昆明重大森林火灾火烧迹地可燃物研究
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摘要
为评估火烧迹地内可能再次发生火灾的危险性以及潜在火行为等,对西山区团结街道小妥吉村10多年后的重大森林火烧迹地进行外业调查,通过设置样地,测量样地内植被高度、盖度、冠幅等,采集样地内可燃物,包括地盘松幼、中林,光叶石栎的地表可燃物,紫茎泽兰的整个植株,在实验室测定并计算可燃物的载量、热值、灰分含量和火强度等。结果表明:地盘松幼林、中林,光叶石栎,紫茎泽兰的可燃物载量分别为0.40、0.44、0.47、1.13 kg/m~2,4种林型的灰分含量分别为2.64%、2.24%、6.52%、2.25%,热值分别为20 730、21 510、20 557、19 138 kJ/kg,火强度分别1 426、1 590、745、524 kW/m;均属于中、低强度火,在有火源的情况下很有可能再次发生重大森林火灾。
In order to assess the risk of fires that may occur again in the burning area and the potential fire behavior, a field survey was conducted on the major forest fires in the village of Xiaotuo Village, Tuanjie Street,Xishan District. By setting the plot, measuring the vegetation height, coverage, crown width, etc. Collecting combustibles in the plot, including the surface combustibles of young and middle age of Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea, Lithocarpus mairei, and the whole plant of Eupatorium adenophora. The load, calorific value, ash content and fire intensity of combustibles were measured and calculated in the laboratory. Results show that the combustible content loads of the young and middle Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea forest, Lithocarpus mairei and Eupatorium adenophora are 0.40, 0.44, 0.47 kg/m~2 and 1.13 kg/m~2, respectively. The ash content of 4 forest types is2.64%, 2.24%, 6.52% and 2.25%, respectively, with their corresponding calorific value as 20 730, 21 510,20 557 kJ/kg and 19 138 kJ/kg, respectively. Also, fire intensity of 4 forest types is 1 426, 1 590, 745 kw/m and524 kw/m, respectively, which should belong to the category of medium and low-intensity fires, and it is very likely that major forest fires will occur again in the case of fire.
In order to assess the risk of fires that may occur again in the burning area and the potential fire behavior, a field survey was conducted on the major forest fires in the village of Xiaotuo Village, Tuanjie Street,Xishan District. By setting the plot, measuring the vegetation height, coverage, crown width, etc. Collecting combustibles in the plot, including the surface combustibles of young and middle age of Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea, Lithocarpus mairei, and the whole plant of Eupatorium adenophora. The load, calorific value, ash content and fire intensity of combustibles were measured and calculated in the laboratory. Results show that the combustible content loads of the young and middle Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea forest, Lithocarpus mairei and Eupatorium adenophora are 0.40, 0.44, 0.47 kg/m~2 and 1.13 kg/m~2, respectively. The ash content of 4 forest types is2.64%, 2.24%, 6.52% and 2.25%, respectively, with their corresponding calorific value as 20 730, 21 510,20 557 kJ/kg and 19 138 kJ/kg, respectively. Also, fire intensity of 4 forest types is 1 426, 1 590, 745 kw/m and524 kw/m, respectively, which should belong to the category of medium and low-intensity fires, and it is very likely that major forest fires will occur again in the case of fire.
引文
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[29]牛元帅.昆明市团结镇少数民族产业体验式开发研究:以乡村生态旅游为例[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(27):11909-11910,11927.
[30]李世友,陈宏刚,董琼,等.山沟阻火作用的初步研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31(4):695-698.
[31]韩焕金,周用武.安宁市“3·29”重大森林火灾迹地现状及管理对策[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(34):17196-17198.
[32]王秋华,肖慧娟,徐盛基,等.滇中安宁“3·29”重大森林火灾火烧迹地灌木林的燃烧性研究[J].安全与环境学报,2016,16(1):138-141.
[33]王秋华,肖慧娟,徐盛基,等.滇中地区紫茎泽兰的燃烧性研究[J].林业资源管理,2014(2):131-133.
[34]郑永波,张雨瑶,廖周瑜,等.紫茎泽兰茎叶的燃烧性[J].浙江农林大学学报,2014,31(3):450-456.
[35]王秋华,徐伟恒,李伟,等.滇中地区地盘松林地表凋落物的潜在能量研究[J].林业调查规划,2014,39(6):16-20.
[36]王秋华,肖慧娟,仝艳民,等.滇中地区地盘松林凋落物燃烧特征[J].林业科技开发,2014,28(6):83-86.
[37]舒立福,刘晓东.森林防火学概论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016:29-33.
[38]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.关于森林燃烧火行为特征参数的计算与表述[J].林业科学,2004,40(3):179-183.
[39]王秋华,徐伟恒,李世友,等.地盘松林地表可燃物的燃烧火行为[J].消防科学与技术,2015,34(3):281-284.
[40]李世友,陈文龙,王鹏,等.华山松朽木阴燃特性的初步研究[J].林业调查规划,2009,34(1):63-65.
[41]叶江霞,胥辉,吴明山.地形对滇西北高山松火烧迹地更新的影响[J].西南林业大学学报,2013,33(4):49-52.
[2]李世友,杨清,张凯,等.从预防树冠火角度确定云南松的最低修枝高度[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31(1):99-103.
[3]李景侠,康永祥.观赏植物学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005.
[4]刘仁林.园林植物学[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003.
[5]王蕾,王志,刘连友,等.城市园林植物生态功能及其评价与优化研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(1):51-54.
[6]刘奕清,王大来.观赏植物[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009:68-70.
[7]骆介禹.森林燃烧能量学[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1992:45-85.
