坡度对紫红色砒砂岩击溅侵蚀的影响
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摘要
分析击溅侵蚀机理对建立砒砂岩降雨侵蚀模型具有重要意义。为研究鄂尔多斯准格尔旗裸露砒砂岩溅蚀机理,采用人工模拟降雨进行溅蚀试验,研究在不同降雨动能(7. 15、9. 14、10. 21、14. 24、16. 22 J/(m2·mm))和不同坡度(5°～30°)条件下,上、下坡溅蚀量以及总溅蚀量、净溅蚀量随坡度的变化规律,结合力学、几何学理论分析坡度对溅蚀量产生影响的原因。结果表明:1)上坡方位溅蚀量与坡度之间变化呈负相关,下坡方位溅蚀量随坡度增大呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,并在25°附近存在下坡方位溅蚀量临界坡度; 2)上、下坡方位溅蚀量随降雨动能均呈指数函数变化,且该函数的系数项是关于坡度的三角函数; 3)坡度的变化会导致不同方向迁移颗粒的最大迁移距离发生改变; 4)降雨动能沿垂直、平行坡面2个方向的能量分量随坡度的变化是引起临界坡度产生的重要原因;5)总溅蚀量随坡度的变化未呈现明显的规律性,净溅蚀量随坡度的变化与下坡方位溅蚀量随坡度变化规律相似。该研究结果为进一步研究砒砂岩水力侵蚀机制提供了理论依据。
[Background] Understanding the mechanism of splash erosion is of great significance to establish the rainfall erosion model of Pisha-sandstone. This paper is to study the splash erosion mechanism of the Pisha-sandstone in the bare area of the Ordos Zhungeqi area,the southern Inner Mongolia of China. [Methods] This study used the rainfall simulator to perform the splash erosion experiment. It designed 5 different rainfall kinetic energies( 7. 15,9. 14,10. 21,14. 24,and 16. 22 J/( m2·mm)) and 6 different slopes( 5°,10°,15°,20°,25° and 30°),to explore the changing on the quality of splash erosion on uphill and downhill and the amount change of total splash erosion and net splash erosion. Based on the theory of mechanics and geometry,the impact causes of slope change on splash erosion were analyzed. [Results]1) Under the same rainfall conditions,splash erosion on uphill decreased with the increase of slope. At same time,the splash erosion on downhill showed the trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of slope,then there was a critical slope where there was a maximum splash erosion from the downhill,it was 25 °. 2) There was an exponential function between the amount of the splash erosion and the rainfall kinetic energy,and the coefficient term of the exponential function was a trigonometric function of slope. 3) From the geometric point of view,the variation of the slope gradient resulted in the change of the maximum migration distance to the migrating particles in different directions. 4) The change of the component of rainfall kinetic energy along the horizontal and normal directions of the soil's surface was the important reason of critical slopes occuring.5) The total splash erosion did not show obvious regularity with the change of slope. The variation of net splash erosion with slope was similar to that of downhill. [Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for further study of the hydraulic erosion mechanism of Pisha-sandstone.
[Background] Understanding the mechanism of splash erosion is of great significance to establish the rainfall erosion model of Pisha-sandstone. This paper is to study the splash erosion mechanism of the Pisha-sandstone in the bare area of the Ordos Zhungeqi area,the southern Inner Mongolia of China. [Methods] This study used the rainfall simulator to perform the splash erosion experiment. It designed 5 different rainfall kinetic energies( 7. 15,9. 14,10. 21,14. 24,and 16. 22 J/( m2·mm)) and 6 different slopes( 5°,10°,15°,20°,25° and 30°),to explore the changing on the quality of splash erosion on uphill and downhill and the amount change of total splash erosion and net splash erosion. Based on the theory of mechanics and geometry,the impact causes of slope change on splash erosion were analyzed. [Results]1) Under the same rainfall conditions,splash erosion on uphill decreased with the increase of slope. At same time,the splash erosion on downhill showed the trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of slope,then there was a critical slope where there was a maximum splash erosion from the downhill,it was 25 °. 2) There was an exponential function between the amount of the splash erosion and the rainfall kinetic energy,and the coefficient term of the exponential function was a trigonometric function of slope. 3) From the geometric point of view,the variation of the slope gradient resulted in the change of the maximum migration distance to the migrating particles in different directions. 4) The change of the component of rainfall kinetic energy along the horizontal and normal directions of the soil's surface was the important reason of critical slopes occuring.5) The total splash erosion did not show obvious regularity with the change of slope. The variation of net splash erosion with slope was similar to that of downhill. [Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for further study of the hydraulic erosion mechanism of Pisha-sandstone.
