施加NPD对黄土坡面径流流速和侵蚀产沙的影响
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摘要
天然聚合衍生物(NPD)是一种新型的高分子聚合物,是坡面土壤侵蚀化学调控措施所采用的一种新型材料,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,以裸坡为对照,研究了不同NPD施加措施(撒施和喷施)及不同施加量(1.0,3.0,5.0g/m2)条件下径流流速特征以及对侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明:(1)施加NPD的坡面径流流速随降雨历时的变化与裸坡一致,均呈先增大后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,且流速随降雨历时的变化过程可用对数方程描述。撒施在1.0mm/min雨强下,延迟降雨初始产流时间8～19min,而喷施在3个雨强下,初始产流的时间整体上较裸坡提前1～2min;(2)与裸坡相比,施加NPD具有显著减小流速的效应,且雨强越大,减小流速的效应越差;施加不同剂量NPD减缓坡面径流流速的效益范围13.2%～54.3%。其中撒施3g/m2剂量和喷施5g/m2剂量对坡面径流流速的减小效应相对较好;(3)与裸坡相比,施加NPD具有显著的减沙效应,且减沙效应范围为30.6%～71.2%。无论是撒施还是喷施,整体表现为5g/m2计量的减沙效应最好。(4)裸土坡面的侵蚀模数对平均流速的响应关系与撒施和喷施NPD坡面的侵蚀模数对平均流速的响应关系皆可用对数方程表示,且撒施和喷施对流速的减小作用均大于减沙作用。
The natural polymer derivative(NPD)is a novel type of macromolecular polymer which is also a new material for the prevention of water and soil loss.This study adopted chemical regulation technique,which was a non-traditional method,to conserve water and soil.In order to explore the effects of NPD on the flow velocity and sediment yield in the soil erosion process on loess hillslopes,two applicable methods(dry spreading and spraying)and three applicable dosages(1,3 and 5 g/m2)of NPD were conducted at the rainfall intensities of 1.0 mm/min,1.5 mm/min,and 2.0 mm/min on the slopes with gradient of 15°,bare slope was set as control.The results showed that:(1)when NPD was applied in the soil surface,the flow velocity increased moderately in the first few minutes,and then gradually approached a steady state in the late stage of the rainfall events,of which trend was somewhat similar to that in the bare slope surface;the relationship between instantaneous flow velocities and time during a rainfall event could be described by logarithmic equation;compared with the bare slope,dry spreading and spraying significantly reduced the flow velocity;undersmall rainfall intensity,dry spreading delayed initial runoff time from 8 to 19 min,but initial runoff times of spraying were 1～2 min earlier than that on bare slope under three rainfall intensities;(2)compared with the bare slope,the application of NPD had the significant effect of reducing the flow velocity,and the greater the rainfall intensity was,the poorer the effect of reduction was;application different doses of NPD to reduce flow velocity ranged from 13.2%to 54.3%compared with the bare slope;among them,dry spreading dose of 3 g/m2 and spraying dose of 5 g/m2 were relatively good for reduction of the flow velocity;(3)the application of NPD had significant effect on sediment reduction,and the ranges of sediment reduction rates varied from 30.6%to 71.2%compared with the bare slope;Application of dose of 5 g/m2 had best effect on sediment reduction under dry spraying or spraying;(4)the response relationship of erosion modulus of bare slope to average flow velocity or the response relationship of erosion modulus of dry spreading and spraying NPD to average flow velocity all can be expressed by logarithmic equations;the effect of spreading and spraying on reducing the velocity of flow was more significant than that of sediment reduction.
The natural polymer derivative(NPD)is a novel type of macromolecular polymer which is also a new material for the prevention of water and soil loss.This study adopted chemical regulation technique,which was a non-traditional method,to conserve water and soil.In order to explore the effects of NPD on the flow velocity and sediment yield in the soil erosion process on loess hillslopes,two applicable methods(dry spreading and spraying)and three applicable dosages(1,3 and 5 g/m2)of NPD were conducted at the rainfall intensities of 1.0 mm/min,1.5 mm/min,and 2.0 mm/min on the slopes with gradient of 15°,bare slope was set as control.The results showed that:(1)when NPD was applied in the soil surface,the flow velocity increased moderately in the first few minutes,and then gradually approached a steady state in the late stage of the rainfall events,of which trend was somewhat similar to that in the bare slope surface;the relationship between instantaneous flow velocities and time during a rainfall event could be described by logarithmic equation;compared with the bare slope,dry spreading and spraying significantly reduced the flow velocity;undersmall rainfall intensity,dry spreading delayed initial runoff time from 8 to 19 min,but initial runoff times of spraying were 1～2 min earlier than that on bare slope under three rainfall intensities;(2)compared with the bare slope,the application of NPD had the significant effect of reducing the flow velocity,and the greater the rainfall intensity was,the poorer the effect of reduction was;application different doses of NPD to reduce flow velocity ranged from 13.2%to 54.3%compared with the bare slope;among them,dry spreading dose of 3 g/m2 and spraying dose of 5 g/m2 were relatively good for reduction of the flow velocity;(3)the application of NPD had significant effect on sediment reduction,and the ranges of sediment reduction rates varied from 30.6%to 71.2%compared with the bare slope;Application of dose of 5 g/m2 had best effect on sediment reduction under dry spraying or spraying;(4)the response relationship of erosion modulus of bare slope to average flow velocity or the response relationship of erosion modulus of dry spreading and spraying NPD to average flow velocity all can be expressed by logarithmic equations;the effect of spreading and spraying on reducing the velocity of flow was more significant than that of sediment reduction.
