 1.6%, and control group decreased by 7.2%(P< 0.01).3) NO synthase(NOS): Experimental group increased by 5.8% at POST-0, and decreased by 3.7% at POST-1d(P< 0.01). Control group continued to decrease by 1.3% and 7.4%, compared with group at POST-0 P< 0.05. At the time point of POST-14d, experimental and control group decreased by 11.8%(P< 0.01) and 16.3%(P< 0.01). 4) Testosterone(T): compared with PRE(Same as below), experimental and control group decreased by 30.9% and 35.3% at POST-0,by 7.3% and 9.7% at POST-1d, by 1.3% and 5.6% at POST-14d, respectively. Comparison between groups P< 0.05. Conclusion: For elite athletes, compared with the traditional muscle hypertrophy training, KAATSU training can effectively promote NOS associated with muscle synthesis, HGH and positive change of other hormones and bioactive factors. As the load is relatively small, KAATSU training is more advantageous to keep competitive state. KAATSU training, as a new training method, is very worthy of being popularized and applied in high-level sports teams. In order to achieve better training effect, KAATSU training also needs to adjust the individual training pressure and training load with the body's adaptation.
引文
魏佳,李博,冯连世,等,2019a.血流限制训练的方法学因素及潜在安全性问题[J].中国体育科技,55(3):3-12.
魏佳,李博,杨威,等,2019b.血流限制训练的应用效果与作用机制[J].体育科学,39(4):71-80.
吴旸,李倩,包大鹏,等,2019.加压力量训练对下肢骨骼肌影响的Meta分析[J].中国体育科技,55(3):20-26.
朱亚林,金其贯,1996.力竭性运动对血清胰岛素的影响[J].标记免疫分析与临床,(1):42-43.
ABE T,YASUDA T,SATO Y,et al.,2004.Muscle size and IGF-1 increased after two weeks of low‐intensity“Kaatsu”resistance training[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,36(5):S353.
ABE T,YASUDA T,MIDORIKAWA T,et al.,2005.Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily“KAATSU”resistance training[J].Int J Kaatsu Training Res,1:6-12.
AHTIAINEN J P,PAKARINEN A,ALEN M,et al.,2003.Muscle hypertrophy,hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men[J].Eur JAppl Physiol,89(6):555-563.
AIMASHEVA N P,MANUKHINA E B,PSHENNIKOVA M G,et al.,1998.Donor of nitric oxide improves,while NO-synthase inhibitor impairs resistance and adaptation to strenous physical exercise[J].B Exp Biol Med,125(4):336-339.
A N A K W E O,1984.β2-adrenergic stimulation of androgen production by cultured mouse testicular interstitial cells[J].Life Sci,35(20):2041-2047.
BANG P,BRANDT J,DEGERBLAD M,et al.,1990.Exercise induced changes in insulin-like growth factors and their low molecular weight binding protein in healthy subjects and patients with growth hormone deficiency[J].Eur J Clin Invest,20(3):285-292.
CAPPON J,BRASEL J A,MOHAN S,et al.,1994.Effects of brief exercise on circulating insulin-growth factor-1[J].J Appl Physiol,76(6):2490-2496.
CHARGE,S B P,2004.Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration[J].Physiol Rev,84(1):209-238.
CLEIM G W,ZEBALLOS G A,DRACE B W,et al.,1994.Venous nitric oxide decreases in highly trained en-durance athletes during maximal exercise[J].Circulation,90:I-695.
GABRIEL H,SCHWARZ L,STEFFENS G,et al.,1992.Immunoregulatory hormones,circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after endurance exercise of different intensities[J].Int J Sports Med,13(5):359-366.
GOLDSPINK G,1999.Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload[J].J Anat,194(3):12.
HOWARD M G,DICARLO S E,STALLON J N,1992.Acute exercise attenuates aortic response to phenylephrine[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,249(10):1102-1107.
HULMI J J,AHTIAINEN J P,KAASALAINEN T,et al.,2007.Postexercise myostatin and activin IIb mRNA levels[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,39(2):289-297.
KABAK B,BELVIRANLI M,OKUDAN N,2018.Irisin and myostatin responses to acute high-intensity interval exercise in humans[J].Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest,35(3),DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0008.
