大学国际化提高了区域创新能力吗?
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摘要
在三螺旋理论中,政府、产业和大学三者合作推动区域创新发展。全球化进一步拓展了创新主体参与合作的广度和深度,尤其是产业国际化水平对区域创新能力提高的影响越来越大。但大学国际化对区域创新能力的影响却没有被重视。文章以三螺旋算子为门槛值研究大学国际化水平、能力和不同类型对区域创新能力的影响。研究发现,我国区域创新合作环境整体上指向区域化,官、产、学三者合作水平较低,区域科研体系开放性和市场化程度不高,区域创新合作环境整体较差。官、产、学三者合作相对紧密的地区具有良性的创新合作环境,大学国际化水平对区域创新能力的影响较大;官、产、学三者合作不密切地区的创新能力则受大学国际化能力的影响较大。无论是"走出去"、"引进来"还是"面对面"形式的大学国际化,在创新合作环境好的地区,对创新能力都有着显著的正向影响。受代理变量选择的影响,"编码"形式大学国际化对区域创新的影响不明显;在创新合作环境差的地区,大学研发投入是影响区域创新能力的主要因素,同时需要"引进来"和"面对面"形式的大学国际化参与国际学习、交流和培训,以增加创新个体之间的直接交流,促进当地区域创新能力的提升。
In the regional innovation system,government is the main part of institutional innovation,enterprise is the main part of technological innovation,and university is the main part of knowledge innovation.In other words,government is responsible for providing institutional support for effective innovation,enterprise is responsible for adapting to the market and applying R&D to business applications,and university is responsible for the production,spreading and transfer of knowledge.With the rapid economic globalization,international cooperation and cross-border alliances among each innovation entities have an increasing influence on regional innovation capability.Existing literature has done a lot of research on the internationalization of enterprises and innovation.However,university as an important part of social innovation system in the era of knowledge economy,the influence of its degree of internationalization on innovation capability is rarely researched.In theory,the internationalization of university is an international"learning-by-alliances".On the one hand,it increases the international spread of codified knowledge through international textbooks,scientific research projects,and conference exhibitions.On the other hand,it increases the spread of tacit knowledge by increasing the international exchange of students and teachers.These all provide conditions for the production of new knowledge and the spreading of old knowledge in different groups and regions,which in turn will improve the regional innovation capability.The paper makes a quantitative analysis on the internationalization of university and the regional innovation capability based on the triple-helical innovation model of government-enterprise-university.It is found that the innovation coordination environment for government-enterprise-university is generally regionalized and the level of cooperation is low.Both openness and marketization of the regional scientific research system are not high,and the overall regional innovation coordination is poor.In the close coordination regions,the regional innovation coordination is related well and the degree of university’s internationalization has great influence on the regional innovation capability.Furthermore,in the less close coordination regions,the ability of university’s internationalization has a relatively larger impact on regional innovation capability.On the whole,in the close coordination regions,the internationalization of university in the form of no matter"go abroad""bring in"or"face to face"all have a significant positive impact on the innovation capability.Affected by variable selection,the impact from"codified"university’s internationalization is not significant.In the less close coordination regions,the R&D input from university is the main factor affecting regional innovation capability.In addition to this,it is necessary to adopt the internationalization of university in the form of"bring in"as well as"face to face"to promote local regional innovation capability.
