大规模深远海风电送出方式比较及集成设计关键技术研究
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摘要
海上风电由于具有风能稳定、密度大等优点,在世界范围内已逐渐发展成为风力发电的重要形式。在深远海域,风能资源更丰富,风湍流强度与海面粗糙度较近海更小,因此深远海风电发展将成为未来海上风电发展的主要趋势。首先,阐述了海上风电深远海化发展趋势,总结了3种海上风电的并网方式及相应的拓扑结构、主要运行特点。其次,考虑深远海风电的特殊性,重点分析了集电系统可靠性评估与设计、海上升压站设计与换流站设计等3方面的发展趋势。最后,对亟待开展的研究方向、需求进行说明,为深远海风电发展提出建议。
Offshore wind power generation system is now being the major form of wind power generation around the world due to stability and high density of offshore wind pow er.Furthermore, the wind power density is richer as well as wind turbulence and sea surface roughness is smaller in deep water area. Therefore, the development of long distance offshore wind power generation is the main trend of offshore wind power generation. Three main offshore wind integration techniques,topologies and operation characteristics are introduced in this paper. Reliability assessment and design techniques of collection system, offshore AC substation and converter station design techniques are specially discussed with respect of deep water conditions. Finally, the development and research field of offshore wind power generation is described for further study.
Offshore wind power generation system is now being the major form of wind power generation around the world due to stability and high density of offshore wind pow er.Furthermore, the wind power density is richer as well as wind turbulence and sea surface roughness is smaller in deep water area. Therefore, the development of long distance offshore wind power generation is the main trend of offshore wind power generation. Three main offshore wind integration techniques,topologies and operation characteristics are introduced in this paper. Reliability assessment and design techniques of collection system, offshore AC substation and converter station design techniques are specially discussed with respect of deep water conditions. Finally, the development and research field of offshore wind power generation is described for further study.
引文
[1]沙志成,张丹,赵龙.大规模海上风电并网方式的研究[J].电力与能源,2017,38(2):158-161.Sha Zhicheng,Zhang Dan,Zhao Long.Grid integration modes of large-scale off-shore wind farm[J].Power&Energy,2017,38(2):158-161(in Chinese).
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[14]Bresesti P,L.Kling W,L.Hendriks R,et al,HVDC connection of offshore wind farms to the transmission system[J].IEEETransactions on Energy Conversion,2007,22(1):37-43.
[15]Liu Hongzhi,Chen Zhe.Impacts of large-scale offshore wind farm integration on power systems through VSC-HVDC[C].2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference,Grenoble,2013.
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[17]张玥,王秀丽,曾平良.欧洲低碳电力路线分析[J].电网技术,2016,40(6):1675-1682.Zhang Yue,Wang Xiuli,Zeng Pingliang.Analysis of European low carbon electricity roadmap[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(6):1675-1682(in Chinese).
[18]Wang X,Wang X.Feasibility study of fractional frequency transmission system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power System,1996,11(2):962-967.
[19]Liu S,Wang X,Ning L,et al.Integrating offshore wind power via fractional frequency transmission system[J].IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2017,32(3):1253-1261.
[20]王锡凡,刘沈全,宋卓彦,等.分频海上风电系统的技术经济分析[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(3):43-50.Wang Xifan,Liu Shenquan,Song Zhuoyan,et al.Technical and economical analysis on offshore wind power system integrated via fractional frequency transmission system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(3):43-50(in Chinese).
[21]Wang X,Teng Y,Ning L,et al.Feasibility of integrating large wind farm via fractional frequency transmission system a case study[J].International Transactions on Electr ical Energy Systems,2014,24(1):64-74.
[22]陶伟龙,王锡凡,宋卓彦,等.基于定子电压定向的分频风电系统多机控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(31):5477-5484.Tao Weilong,Wang Xifan,Song Zhuoyan,et.al.A novel FFAC multi-turbine control scheme based on stator voltage orientation[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(31):5477-5484(in Chinese).
[23]Qin N,You S,Xu Z,et al.Offshore wind farm connection with low frequency AC transmission technology[C].2009 IEEEPower&Energy Society General Meeting,Calgary,AB,2009:1-8.
[24]Liu S,Wang X,Meng Y,et al.A decoupled control strategy of modular multilevel matrix converter for fractional frequency transmission system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2017,32(4):2111-2121.