引文
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[9] KHALILI M B,JABARIFAR M,BAGHERI M. Effects ofland use change on soil splash erosion in the semi-arid re-gion of Iran[J]. Geoderma,2015(241/242):210.
[10] LIU Dongdong,SHE Dongli,YU Shuang'en. Rainfall in-tensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses andsplash from a saline-sodic soil under coastal reclamation[J]. Catena,2015,128:54.
[11]毕慈芬.砒砂岩地区土壤侵蚀机理研究[J].泥沙研究,2008(1):70.BI Cifen. Research on soil erosion mechanism in softrock regions[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2008(1):70.
[12]刘波,王晓蕾,康钊菁,等.降雨发生装置雨强和雨滴特性影响因素试验研究[J].中国测试,2017,43(2):125.LIU Bo,WANG Xiaolei,KANG Zhaojing,et al. The ex-perimental research on the factors of rainfall intensityand raindrop properties of a rainfall generator[J]. Chinameasurement and test,2017,43(2):125.
[13] SEYED H S,MAHBOBEH K H,HOSSEIN A. Variabili-ty of particle size distributions of upward/downwardsplashed materials in different rainfall intensities andslopes[J]. Geoderma,2017,290:100.
[14]盖钧镒.试验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:42.GAI Junyi. Test statistics method[M]. Beijing:ChinaAgriculture Press,2000:42.
[15]廖炜,卫苗苗,黄煜煜.采用滤纸色斑法对雨滴直径的研究[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2008,32(6):1165.LIAO Wei,WEI Miaomiao,HUANG Lili. Research onraindrop diameter based on filter paper splash procedure[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Transportation Science&Engineering),2008,32(6):1165.
[16]牟金泽.雨滴速度计算公式[J].中国水土保持,1983(3):40.MU Jinze. The formula for calculating raindrop velocity[J]. Soil and Water Conservation,1983(3):40.
[17]王亮.降雨动能对土质边坡侵蚀的探讨[J].四川建筑,2018(4):86.WANG Ling. Discussion on the erosion of soil slopingkinetic energy[J]. Sichuan Architecture,2018(4):86.
[18]吴光艳,郝民利,刘超群,等.天然降雨与人工降雨特性的研究[J].人民珠江,2013(2):5.WU Guangyan,HAO Minli,LIU Chaoqun,et al. Studyon the characteristics of natural and artificial rainfall[J]. Pearl River,2013(2):5.
[19]胡伟,郑粉莉,边锋.降雨能量对东北典型黑土区土壤溅蚀的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4708.HU Wei,ZHENG Fenli,BIAN Feng. Effects of raindropkinetic energy on splash erosion in the typical black soilregion of Northeast China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(15):4708.
[20]江忠善,刘志.降雨因素和坡度对溅蚀影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,1989,3(2):29.JIANG Zhongshan,LIU Zhi. Effect of rainfall factors andslope on splash erosion[J]. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation,1989,3(2):29.
[21]费业泰.误差理论与数据处理[M]. 5版.北京:机械工业出版社,2010:6.FEI Yetai. Error theory and data processing[M]. 5thed. Beijing:China Machine Press,2010:6.
[22] DAVID J F,KATHERINE K H,MARK S. Rain splashof dry sand revealed by high-speed imaging and stickypaper splash targets[J]. Journal of Geophysical Re-search. Part F:Earth Surface,2007,112:F01001
[23]刘和平,符素华,王秀颖,等.坡度对降雨溅蚀影响的研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(3):479.LIU Heping,FU Suhua,WANG Xiuying,et al. Effect ofslope Gradient on raindrop splash erosion[J]. ActaPedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):479.
[2]苏涛,张兴昌,赵怀玉.砒砂岩地区坡面径流水动力学特性研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(8):203.SU Tao,ZHANG Xingchang,ZHAO Huaiyu. Study on hy-draulic characteristics of slope runoff in Pisha sandstoneregion[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat.Sci. Ed.),2011,39(8):203.
[3]张喜旺,秦奋.砒砂岩地区降雨与植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响[J].地理研究,2016,35(3):513.ZHANG Xiwang,QIN Fen. Coupling relationship of pre-cipitation and vegetation and its influence for sedimentyield in Pishasandstone area[J]. Geographical Research,2016,35(3):513.
[4] SU Huafu,BAO Yuanliu. The effect of slope on interrillerosion at shortslopes[J]. Catena,2010,84(1):29.