引文
[1]刘鹏,李小昱,王为,等.基于相关法的坡面径流流速测量系统[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(3):48-52.
[2]曹丽花,赵世伟,梁向锋,等.PAM对黄土高原主要土壤类型水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机理研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(1):45-49.
[3]唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究:Ⅰ.入渗[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):178-185.
[4]雷廷武,唐泽军,张晴雯,等.聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究.侵蚀[J].土壤学报,2003,40(3):401-406.
[5] Yu J,Lei T W,Zhang J S,et al.Effects of different application methods of polyacrylamide(PAM)on soil infiltration and erosion[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(7):38-44.
[6] Smith H J C,Levy G J,Shainberg I.Water-droplet energy and soil amendments:Effect on infiltration and erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1990,54(4):1084-1087.
[7] Parfitt R L,Greenland D J.Adsorption of polysaccharides by montmorillonite[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1970,34(6):862-866.
[8] Kemper W D,Rosenau R C.Soil cohesion as affected by time and water content[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1984,48(5):1001-1006.
[9]唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.降雨及聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作用下土壤的封闭过程和结皮的形成[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):634-641.
[10] Liu J E,Wang Z L,Yang X M,et al.The impact of natural polymer derivatives on sheet erosion on experimental loess hillslope[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,13(9):23-27.
[11] Santos F L.,Reis J L,Martins O C,et al.Comparative assessment of infiltration,runoff and erosion of sprinkler irrigated soils[J].Biosystems Engineering,2003,86(3):355-364.
[12] Bjorneberg D L,Santos F L,Castanheira N S,et al.Using polyacrylamide with sprinkler irrigation to improve infiltration[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,58(5):283-289.
[13]李元元,王占礼,刘俊娥,等.喷施中性多聚糖对黄土坡面降雨入渗的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):844-853.
[14] Lentz R D,Sojka R E.Field results using polyacrylamide to manage furrow erosion and infiltration[J].Soil Science,1994,158(4):274-282.
[15]冯浩,吴普特,黄占斌.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土坡地降雨产流产沙过程的影响[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(5):48-51.
[16]米宏星,陈晓燕,赵宇,等.黄土坡面细沟径流流速的试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):66-69,110.
[17]刘和平,王秀颖,刘宝元.人工模拟降雨下细沟与细沟间流速的沿程分布[J].地理研究,2011,30(9):1660-1668.
[18]罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(4):567-574.
[19]雷廷武,Nearing M.A.侵蚀细沟水力学特性及细沟侵蚀与形态特征的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000,31(11):49-54.
[20]李勉,姚文艺,陈江南,等.草被覆盖对坡面流流速影响的人工模拟试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(12):43-47.
[21]张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的试验研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):159-165.
[22] Abrahams Athol D,Parsons A J,Luk S H.Field measurement of the velocity of overland flow using dye tracing[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11(6):653-657.
[23]刘鹏,李小昱,王为,等.基于相关法的坡面径流流速测量系统[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(3):48-52.
[24] Horton E R,Leach R H,Van V R.Laminar sheet flow[J].Trsnsactions of the American Geophysical Union,1934,15(2):393-404.
[25]罗榕婷,张光辉,沈瑞昌,等.染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究[J].水文,2010,30(3):5-9.
[26]卜崇峰,蔡强国,张兴昌,等.黄土结皮的发育机理与侵蚀效应研究[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):16-23.
[27] Gardiner D T,Sun Q G.Infiltration of wastewater and simulated rainwater as affected by polyacrylamide[J].Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2002,38(4):1061-1067.
[28] Mitchell A.R.Polyacrylamide application in irrigation water to increase infiltration[J].Soil Science,1986,141(5):353-358.
