河道发现对塔中地区碳酸盐岩勘探的启示
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摘要
塔中地区鹰山组为大型岩溶风化壳型油气藏。上奥陶统良里塔格组与中下奥陶统鹰山组地层暴露时间短,导致表层岩溶作用弱,古岩溶河流欠发育。利用地震沉积学(地震切片技术)以及三维立体雕刻等技术,在鹰山组内发现了2套岩溶古河道系统,根据河道发育古地貌以及河道的形态将河道分为明河、暗河。通过岩性以及测井资料确定了不同类型河道的充填物,并对本区储层进行了综合评价:明河相关的储层,在暴露期大部分被泥岩充填,明河相关的储层发育区为不利区;暗河相关储层发育区,储集空间充填程度低、具有完整的储盖组合,结合已钻结果,证实为有利储层发育区。河道的发现为塔中地区碳酸盐岩储层成因提供了新的解释。
The reservoirs of the Yingshan Formation are epikarst related,of which the short-term exposure between the above Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation and the beneath Lower-Middle Ordovician Yingshan Formation resulted in weak dissolution of surface rocks and undeveloped channels along the unconformity above the Yingshan Formation. Two sets of paleo-carbonate channels were discovered in the Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area by using strata slice and 3D visualization. Based on paleogeomorphology and patterns of distribution,the channels could be divided into two types,the surface ones and the underground ones. The channels fillings were identified by logging and lithology information. Based on the research mentioned above,the reservoirs were comprehensive accessed. The reservoirs relate to surface channels were mostly filled by shale during the process of exposure and thus not favorable for good reservoirs development. The reservoirs relate to underground channels were mostly preserved well with completed assemblage of reservoir-cap rocks,which were also confirmed as favorable reservoirs combined with drilling results.The discovery of channels do not only give new explanation for the genesis of paleo-karst carbonate reservoirs but also provide potential direction for further exploration and development of carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong area.
The reservoirs of the Yingshan Formation are epikarst related,of which the short-term exposure between the above Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation and the beneath Lower-Middle Ordovician Yingshan Formation resulted in weak dissolution of surface rocks and undeveloped channels along the unconformity above the Yingshan Formation. Two sets of paleo-carbonate channels were discovered in the Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area by using strata slice and 3D visualization. Based on paleogeomorphology and patterns of distribution,the channels could be divided into two types,the surface ones and the underground ones. The channels fillings were identified by logging and lithology information. Based on the research mentioned above,the reservoirs were comprehensive accessed. The reservoirs relate to surface channels were mostly filled by shale during the process of exposure and thus not favorable for good reservoirs development. The reservoirs relate to underground channels were mostly preserved well with completed assemblage of reservoir-cap rocks,which were also confirmed as favorable reservoirs combined with drilling results.The discovery of channels do not only give new explanation for the genesis of paleo-karst carbonate reservoirs but also provide potential direction for further exploration and development of carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong area.
引文
[1]张保涛,于炳松,朱光有,等.塔中北斜坡富油气区油气分布规律与富集主控因素研究[J].地学前缘,2015,22(1):271-280.[Zhang Baotao,Yu Bingsong,Zhu Guangyou,et al. Research on hydrocarbon distribution regularity and main accumulation controlling factors of Tazhong northern slope hydrocarbon-rich region[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2015,22(1):271-280.]
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[8]董马超,吕海涛,蒲仁海,等.塔中东部走滑断裂带特征及油气地质意义[J].石油物探,2016,55(6):840-850.[Dong Machao,LüHaitao,Pu Renhai,et al. Characteristics of strike-slip fault belt and its hydrocarbon geological significance in the eastern area of central Tarim Basin[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(6):840-850.]
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[11]阮壮,于炳松,李朝晖,等.塔北与塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层成因对比研究[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2010,30(3):84-89.[Ruan Zhuang,Yu Bingsong,Li Zhaohui,et al. Comparative study of the genesis of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir rocks in northern and central Tarim Basin,Xinjiang[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2010,30(3):84-89.]
[12]徐国强,刘树根,李国蓉,等.塔中、塔北古隆起形成演化及油气地质条件对比[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(1):114-119,129.[Xu Guoqiang,Liu Shugen,Li Guorong,et al. Comparison of tectonic evolutions and petroleum geological conditions in Tazhong and Tabei palaeohighs in Tarim Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(1):114-119,129.]
[13]邬光辉,李启明,肖中尧,等.塔里木盆地古隆起演化特征及油气勘探[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(1):124-130.[Wu Guanghui,Li Qiming,Xiao Zhongyao,et al. The evolution characteristics of palaeo-uplifts in Tarim Basin and its exploration directions for oil and gas[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):124-130.]
[14]贾承造,魏国齐,姚慧君,等.盆地构造演化与区域构造地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995:179-193.[Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Yao Huijun,et al. Tectonic evolution and regional structural geology[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995:179-193.]