[5] SAEDIA T,SHORAFAA M,GORJIA M. Indirect and di-rect effects of soil properties on soil splash erosion rate incalcareous soils of the central Zagross,Iran:A laboratorystudy[J]. Geoderma,2016(271):1.
[6]蔡强国,陈浩.影响降雨击溅侵蚀过程的多元回归正交试验研究[J].地理研究,1989,8(4):28.CAI Qiangguo,CHEN Hao. Experimental study rainsplasherosion process by multivariate orthogonal design[J]. Ge-ographical Research,1989,8(4):28.
[7]秦越,程金花,张洪江,等.雨滴对击溅侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2014,2(2):74.QIN Yue,CHENG Jinhua,ZHANG Hongjiang. A study ofraindrop impact to splash erosion[J]. Journal of Soil andWater Conserbation,2014,2(2):74.
[8] MAJID M,SARA A. Effects of rain intensity,slope gra-dient and particle size distribution on the relative contri-butions of splash and wash loads to rain-induced erosion[J]. Geomorphology,2016(253):159.
[9] KHALILI M B,JABARIFAR M,BAGHERI M. Effects ofland use change on soil splash erosion in the semi-arid re-gion of Iran[J]. Geoderma,2015(241/242):210.
[10] LIU Dongdong,SHE Dongli,YU Shuang'en. Rainfall in-tensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses andsplash from a saline-sodic soil under coastal reclamation[J]. Catena,2015,128:54.
[11]毕慈芬.砒砂岩地区土壤侵蚀机理研究[J].泥沙研究,2008(1):70.BI Cifen. Research on soil erosion mechanism in softrock regions[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2008(1):70.
[12]刘波,王晓蕾,康钊菁,等.降雨发生装置雨强和雨滴特性影响因素试验研究[J].中国测试,2017,43(2):125.LIU Bo,WANG Xiaolei,KANG Zhaojing,et al. The ex-perimental research on the factors of rainfall intensityand raindrop properties of a rainfall generator[J]. Chinameasurement and test,2017,43(2):125.
[13] SEYED H S,MAHBOBEH K H,HOSSEIN A. Variabili-ty of particle size distributions of upward/downwardsplashed materials in different rainfall intensities andslopes[J]. Geoderma,2017,290:100.
[14]盖钧镒.试验统计方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:42.GAI Junyi. Test statistics method[M]. Beijing:ChinaAgriculture Press,2000:42.
[15]廖炜,卫苗苗,黄煜煜.采用滤纸色斑法对雨滴直径的研究[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2008,32(6):1165.LIAO Wei,WEI Miaomiao,HUANG Lili. Research onraindrop diameter based on filter paper splash procedure[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Transportation Science&Engineering),2008,32(6):1165.
[16]牟金泽.雨滴速度计算公式[J].中国水土保持,1983(3):40.MU Jinze. The formula for calculating raindrop velocity[J]. Soil and Water Conservation,1983(3):40.
[17]王亮.降雨动能对土质边坡侵蚀的探讨[J].四川建筑,2018(4):86.WANG Ling. Discussion on the erosion of soil slopingkinetic energy[J]. Sichuan Architecture,2018(4):86.
[18]吴光艳,郝民利,刘超群,等.天然降雨与人工降雨特性的研究[J].人民珠江,2013(2):5.WU Guangyan,HAO Minli,LIU Chaoqun,et al. Studyon the characteristics of natural and artificial rainfall[J]. Pearl River,2013(2):5.
[19]胡伟,郑粉莉,边锋.降雨能量对东北典型黑土区土壤溅蚀的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4708.HU Wei,ZHENG Fenli,BIAN Feng. Effects of raindropkinetic energy on splash erosion in the typical black soilregion of Northeast China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(15):4708.
[20]江忠善,刘志.降雨因素和坡度对溅蚀影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,1989,3(2):29.JIANG Zhongshan,LIU Zhi. Effect of rainfall factors andslope on splash erosion[J]. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation,1989,3(2):29.
[21]费业泰.误差理论与数据处理[M]. 5版.北京:机械工业出版社,2010:6.FEI Yetai. Error theory and data processing[M]. 5thed. Beijing:China Machine Press,2010:6.
[22] DAVID J F,KATHERINE K H,MARK S. Rain splashof dry sand revealed by high-speed imaging and stickypaper splash targets[J]. Journal of Geophysical Re-search. Part F:Earth Surface,2007,112:F01001
[23]刘和平,符素华,王秀颖,等.坡度对降雨溅蚀影响的研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(3):479.LIU Heping,FU Suhua,WANG Xiuying,et al. Effect ofslope Gradient on raindrop splash erosion[J]. ActaPedologica Sinica,2011,48(3):479.