In the regional innovation system,government is the main part of institutional innovation,enterprise is the main part of technological innovation,and university is the main part of knowledge innovation.In other words,government is responsible for providing institutional support for effective innovation,enterprise is responsible for adapting to the market and applying R&D to business applications,and university is responsible for the production,spreading and transfer of knowledge.With the rapid economic globalization,international cooperation and cross-border alliances among each innovation entities have an increasing influence on regional innovation capability.Existing literature has done a lot of research on the internationalization of enterprises and innovation.However,university as an important part of social innovation system in the era of knowledge economy,the influence of its degree of internationalization on innovation capability is rarely researched.In theory,the internationalization of university is an international"learning-by-alliances".On the one hand,it increases the international spread of codified knowledge through international textbooks,scientific research projects,and conference exhibitions.On the other hand,it increases the spread of tacit knowledge by increasing the international exchange of students and teachers.These all provide conditions for the production of new knowledge and the spreading of old knowledge in different groups and regions,which in turn will improve the regional innovation capability.The paper makes a quantitative analysis on the internationalization of university and the regional innovation capability based on the triple-helical innovation model of government-enterprise-university.It is found that the innovation coordination environment for government-enterprise-university is generally regionalized and the level of cooperation is low.Both openness and marketization of the regional scientific research system are not high,and the overall regional innovation coordination is poor.In the close coordination regions,the regional innovation coordination is related well and the degree of university’s internationalization has great influence on the regional innovation capability.Furthermore,in the less close coordination regions,the ability of university’s internationalization has a relatively larger impact on regional innovation capability.On the whole,in the close coordination regions,the internationalization of university in the form of no matter"go abroad""bring in"or"face to face"all have a significant positive impact on the innovation capability.Affected by variable selection,the impact from"codified"university’s internationalization is not significant.In the less close coordination regions,the R&D input from university is the main factor affecting regional innovation capability.In addition to this,it is necessary to adopt the internationalization of university in the form of"bring in"as well as"face to face"to promote local regional innovation capability.
引文
[1]金炬,马峥,梁战平.从中美合著论文状况看中美科技合作[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(5):41-47.
[2]拉杰什·纳如拉.全球化与技术[M].冷民,何希志译.北京:知识产权出版社,2011.
[3]李盛兵.大学国际化评价指标体系初探[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(6):113-116.
[4]路甬祥.对国家创新体系的再思考[J].求是,2002,(20):6-8.
[5]邱延峻.大学国际化的发展模式、演进历程与历史经验[J].西南交通大学学报(社会科学版),2010,(2):1-7.
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[7]王纬超,武夷山,潘云涛.中国高校合作强度及官产学研合作的量化研究[J].科学学研究,2013,(9):1304-1312.
[8]许侃,聂鸣.互信息视角下的大学-产业-政府三螺旋关系:中韩比较研究[J].情报杂志,2013,(4):187-193.
[9]叶鹰,鲁特·莱兹多夫,武夷山.三螺旋模型及其量化分析方法研讨[J].中国软科学,2014,(11):131-139.
[10]赵彦云,刘思明.中国专利对经济增长方式影响的实证研究:1988-2008年[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011,(4):34-48.
[11]张玉华,潘云涛,马峥.科技论文评估方法研究[J].编辑学报,2004,(4):243-244.
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[13]Cooke P.Regional innovation systems:An evolutionary approach[A].Cooke P,Heidenreich M,Braczyk H.Regional innovation systems[C].London:Routledge,2004.
[14]Ensley M D,Pearson A W,Amason A C.Understanding the dynamics of new venture top management teams:Cohesion,conflict,and new venture performance[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2002,17(4):365-386.
[15]Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L.The triple helix-university-industry-government relations:A laboratory for knowledgebased economic development[J].EASST Review,1995,14(1):14-19.
[16]Etzkowitz H,Webster A,Gebhardt C,et al.The future of the university and the university of the future:Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm[J].Research Policy,2000,29(2):313-330.
[17]Fritsch M.Measuring the quality of regional innovation systems:A knowledge production function approach[J].International Regional Science Review,2002,25(1):86-101.
[18]Grant R M.Multinationality and performance among British manufacturing companies[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1987,18(3):79-89.
[19]Griliches Z.Issues in assesing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth[J].Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10(1):92-116.
[20]Hansen B E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation,testing,and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics,1999,93(2):345-368.
[21]Jaffe A B.Real effects of academic research[J].The American Economic Review,1989,79(5):957-970.
[22]Leydesdorff L.The measurement and evalution of triple hehix relation among university,industries,and governments[C].Conpenhagen,The fourth international triple helix conference,2002.
[23]OECD.Quality and internationalisation in higher education[M].Paris:OECD,1999.
[24]Polanyi M.The tacit dimension[M].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1967.
[25]Scherer F M.Firm size,market structure,opportunity,and the output of patented inventions[J].The American Economic Review,1965,55(5):1097-1125.
[26]Shaked I.Are multinational corporations safer?[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1986,17(1):83-106.
[27]Shannon C E.A mathematical theory of communication[J].The Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27(3):379-423.