[15]朱东亚,孟庆强,胡文瑄,等.塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区流体作用环境差异性分析[J].地球化学,2013,42(1):82-94.[Zhu Dongya,Meng Qingqiang,Hu Wenxuan,et al. Differences between fluid activities in the central and north Tarim Basin[J].Geochimica,2013,42(1):82-94.]
[16]宁松华,张厚福.古河道解释及在油气勘探中的意义[J].沉积学报,1997,15(3):32-36.[Ning Songhua,Zhang Houfu. Palaeochannle interpretation and significance in oil&gas expleration[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1997,15(3):32-36.]
[17] Zeng H L,Henry S C,Riola J P. Stratal slicing,Part II:real 3-D seismic data[J]. Geophysics,1998,63(2):514-522.
[18]姜华,汪泽成,王华,等.地震沉积学在塔北哈拉哈塘地区古河道识别中的应用[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,42(12):3804-3810.[Jiang Hua,Wang Zecheng,Wang Hua,et al.Recognizing palae-channels in Halahatang area,north Tarim by seismic sedimentology[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2011,42(12):3804-3810.]
[19]鲁新便,何成江,邓光校,等.塔河油田奥陶系油藏喀斯特古河道发育特征描述[J].石油实验地质,2014,36(3):268-274.[Lu Xinbian,He Chengjiang,Deng Guangxiao,et al. Development features of karst ancient river system in Ordovician reservoirs,Tahe oil field[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2014,36(3):268-274.]
[20]王红岩,徐春明,刘伟,等.频谱分解技术在古河道识别中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2015,12(5):610-614.[Wang Hongyan,Xu Chunming,Liu Wei,et al. The application of spectrum decomposition technology to ancient channel prediction[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2015,12(5):610-614.]
[21]孙勤华,刘晓梅,张虎权,等.古河道河床侵蚀深度自动识别技术[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(增刊1):168-173.[Sun Qinhua,Liu Xiaomei,Zhang Huquan,et al. Automatic estimation of erosion depth of ancient river[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(Suppl.1):168-173.]
[22]李阳,范智慧.塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏缝洞系统发育模式与分布规律[J].石油学报,2011,32(1):101-106.[Li Yang,Fan Zhihui. Developmental pattern and distribution rule of the fracturecavity system of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(1):101-106.]
[23] Rosgen D L. A classification of natural rivers[J]. Catena,1994,22(3):169-199.
[24] Rust B R. A classification of alluvial channel systems[M]//Smith N D,Rogers J,Miall A D. Fluvial sedimentology. Calgary,Alberta,Canada:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,1977:187-198.
[25] Reading H G. Sedimentary environments:processes,facies and stratigraphy[M]. 3rd ed. Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1996:688.
[2]杨海军,韩剑发,孙崇浩,等.塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组岩溶型储层发育模式与油气勘探[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):219-205.[Yang Haijun,Han Jianfa,Sun Chonghao,et al. A development model and petroleum exploration of karst reservoirs of Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the northern slope of Tazhong palaeouplift[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):219-205.]
[3]李映涛,白晓亮,苏炳睿,等.塔中地区中—下奥陶统鹰山组沉积相及沉积模式[J].油气藏评价与开发,2013,3(1):1-8.[Li Yingtao,Bai Xiaoliang,Su Bingrui,et al. Sedimentary facies and depositional model of middle-lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area[J]. Reservoir Evaluation and Development,2013,3(1):1-8.]
[4]赵学钦,杨海军,马青,等.塔北奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积演化特征及台地发育模式[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2014,34(2):36-42.[Zhao Xueqin,Yang Haijun,Ma Qing,et al. Sedimentary evolution and platform development models for the Ordovician carbonate rocks in northern Tarim Basin[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2014,34(2):36-42.]
[5]王招明,张丽娟,孙崇浩.塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶分类、期次及勘探思路[J].古地理学报,2015,17(5):635-644.[Wang Zhaoming,Zhang Lijuan,Sun Chonghao. Classification,period and exploration for carbonate karst in the Ordovician,Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography,2015,17(5):635-644.]
[6]郑剑,王振宇,杨海军,等.塔中地区奥陶系鹰山组埋藏岩溶期次及其对储层的贡献[J].现代地质,2015,29(5):665-674.[Zheng Jian,Wang Zhenyu,Yang Haijun,et al. Buried karstification period and contribution to reservoirs of Ordovician Yingshan Formation in Tazhong area[J]. Geoscience,2015,29(5):665-674.]
[7]张恒,蔡忠贤,漆立新,等.塔中地区西北部鹰山组成岩早期岩溶作用类型及其特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(3):291-303.[Zhang Heng,Cai Zhongxian,Qi Lixin,et al. Types and characteristics of eogenetic karst in the Yingshan Formation in northwestern Tazhong area,Tarim Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(3):291-303.]