KRAEMER R,KILGORE J L,KRAEMER G R,et al.,1992.Growth hormone,IGF-I and testosterone responses to resistive exercise[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,24(12):1346.
KRAEMER W J,AGUILERA B A,TERADA M,et al.,1995.Response of IGF-I to endogenous increases in growth hormone after heavy-rest stance exercise[J].J Appl Physiol,79:1315.
LOENNEKE J P,WILSON G J,WILSON J M A,2010.Mechanistic approach to blood flow occlusion[J].Int J Sports Med,31(1):1-4.
MANINI T M,YARROW J F,BUFORD T W,et al.,2012.Growth hormone responses to acute resistance exercise with vascular restriction in young and old men[J].Growth Horm Igf Res,22(5):167-172.
MARX J O,GORDON S E,VOS N H,et al.,2002.Effect of alkalosis on plasma epinephrine responses to high intensity cycle exercise in humans[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,87(1):72-77.
NAKAJIMA T,KURANO M,IIDA H,et al.,2006.Use and safety of KAATSU training:Results of a national survey[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,2(1):5-13.
NICKLAS B J,RYAN A J,TREUTH M A,et al.,1995.Testosterone,growth hormone and IGF-I responses to acute and chronic resistive exercise in men aged 55~70 years[J].Int J Sports Med,16(7):445.
NIELSEN H B,SECHER N H,CHRIS TENSEN N J,et al.,1996.Lym phocyt esand NK cell activity during repeated bouts of maximal exercise[J].Am J Physiol,271(1):222-227.
OSTROWSKI K,HERMAN C,BANGASH A,et al.,1998a.A trauma-like elevation in plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running[J].J Physiol(Lond),513(3):889-894.
OSTROWSKI K,ROHDE T,ZACHO M,et al.,1998b.Evidence that IL-6 produced in skeletal muscle during intense long-term muscle activity[J].J Physiol,508:949-953.
PATIL R D,DICARLO S E,COLLINS H L,1993.Acute exercise enhances nitric oxide modulation of vascular response to phenylephrine[J].Am J Physiol,265(4 Pt 2):H1184-H1188.
PEDERSEN B K,FEBBRAIO M A,2008.Muscle as an Endocrine Organ:Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6[J].Physiol Rev,88(4):1379-1406.
REEVES G V,KRAEMER R R,HOLLANDER D B,et al.,2005.Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion[J].J Appl Physiol,101(6):1616-162.
ROY A,PARKER R S,2006.Dynamic modeling of exercise effects on plasma glucose and insulin levels[J].IFAC Proceedings Volumes,39(2):509-514.
TAKANO H,MORITA T,IIDA H,et al.,2005.Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,95(1):65-73.
YUDAI T,YUTAKA N,SEIJI A,et al.,2000.Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after,low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion[J].J Appl Physiol,88(1):61-65.
魏佳,李博,杨威,等,2019b.血流限制训练的应用效果与作用机制[J].体育科学,39(4):71-80.
吴旸,李倩,包大鹏,等,2019.加压力量训练对下肢骨骼肌影响的Meta分析[J].中国体育科技,55(3):20-26.
朱亚林,金其贯,1996.力竭性运动对血清胰岛素的影响[J].标记免疫分析与临床,(1):42-43.
ABE T,YASUDA T,SATO Y,et al.,2004.Muscle size and IGF-1 increased after two weeks of low‐intensity“Kaatsu”resistance training[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,36(5):S353.
ABE T,YASUDA T,MIDORIKAWA T,et al.,2005.Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily“KAATSU”resistance training[J].Int J Kaatsu Training Res,1:6-12.
AHTIAINEN J P,PAKARINEN A,ALEN M,et al.,2003.Muscle hypertrophy,hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men[J].Eur JAppl Physiol,89(6):555-563.
AIMASHEVA N P,MANUKHINA E B,PSHENNIKOVA M G,et al.,1998.Donor of nitric oxide improves,while NO-synthase inhibitor impairs resistance and adaptation to strenous physical exercise[J].B Exp Biol Med,125(4):336-339.
A N A K W E O,1984.β2-adrenergic stimulation of androgen production by cultured mouse testicular interstitial cells[J].Life Sci,35(20):2041-2047.
BANG P,BRANDT J,DEGERBLAD M,et al.,1990.Exercise induced changes in insulin-like growth factors and their low molecular weight binding protein in healthy subjects and patients with growth hormone deficiency[J].Eur J Clin Invest,20(3):285-292.