[28]Sullivan D.Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1994,25(2):325-342.
[29]Vernon R.International investment and international trade in the product cycle[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1966,80(2):190-207.
[30]Von Hippel E.“Sticky information”and the locus of problem solving:Implications for innovation[J].Management Science,1994,40(4):429-439.
[31]Youtie J,Shapira P.Building an innovation hub:A case study of the transformation of university roles in regional technological and economic development[J].Research Policy,2008,37(8):1188-1204.
[2]拉杰什·纳如拉.全球化与技术[M].冷民,何希志译.北京:知识产权出版社,2011.
[3]李盛兵.大学国际化评价指标体系初探[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(6):113-116.
[4]路甬祥.对国家创新体系的再思考[J].求是,2002,(20):6-8.
[5]邱延峻.大学国际化的发展模式、演进历程与历史经验[J].西南交通大学学报(社会科学版),2010,(2):1-7.
[6]苏敬勤,刘建华,姜照华.国家创新体系国际化的模型与测算:中美比较[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[7]王纬超,武夷山,潘云涛.中国高校合作强度及官产学研合作的量化研究[J].科学学研究,2013,(9):1304-1312.
[8]许侃,聂鸣.互信息视角下的大学-产业-政府三螺旋关系:中韩比较研究[J].情报杂志,2013,(4):187-193.
[9]叶鹰,鲁特·莱兹多夫,武夷山.三螺旋模型及其量化分析方法研讨[J].中国软科学,2014,(11):131-139.
[10]赵彦云,刘思明.中国专利对经济增长方式影响的实证研究:1988-2008年[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011,(4):34-48.
[11]张玉华,潘云涛,马峥.科技论文评估方法研究[J].编辑学报,2004,(4):243-244.
[12]Carlsson B.Internationalization of innovation systems:A survey of the literature[J].Research Policy,2006,35(1):56-67.
[13]Cooke P.Regional innovation systems:An evolutionary approach[A].Cooke P,Heidenreich M,Braczyk H.Regional innovation systems[C].London:Routledge,2004.
[14]Ensley M D,Pearson A W,Amason A C.Understanding the dynamics of new venture top management teams:Cohesion,conflict,and new venture performance[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2002,17(4):365-386.
[15]Etzkowitz H,Leydesdorff L.The triple helix-university-industry-government relations:A laboratory for knowledgebased economic development[J].EASST Review,1995,14(1):14-19.
[16]Etzkowitz H,Webster A,Gebhardt C,et al.The future of the university and the university of the future:Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm[J].Research Policy,2000,29(2):313-330.
[17]Fritsch M.Measuring the quality of regional innovation systems:A knowledge production function approach[J].International Regional Science Review,2002,25(1):86-101.
[18]Grant R M.Multinationality and performance among British manufacturing companies[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1987,18(3):79-89.
[19]Griliches Z.Issues in assesing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth[J].Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10(1):92-116.
[20]Hansen B E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation,testing,and inference[J].Journal of Econometrics,1999,93(2):345-368.
[21]Jaffe A B.Real effects of academic research[J].The American Economic Review,1989,79(5):957-970.
[22]Leydesdorff L.The measurement and evalution of triple hehix relation among university,industries,and governments[C].Conpenhagen,The fourth international triple helix conference,2002.
[23]OECD.Quality and internationalisation in higher education[M].Paris:OECD,1999.
[24]Polanyi M.The tacit dimension[M].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1967.
[25]Scherer F M.Firm size,market structure,opportunity,and the output of patented inventions[J].The American Economic Review,1965,55(5):1097-1125.
[26]Shaked I.Are multinational corporations safer?[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1986,17(1):83-106.
[27]Shannon C E.A mathematical theory of communication[J].The Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27(3):379-423.
[28]Sullivan D.Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1994,25(2):325-342.
[29]Vernon R.International investment and international trade in the product cycle[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1966,80(2):190-207.
[30]Von Hippel E.“Sticky information”and the locus of problem solving:Implications for innovation[J].Management Science,1994,40(4):429-439.
[31]Youtie J,Shapira P.Building an innovation hub:A case study of the transformation of university roles in regional technological and economic development[J].Research Policy,2008,37(8):1188-1204.