[8]董马超,吕海涛,蒲仁海,等.塔中东部走滑断裂带特征及油气地质意义[J].石油物探,2016,55(6):840-850.[Dong Machao,LüHaitao,Pu Renhai,et al. Characteristics of strike-slip fault belt and its hydrocarbon geological significance in the eastern area of central Tarim Basin[J]. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(6):840-850.]
[9]邬光辉,王春和,玛丽克,等.塔里木盆地古隆起斜坡对碳酸盐岩油气藏的控制作用[J].新疆石油地质,2012,33(1):6-9.[Wu Guanghui,Wang Chunhe,Ma Like,et al. Controlling effects of paleo-uplift slopes on marine carbonate reservoirs in Tarim Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2012,33(1):6-9.]
[10]周新源,杨海军,邬光辉,等.塔中大油气田的勘探实践与勘探方向:为庆祝塔里木油田石油会战20周年而作[J].新疆石油地质,2009,30(2):149-152.[Zhou Xinyuan,Yang Haijun,Wu Guanghui,et al. The experiences and targets for exploration of large oil-gas field in Tazhong area,Tarim Basin[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2009,30(2):149-152.]
[11]阮壮,于炳松,李朝晖,等.塔北与塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层成因对比研究[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2010,30(3):84-89.[Ruan Zhuang,Yu Bingsong,Li Zhaohui,et al. Comparative study of the genesis of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir rocks in northern and central Tarim Basin,Xinjiang[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2010,30(3):84-89.]
[12]徐国强,刘树根,李国蓉,等.塔中、塔北古隆起形成演化及油气地质条件对比[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(1):114-119,129.[Xu Guoqiang,Liu Shugen,Li Guorong,et al. Comparison of tectonic evolutions and petroleum geological conditions in Tazhong and Tabei palaeohighs in Tarim Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(1):114-119,129.]
[13]邬光辉,李启明,肖中尧,等.塔里木盆地古隆起演化特征及油气勘探[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(1):124-130.[Wu Guanghui,Li Qiming,Xiao Zhongyao,et al. The evolution characteristics of palaeo-uplifts in Tarim Basin and its exploration directions for oil and gas[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):124-130.]
[14]贾承造,魏国齐,姚慧君,等.盆地构造演化与区域构造地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995:179-193.[Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Yao Huijun,et al. Tectonic evolution and regional structural geology[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995:179-193.]
[15]朱东亚,孟庆强,胡文瑄,等.塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区流体作用环境差异性分析[J].地球化学,2013,42(1):82-94.[Zhu Dongya,Meng Qingqiang,Hu Wenxuan,et al. Differences between fluid activities in the central and north Tarim Basin[J].Geochimica,2013,42(1):82-94.]
[16]宁松华,张厚福.古河道解释及在油气勘探中的意义[J].沉积学报,1997,15(3):32-36.[Ning Songhua,Zhang Houfu. Palaeochannle interpretation and significance in oil&gas expleration[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1997,15(3):32-36.]
[17] Zeng H L,Henry S C,Riola J P. Stratal slicing,Part II:real 3-D seismic data[J]. Geophysics,1998,63(2):514-522.
[18]姜华,汪泽成,王华,等.地震沉积学在塔北哈拉哈塘地区古河道识别中的应用[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,42(12):3804-3810.[Jiang Hua,Wang Zecheng,Wang Hua,et al.Recognizing palae-channels in Halahatang area,north Tarim by seismic sedimentology[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2011,42(12):3804-3810.]
[19]鲁新便,何成江,邓光校,等.塔河油田奥陶系油藏喀斯特古河道发育特征描述[J].石油实验地质,2014,36(3):268-274.[Lu Xinbian,He Chengjiang,Deng Guangxiao,et al. Development features of karst ancient river system in Ordovician reservoirs,Tahe oil field[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2014,36(3):268-274.]
[20]王红岩,徐春明,刘伟,等.频谱分解技术在古河道识别中的应用[J].工程地球物理学报,2015,12(5):610-614.[Wang Hongyan,Xu Chunming,Liu Wei,et al. The application of spectrum decomposition technology to ancient channel prediction[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2015,12(5):610-614.]
[21]孙勤华,刘晓梅,张虎权,等.古河道河床侵蚀深度自动识别技术[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(增刊1):168-173.[Sun Qinhua,Liu Xiaomei,Zhang Huquan,et al. Automatic estimation of erosion depth of ancient river[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(Suppl.1):168-173.]
[22]李阳,范智慧.塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏缝洞系统发育模式与分布规律[J].石油学报,2011,32(1):101-106.[Li Yang,Fan Zhihui. Developmental pattern and distribution rule of the fracturecavity system of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(1):101-106.]
[23] Rosgen D L. A classification of natural rivers[J]. Catena,1994,22(3):169-199.
[24] Rust B R. A classification of alluvial channel systems[M]//Smith N D,Rogers J,Miall A D. Fluvial sedimentology. Calgary,Alberta,Canada:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,1977:187-198.
[25] Reading H G. Sedimentary environments:processes,facies and stratigraphy[M]. 3rd ed. Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1996:688.