CAPPON J,BRASEL J A,MOHAN S,et al.,1994.Effects of brief exercise on circulating insulin-growth factor-1[J].J Appl Physiol,76(6):2490-2496.
CHARGE,S B P,2004.Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration[J].Physiol Rev,84(1):209-238.
CLEIM G W,ZEBALLOS G A,DRACE B W,et al.,1994.Venous nitric oxide decreases in highly trained en-durance athletes during maximal exercise[J].Circulation,90:I-695.
GABRIEL H,SCHWARZ L,STEFFENS G,et al.,1992.Immunoregulatory hormones,circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after endurance exercise of different intensities[J].Int J Sports Med,13(5):359-366.
GOLDSPINK G,1999.Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload[J].J Anat,194(3):12.
HOWARD M G,DICARLO S E,STALLON J N,1992.Acute exercise attenuates aortic response to phenylephrine[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,249(10):1102-1107.
HULMI J J,AHTIAINEN J P,KAASALAINEN T,et al.,2007.Postexercise myostatin and activin IIb mRNA levels[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,39(2):289-297.
KABAK B,BELVIRANLI M,OKUDAN N,2018.Irisin and myostatin responses to acute high-intensity interval exercise in humans[J].Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest,35(3),DOI:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0008.
KRAEMER R,KILGORE J L,KRAEMER G R,et al.,1992.Growth hormone,IGF-I and testosterone responses to resistive exercise[J].Med Sci Sports Exer,24(12):1346.
KRAEMER W J,AGUILERA B A,TERADA M,et al.,1995.Response of IGF-I to endogenous increases in growth hormone after heavy-rest stance exercise[J].J Appl Physiol,79:1315.
LOENNEKE J P,WILSON G J,WILSON J M A,2010.Mechanistic approach to blood flow occlusion[J].Int J Sports Med,31(1):1-4.
MANINI T M,YARROW J F,BUFORD T W,et al.,2012.Growth hormone responses to acute resistance exercise with vascular restriction in young and old men[J].Growth Horm Igf Res,22(5):167-172.
MARX J O,GORDON S E,VOS N H,et al.,2002.Effect of alkalosis on plasma epinephrine responses to high intensity cycle exercise in humans[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,87(1):72-77.
NAKAJIMA T,KURANO M,IIDA H,et al.,2006.Use and safety of KAATSU training:Results of a national survey[J].Int J KAATSUTraining Res,2(1):5-13.
NICKLAS B J,RYAN A J,TREUTH M A,et al.,1995.Testosterone,growth hormone and IGF-I responses to acute and chronic resistive exercise in men aged 55~70 years[J].Int J Sports Med,16(7):445.
NIELSEN H B,SECHER N H,CHRIS TENSEN N J,et al.,1996.Lym phocyt esand NK cell activity during repeated bouts of maximal exercise[J].Am J Physiol,271(1):222-227.
OSTROWSKI K,HERMAN C,BANGASH A,et al.,1998a.A trauma-like elevation in plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running[J].J Physiol(Lond),513(3):889-894.
OSTROWSKI K,ROHDE T,ZACHO M,et al.,1998b.Evidence that IL-6 produced in skeletal muscle during intense long-term muscle activity[J].J Physiol,508:949-953.
PATIL R D,DICARLO S E,COLLINS H L,1993.Acute exercise enhances nitric oxide modulation of vascular response to phenylephrine[J].Am J Physiol,265(4 Pt 2):H1184-H1188.
PEDERSEN B K,FEBBRAIO M A,2008.Muscle as an Endocrine Organ:Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6[J].Physiol Rev,88(4):1379-1406.
REEVES G V,KRAEMER R R,HOLLANDER D B,et al.,2005.Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion[J].J Appl Physiol,101(6):1616-162.
ROY A,PARKER R S,2006.Dynamic modeling of exercise effects on plasma glucose and insulin levels[J].IFAC Proceedings Volumes,39(2):509-514.
TAKANO H,MORITA T,IIDA H,et al.,2005.Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,95(1):65-73.
YUDAI T,YUTAKA N,SEIJI A,et al.,2000.Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after,low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion[J].J Appl Physiol,88(1):61-65.