[25]Wang B,Wang X,Liu S,et al.Reliability comparison of two types of converters for fractional frequency transmission system[C].Power and Energy Engineering Conference(APPEEC),2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific.IEEE,2016:1627-1631.
[26]段磊,李晔.漂浮式海上大型风力机研究进展[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2016,46(12):18-28.Duan Lei,Li Ye.Progress of recent research and development in floating offshore wind turbine[J].SciSin-Phys Mech Astron,2016,46(12):18-28(in Chinese).
[27]王碧阳,王锡凡,王秀丽,等.考虑集电系统的风电场可靠性评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(9):2105-2111.Wang Biyang,Wang Xifan,Wang Xiuli,et al.Reliability evaluation of wind plan t considering collector grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(9):2105-2111(in Chinese).
[28]Zhao M,Chen Z,Blaabjerg F.Optimisation of electrical system for offshore wind farms via genetic algorithm[J].IETRenewable Power Generation,2009,3(2):205-216.
[29]陈宁.大型海上风电场集电系统优化研究[D].上海:上海电力学院,2011.Chen Ning.Large-scale offshore wind farm electrical collection systems optimization[D].Shanghai:Shanghai University of Electric Power,2011(in Chinese).
[30]魏书荣,刘昆仑,符杨,等.基于拓扑冗余度评估的大型海上风电场集电系统优化[J].电力系统自动化,2018(18):84-91.Wei Shurong,Liu Kunlun,Fu Yang,et al.Optimization of power collector system for large-scale offshore wind farm based on topological redundancy assessment[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018(18):84-91(in Chinese).
[31]诸浩君,蔡旭,霍达仁.海上风电场交直流集电系统经济可靠性对比分析[J].科技视界,2014(18):11-12.Zhu Haojun,Cai Xu,Huo Daren.Economic and reliability comparison of AC/DC collector system for offshore wind farm[J].Science&Technology Vision,2014(18):11-12(in Chinese).
[32]Wang B,Wang X,Wang X,et al.An analytical approach to evaluate the reliability of offshore wind power plants considering environmental impact[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2018,9(1):249-260.
[33]张明,张哲,叶军.海上风电场升压平台布置研究初探[J].上海节能,2015(2):80-84.Zhang Ming,Zhang Zhe,Ye Jun.Research on boost platform layout on offshore wind farm[J].Shanghai Energy Conservation,2015(2):80-84(in Chinese).
[34]Wyllie P.B,Tang Y,Ran L,et al.Low frequency AC transmission-elements of a design for wind farm connection[C].11th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission,Birmingham,2015:1-5.
[35]Slade P G,Smith R K.A comparison of the short circuit interruption performance using transverse magnetic field contacts and axial magnetic field contacts in low frequency circuits with long arcing times[C].Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum,2004.Proceedings.ISDEIV.XXIst International Symposium on.IEEE,2004,2:337-340.
[36]Dai J,Hu W,Yang X,et al.Modeling and investigation of load and motion characteristics of offshore floating wind turbines[J].Ocean Engineering,2018,159:187-200.
[37]管敏渊.基于模块化多电平换流器的直流输电系统控制策略研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.Guan Minyuan.Control strategies for modular multilevel converter based HVDC transmission system[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013(in Chinese).
[38]李少华,王秀丽,李泰,等.混合式MMC及其直流故障穿越策略优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(7):1849-1858.Li Shaohua,Wang Xiuli,Li tai,et al.Optimal design for hybrid MMC and its DC fault ride-through strategy[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(7):1849-1858(in Chinese).
[39]ABB power systems offshore wind connection[EB/OL].[2016-12-01].https://new.abb.com/docs/librariesprovider46/pw2016/seminars/r206-en-abb_offshore_wind_connection_by_hvdc_reformated.pdf?sfvrsn=2.
[2]袁兆祥,仇卫东,齐立忠.大型海上风电场并网接入方案研究[J].电力建设,2015,36(4):123-128.Yuan Zhaoxiang,Qiu Weidong,Qi Lizhong.Grid connected solution for large offshore wind farm[J].Electric Power Construction,2015,36(4):123-128(in Chinese).
[3]王秀丽,张小亮,宁联辉,等.分频输电在海上风电并网应用中的前景和挑战[J].电力工程技术,2017,36(1):15-19.Wang Xiuli,Zhang Xiaoliang,Ning Lianhui,et al.Application prospects and challenges of fractional frequency transmission system in offshore wind power integration[J].Electric Power Engineering Technology,2017,36(1):15-19(in Chinese).