[8]包玉龙,张继权,刘兴朋,等.基于HJ-1B卫星数据的草原火烧迹地提取及灾前可燃物特征分析[J].灾害学,2013,28(1):32-35.
[9]田晓瑞,殷丽,舒立福,等.2005-2007年大兴安岭林火释放碳量[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(12):2877-2883.
[10]刘晓东,张彦雷,金玉林,等.北京西山林场火烧迹地植被更新及可燃物负荷量的研究[J].林业资源管理,2011(2):37-41.
[11]武超,罗夏琴,刘春延,等.不同强度火干扰对兴安落叶松林可燃物载量的影响[J].森林工程,2013,29(5):24-28.
[12]肖慧娟,岳彩荣,袁华,等.滇中安宁“3·29”重大森林火灾火烧迹地的可燃物特征初步分析[J].林业调查规划,2013,38(6):72-76.
[13]陈立光,田晓瑞,苗庆林,等.森林湿地火烧6年后地表可燃物变化[J].广东农业科学,2013,40(20):161-163.
[14]肖功武,汤维波,吴聚胜,等.次生林火烧后细小可燃物数量分布格局的调查研究[J].林业科技,1984,9(2):19-21.
[15]王秋华,赵凤君,肖慧娟,等.滇中安宁地区火烧迹地光叶石栎灌木林的火行为模拟[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2015,46(1):105-109.
[16]张思玉,张运生,黎义明.芒萁马尾松林下可燃物分布及其燃烧性[J].森林防火,2005(4):17-18.
[17]刘志华,常禹,陈宏伟,等.大兴安岭呼中林区地表死可燃物载荷量空间格局[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(3):487-493.
[18]McIver J D,Ottmar R.Fuel mass and stand structure 13years after logging of a severely burned ponderosa Pine forest in northeastern Oregon,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2018,424:505-518.
[19]McGinnis T W,Keeley J E,Stephens S L,et al.Fuel buildup and potential fire behavior after stand-replacing fires,logging fire-killed trees and herbicide shrub removal in Sierra Nevada forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010,260(1):22-35.
[20]Keifer M,van Wagtendonk J W,Buhler M.Long-term surface fuel accumulation in burned and unburned mixed-conifer forests of the central and southern sierra nevada,CA USA[J].Fire Ecology,2006,2(1):53-72.
[21]Stephens S L,Moghaddas J J,Edminster C,et al.Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure,fuels,and potential fire severity in western US forests[J].Ecological Applications,2009,19(2):305-320.
[22]Eskelson B N I,Monleon V J.Post-fire surface fuel dynamics in California forests across three burn severity classes[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2018,27(2):114.
[23]Nemens D G,Varner J M,Kidd K R,et al.Do repeated wildfires promote restoration of oak woodlands in mixed-conifer landscapes?[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2018,427:143-151.
[24]Ledgard N,Davis M.Restoration of mountain beech(Nothofagus solandri var.cliffotioides)forest after fire[J].New Zealand Journal of ecology,2004,28(1):125-135.
[25]Springer J D,Huffman D W,Stoddard M T,et al.Plant community dynamics following hazardous fuel treatments and mega-wildfire in a warm-dry mixed-conifer forest of the USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2018,429:278-286.
[26]Elhag M,Yilmaz N,Dumitrache A.Post-fire fuel and vegetation dynamics in an ungrazed phryganic community of Crete,Greece[J].Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,2018,16(3):3289-3303.
[27]Barrios-Calderón R,Infante-Mata D,Flores-Garnica JG,et al.Woody fuel load in coastal wetlands of the La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve,Chiapas,Mexico[J].Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente,2018,24(3):339-357.
[28]龙廷位,胡文萍.安宁市近期难造林地造林技术初探[J].林业调查规划,2003,28(2):98-101.
[29]牛元帅.昆明市团结镇少数民族产业体验式开发研究:以乡村生态旅游为例[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(27):11909-11910,11927.
[30]李世友,陈宏刚,董琼,等.山沟阻火作用的初步研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31(4):695-698.
[31]韩焕金,周用武.安宁市“3·29”重大森林火灾迹地现状及管理对策[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(34):17196-17198.
[32]王秋华,肖慧娟,徐盛基,等.滇中安宁“3·29”重大森林火灾火烧迹地灌木林的燃烧性研究[J].安全与环境学报,2016,16(1):138-141.
[33]王秋华,肖慧娟,徐盛基,等.滇中地区紫茎泽兰的燃烧性研究[J].林业资源管理,2014(2):131-133.
[34]郑永波,张雨瑶,廖周瑜,等.紫茎泽兰茎叶的燃烧性[J].浙江农林大学学报,2014,31(3):450-456.
[35]王秋华,徐伟恒,李伟,等.滇中地区地盘松林地表凋落物的潜在能量研究[J].林业调查规划,2014,39(6):16-20.
[36]王秋华,肖慧娟,仝艳民,等.滇中地区地盘松林凋落物燃烧特征[J].林业科技开发,2014,28(6):83-86.
[37]舒立福,刘晓东.森林防火学概论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016:29-33.
[38]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.关于森林燃烧火行为特征参数的计算与表述[J].林业科学,2004,40(3):179-183.
[39]王秋华,徐伟恒,李世友,等.地盘松林地表可燃物的燃烧火行为[J].消防科学与技术,2015,34(3):281-284.
[40]李世友,陈文龙,王鹏,等.华山松朽木阴燃特性的初步研究[J].林业调查规划,2009,34(1):63-65.
[41]叶江霞,胥辉,吴明山.地形对滇西北高山松火烧迹地更新的影响[J].西南林业大学学报,2013,33(4):49-52.