自由与必然的两位一体——休谟自由意志观的悖论解析
|
摘要
休谟关于自由意志与因果必然两位一体的见解,常常被西方主流学界看成是自我决定论而划归兼容论的阵营。其实,他强调的与其说是二者之间既对立又和谐的兼容关系,不如说是自由意志本身就直接包含了因果必然的人性逻辑。因此,倘若从休谟有关"是"与"应当"的区分出发,澄清这种两位一体如何可能的内在机制及其对于自主责任的决定性效应,不仅能够揭示休谟在自由意志问题上的原创性贡献及其陷入的深度悖论,而且也可以看出西方主流学界迄今为止还在恪守的二元对立架构为什么是无法成立的。
Hume's views about free will and causal necessity have often been regarded as self-determinism and compatibilism by the Western mainstream philosophy. However, what he actually emphasizes is their direct integration rather than their compatibility and harmony based on their opposition. By clarifying the mechanism of this direct integration and its decisive effect on autonomous responsibility according to Hume's differentiation between "is" and "ought", we can not only reveal the original contributions of Hume's views of free will as well as its in-depth paradox, but also find out why the dichotomy of freedom and necessity set up by the Western mainstream philosophy is not tenable.
Hume's views about free will and causal necessity have often been regarded as self-determinism and compatibilism by the Western mainstream philosophy. However, what he actually emphasizes is their direct integration rather than their compatibility and harmony based on their opposition. By clarifying the mechanism of this direct integration and its decisive effect on autonomous responsibility according to Hume's differentiation between "is" and "ought", we can not only reveal the original contributions of Hume's views of free will as well as its in-depth paradox, but also find out why the dichotomy of freedom and necessity set up by the Western mainstream philosophy is not tenable.
引文
[1][德]康德.实践理性批判[M].邓晓芒,译.北京:人民出版社,2003.
[2][英]伯林.自由论[M].胡传胜,译.南京:译林出版社,2003.
[3]刘清平.自由意志如何可能?[J].伦理学研究,2017(1).
[4][英]休谟.人性论[M].关文运,译.北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[5][德]康德.判断力批判[M].邓晓芒,译.北京:人民出版社,2002.
[6][英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].黎思复,等,译.北京:商务印书馆,1985.
[7]刘清平.从否定意志自由走向认同君主专制---霍布斯自由观的悖论解析[J].关东学刊,2017(1).
[8][英]休谟.人类理解研究[M].关文运,译.北京:商务印书馆,1957.
[9][德]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范扬,张企泰,译.北京:商务印书馆,1961.
[10]刘清平.怎样从事实推出价值?---是与应当之谜新解[J].伦理学研究,2016(1).
[11]刘清平.“应当”强制性的根源[J].江西社会科学,2016(2).
[12]刘清平.自由、强制和必然---“自由意志”之谜新解[J].贵州社会科学,2017(3).
[13][荷兰]斯宾诺莎.伦理学[M].贺麟,译.北京:商务印书馆,1983.
[14][德]康德.纯粹理性批判[M].邓晓芒,译.北京:人民出版社,2004.
[15]刘清平.在屈从中自败的自由意志---伯林自由观的悖论解析[J].同济大学学报,2017(5).
(1)出于行文统一的考虑,本文在引用西方论著的中译文时会依据英文本或英译本略有改动,以下不再一一注明。
[2][英]伯林.自由论[M].胡传胜,译.南京:译林出版社,2003.
[3]刘清平.自由意志如何可能?[J].伦理学研究,2017(1).
[4][英]休谟.人性论[M].关文运,译.北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[5][德]康德.判断力批判[M].邓晓芒,译.北京:人民出版社,2002.
[6][英]霍布斯.利维坦[M].黎思复,等,译.北京:商务印书馆,1985.
[7]刘清平.从否定意志自由走向认同君主专制---霍布斯自由观的悖论解析[J].关东学刊,2017(1).
[8][英]休谟.人类理解研究[M].关文运,译.北京:商务印书馆,1957.
[9][德]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范扬,张企泰,译.北京:商务印书馆,1961.
[10]刘清平.怎样从事实推出价值?---是与应当之谜新解[J].伦理学研究,2016(1).
[11]刘清平.“应当”强制性的根源[J].江西社会科学,2016(2).
[12]刘清平.自由、强制和必然---“自由意志”之谜新解[J].贵州社会科学,2017(3).
[13][荷兰]斯宾诺莎.伦理学[M].贺麟,译.北京:商务印书馆,1983.
[14][德]康德.纯粹理性批判[M].邓晓芒,译.北京:人民出版社,2004.
[15]刘清平.在屈从中自败的自由意志---伯林自由观的悖论解析[J].同济大学学报,2017(5).
(1)出于行文统一的考虑,本文在引用西方论著的中译文时会依据英文本或英译本略有改动,以下不再一一注明。