[4]Global Wind Energy Council.Global wind 2017 report-Asnapshot of top wind market in 2017:offshore wind[R/OL].(2018)[2018-09-19].http://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/offshore.pdf.
[5]Wind Europe.Offshore wind in Europe key trends and statistics2018[R/OL].[2019-02-11].https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/Wind Europe-AnnualOffshore-Statistics-2018.pdf.
[6]Global offshore wind farms database-4C offshore[EB/OL].[2018-12-01].https://www.4coffshore.com.
[7]IEA,Offshore renewable energy:A rising force in global energy[R/OL].[2018-09-21].https://webstore.iea.org/offshorerenewable-energy.
[8]何大清,施刚,吴国祥,等.直流串联型风电机组控制策略及仿真分析[J].南方电网技术,2012,6(6):100-104.He Daqing,Shi Gang,Wu Guoxiang,et al.The control strategy of DC series-type wind turbines and its simulation[J].Southern Power System Technology,2012,6(6):100-104(in Chinese).
[9]郑海,杜伟安,李阳春,等.国内外海上风电发展现状[J].水电与新能源,2018,32(6):75-77.Zheng Hai,Du Weian,Li Yangchun,et al.Current situation of the offshore wind power development all over the world[J].Hydropower and New Energy,2018,32(6):75-77(in Chinese).
[10]迟永宁,梁伟,张占奎,等.大规模海上风电输电与并网关键技术研究综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(14):3758-3771.Chi Yongning,Liang Wei,Zhang Zhankui,et al.An overview on key technologies regarding power transmission and grid integration of large scale offshore wind power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(14):3758-3771(in Chinese).
[11]王锡凡,卫晓辉,宁联辉,等.海上风电并网与输送方案比较[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(31):5459-5466.Wang Xifan,Wei Xiaohui,Ning Lianhui,et al.Integration techniques and transmission schemes for off-shore wind farms[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(31):5459-5466(in Chinese).
[12]Lauria S L,Schembari M,Palone F,et al,Very long distance connection of gigawatt-size offshore wind farms:extra highvoltage AC versus high-voltage DC cost comparison[J].IETRenewable Power Generation,2016,10(5):713-720.
[13]Elliott D,Bell K R W,Finney S J,et al.A comparison of AC and HVDC options for the connection of offshore wind generation in Great Britain[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2016,31(2):798-809.
[14]Bresesti P,L.Kling W,L.Hendriks R,et al,HVDC connection of offshore wind farms to the transmission system[J].IEEETransactions on Energy Conversion,2007,22(1):37-43.
[15]Liu Hongzhi,Chen Zhe.Impacts of large-scale offshore wind farm integration on power systems through VSC-HVDC[C].2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference,Grenoble,2013.
[16]Hussennether V,Rittiger J,Barth A,et al.Projects BorWin2and HelWin1-large scale multilevel voltage-sourced converter technology for bundling of offshore windpower[C].Proc.CIGRE Session.2012,4:306.
[17]张玥,王秀丽,曾平良.欧洲低碳电力路线分析[J].电网技术,2016,40(6):1675-1682.Zhang Yue,Wang Xiuli,Zeng Pingliang.Analysis of European low carbon electricity roadmap[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(6):1675-1682(in Chinese).
[18]Wang X,Wang X.Feasibility study of fractional frequency transmission system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power System,1996,11(2):962-967.
[19]Liu S,Wang X,Ning L,et al.Integrating offshore wind power via fractional frequency transmission system[J].IEEETransactions on Power Delivery,2017,32(3):1253-1261.
[20]王锡凡,刘沈全,宋卓彦,等.分频海上风电系统的技术经济分析[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(3):43-50.Wang Xifan,Liu Shenquan,Song Zhuoyan,et al.Technical and economical analysis on offshore wind power system integrated via fractional frequency transmission system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(3):43-50(in Chinese).
[21]Wang X,Teng Y,Ning L,et al.Feasibility of integrating large wind farm via fractional frequency transmission system a case study[J].International Transactions on Electr ical Energy Systems,2014,24(1):64-74.