[29]陈渠昌,雷廷武,李瑞平.PAM对坡地降雨径流入渗和水力侵蚀的影响研究[J].水利学报,2006,37(11):1290-1296.
[30]于健,雷廷武,张俊生,等.不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):38-44.
[31]施明新,吴发启,田国成.地表糙率对坡面流流速影响的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(6):117-124.
[32]吴淑芳,吴普特,冯浩,等.高分子聚合物防治坡地土壤侵蚀模拟试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):19-22.
[2]曹丽花,赵世伟,梁向锋,等.PAM对黄土高原主要土壤类型水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机理研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(1):45-49.
[3]唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究:Ⅰ.入渗[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):178-185.
[4]雷廷武,唐泽军,张晴雯,等.聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究.侵蚀[J].土壤学报,2003,40(3):401-406.
[5] Yu J,Lei T W,Zhang J S,et al.Effects of different application methods of polyacrylamide(PAM)on soil infiltration and erosion[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(7):38-44.
[6] Smith H J C,Levy G J,Shainberg I.Water-droplet energy and soil amendments:Effect on infiltration and erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1990,54(4):1084-1087.
[7] Parfitt R L,Greenland D J.Adsorption of polysaccharides by montmorillonite[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1970,34(6):862-866.
[8] Kemper W D,Rosenau R C.Soil cohesion as affected by time and water content[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1984,48(5):1001-1006.
[9]唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.降雨及聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作用下土壤的封闭过程和结皮的形成[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):634-641.
[10] Liu J E,Wang Z L,Yang X M,et al.The impact of natural polymer derivatives on sheet erosion on experimental loess hillslope[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,13(9):23-27.
[11] Santos F L.,Reis J L,Martins O C,et al.Comparative assessment of infiltration,runoff and erosion of sprinkler irrigated soils[J].Biosystems Engineering,2003,86(3):355-364.
[12] Bjorneberg D L,Santos F L,Castanheira N S,et al.Using polyacrylamide with sprinkler irrigation to improve infiltration[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,58(5):283-289.
[13]李元元,王占礼,刘俊娥,等.喷施中性多聚糖对黄土坡面降雨入渗的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):844-853.
[14] Lentz R D,Sojka R E.Field results using polyacrylamide to manage furrow erosion and infiltration[J].Soil Science,1994,158(4):274-282.
[15]冯浩,吴普特,黄占斌.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土坡地降雨产流产沙过程的影响[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(5):48-51.
[16]米宏星,陈晓燕,赵宇,等.黄土坡面细沟径流流速的试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):66-69,110.
[17]刘和平,王秀颖,刘宝元.人工模拟降雨下细沟与细沟间流速的沿程分布[J].地理研究,2011,30(9):1660-1668.
[18]罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(4):567-574.
[19]雷廷武,Nearing M.A.侵蚀细沟水力学特性及细沟侵蚀与形态特征的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000,31(11):49-54.
[20]李勉,姚文艺,陈江南,等.草被覆盖对坡面流流速影响的人工模拟试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(12):43-47.
[21]张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的试验研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):159-165.
[22] Abrahams Athol D,Parsons A J,Luk S H.Field measurement of the velocity of overland flow using dye tracing[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11(6):653-657.
[23]刘鹏,李小昱,王为,等.基于相关法的坡面径流流速测量系统[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(3):48-52.
[24] Horton E R,Leach R H,Van V R.Laminar sheet flow[J].Trsnsactions of the American Geophysical Union,1934,15(2):393-404.
[25]罗榕婷,张光辉,沈瑞昌,等.染色法测量坡面流流速的最佳测流区长度研究[J].水文,2010,30(3):5-9.
[26]卜崇峰,蔡强国,张兴昌,等.黄土结皮的发育机理与侵蚀效应研究[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):16-23.
[27] Gardiner D T,Sun Q G.Infiltration of wastewater and simulated rainwater as affected by polyacrylamide[J].Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2002,38(4):1061-1067.
[28] Mitchell A.R.Polyacrylamide application in irrigation water to increase infiltration[J].Soil Science,1986,141(5):353-358.
[29]陈渠昌,雷廷武,李瑞平.PAM对坡地降雨径流入渗和水力侵蚀的影响研究[J].水利学报,2006,37(11):1290-1296.
[30]于健,雷廷武,张俊生,等.不同PAM施用方法对土壤入渗和侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):38-44.
[31]施明新,吴发启,田国成.地表糙率对坡面流流速影响的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(6):117-124.
[32]吴淑芳,吴普特,冯浩,等.高分子聚合物防治坡地土壤侵蚀模拟试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):19-22.