[22]陶伟龙,王锡凡,宋卓彦,等.基于定子电压定向的分频风电系统多机控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(31):5477-5484.Tao Weilong,Wang Xifan,Song Zhuoyan,et.al.A novel FFAC multi-turbine control scheme based on stator voltage orientation[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(31):5477-5484(in Chinese).
[23]Qin N,You S,Xu Z,et al.Offshore wind farm connection with low frequency AC transmission technology[C].2009 IEEEPower&Energy Society General Meeting,Calgary,AB,2009:1-8.
[24]Liu S,Wang X,Meng Y,et al.A decoupled control strategy of modular multilevel matrix converter for fractional frequency transmission system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2017,32(4):2111-2121.
[25]Wang B,Wang X,Liu S,et al.Reliability comparison of two types of converters for fractional frequency transmission system[C].Power and Energy Engineering Conference(APPEEC),2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific.IEEE,2016:1627-1631.
[26]段磊,李晔.漂浮式海上大型风力机研究进展[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2016,46(12):18-28.Duan Lei,Li Ye.Progress of recent research and development in floating offshore wind turbine[J].SciSin-Phys Mech Astron,2016,46(12):18-28(in Chinese).
[27]王碧阳,王锡凡,王秀丽,等.考虑集电系统的风电场可靠性评估[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(9):2105-2111.Wang Biyang,Wang Xifan,Wang Xiuli,et al.Reliability evaluation of wind plan t considering collector grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(9):2105-2111(in Chinese).
[28]Zhao M,Chen Z,Blaabjerg F.Optimisation of electrical system for offshore wind farms via genetic algorithm[J].IETRenewable Power Generation,2009,3(2):205-216.
[29]陈宁.大型海上风电场集电系统优化研究[D].上海:上海电力学院,2011.Chen Ning.Large-scale offshore wind farm electrical collection systems optimization[D].Shanghai:Shanghai University of Electric Power,2011(in Chinese).
[30]魏书荣,刘昆仑,符杨,等.基于拓扑冗余度评估的大型海上风电场集电系统优化[J].电力系统自动化,2018(18):84-91.Wei Shurong,Liu Kunlun,Fu Yang,et al.Optimization of power collector system for large-scale offshore wind farm based on topological redundancy assessment[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018(18):84-91(in Chinese).
[31]诸浩君,蔡旭,霍达仁.海上风电场交直流集电系统经济可靠性对比分析[J].科技视界,2014(18):11-12.Zhu Haojun,Cai Xu,Huo Daren.Economic and reliability comparison of AC/DC collector system for offshore wind farm[J].Science&Technology Vision,2014(18):11-12(in Chinese).
[32]Wang B,Wang X,Wang X,et al.An analytical approach to evaluate the reliability of offshore wind power plants considering environmental impact[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2018,9(1):249-260.
[33]张明,张哲,叶军.海上风电场升压平台布置研究初探[J].上海节能,2015(2):80-84.Zhang Ming,Zhang Zhe,Ye Jun.Research on boost platform layout on offshore wind farm[J].Shanghai Energy Conservation,2015(2):80-84(in Chinese).
[34]Wyllie P.B,Tang Y,Ran L,et al.Low frequency AC transmission-elements of a design for wind farm connection[C].11th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission,Birmingham,2015:1-5.
[35]Slade P G,Smith R K.A comparison of the short circuit interruption performance using transverse magnetic field contacts and axial magnetic field contacts in low frequency circuits with long arcing times[C].Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum,2004.Proceedings.ISDEIV.XXIst International Symposium on.IEEE,2004,2:337-340.
[36]Dai J,Hu W,Yang X,et al.Modeling and investigation of load and motion characteristics of offshore floating wind turbines[J].Ocean Engineering,2018,159:187-200.
[37]管敏渊.基于模块化多电平换流器的直流输电系统控制策略研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.Guan Minyuan.Control strategies for modular multilevel converter based HVDC transmission system[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013(in Chinese).
[38]李少华,王秀丽,李泰,等.混合式MMC及其直流故障穿越策略优化[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(7):1849-1858.Li Shaohua,Wang Xiuli,Li tai,et al.Optimal design for hybrid MMC and its DC fault ride-through strategy[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(7):1849-1858(in Chinese).
[39]ABB power systems offshore wind connection[EB/OL].[2016-12-01].https://new.abb.com/docs/librariesprovider46/pw2016/seminars/r206-en-abb_offshore_wind_connection_by_hvdc_reformated.pdf?sfvrsn=2.