野生和养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉营养成分与品质评价
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摘要
【目的】比较野生和养殖大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)肌肉的营养成分,并评价其营养品质。【方法】采集黑龙江干流抚远段野生大麻哈鱼及3龄养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉,测定二者的基础营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质等成分,分析其营养品质。【结果】野生大麻哈鱼肌肉(湿基)中水分含量较高,养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量较高。野生和养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉中均含有18种氨基酸,其中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)总量质量分数分别是33.07%和19.62%(干基),占氨基酸总量的39.83和39.01%,符合FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质标准。根据AAS和CS值,野生和养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸和苏氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为61.31和40.82。野生和养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉中含有丰富不饱和脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值分别为2.48和3.47。大麻哈鱼肌肉中含有多种人体所需的矿物质元素。【结论】野生大麻哈鱼肌肉具有高蛋白、低脂肪、脂肪质量较高的特点。养殖大麻哈鱼肌肉脂肪含量较高,氨基酸组成则低于野生大麻哈鱼。
【Objective】To evaluate the nutritional value, edibility and main nutrient components in the muscles of wild and farmed chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta)【Methods】Wild and farmed chum salmon samples were collected in the middle section of Amur River near the city of Fuyuan, and Shandong Oriental Ocean group respectively. Water, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, amino acids,fatty acids and minerals were determined by conventional methods, and their nutritional quality was analyzed. 【Result】The muscle of wild chum salmon was rich in moisture(80.37%) while the muscle of the farmed chum salmon was rich in crude fat(13.47%). The composition of amino acids of the two kinds of chum salmon muscles were found to contain 18 common amino acids and 8 essential amino acids for human needs. In wet sample of wild and farmed chum salmon muscles, the total content of essential amino acids(EAA) was 33.07% and 19.62%(dry weight basis)respectively, which accounts for 39.83% and 39.01% of the total amino acids(TAA). It showed that the amino acids of chum salmon satisfied standard suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO). According to the nutritional evaluation in amino acids score(AAS),the first limited amino acid of wild and farmed chum salmon were Trp and Thr respectively. For the wild and farmed chum salmon, the essential amino acids index(EAAI)were 61.31 and 40.82. In the muscle of wild and farmed chum salmon, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acids were2.48 and 3.47 respectively. Furthermore, the high level of minerals in the muscles of wild and farmed chum salmon were detected and it was greatly beneficial for human metabolism and health.【Conclusion】Wild chum salmon muscle is a high quality and healthy food fish for human, because it contains high protein, low fat and high-quality fat. Farmed chum salmon muscle is rich in fatty acids but the quality of amino acids was lower than that of wild chum salmon.
【Objective】To evaluate the nutritional value, edibility and main nutrient components in the muscles of wild and farmed chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta)【Methods】Wild and farmed chum salmon samples were collected in the middle section of Amur River near the city of Fuyuan, and Shandong Oriental Ocean group respectively. Water, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, amino acids,fatty acids and minerals were determined by conventional methods, and their nutritional quality was analyzed. 【Result】The muscle of wild chum salmon was rich in moisture(80.37%) while the muscle of the farmed chum salmon was rich in crude fat(13.47%). The composition of amino acids of the two kinds of chum salmon muscles were found to contain 18 common amino acids and 8 essential amino acids for human needs. In wet sample of wild and farmed chum salmon muscles, the total content of essential amino acids(EAA) was 33.07% and 19.62%(dry weight basis)respectively, which accounts for 39.83% and 39.01% of the total amino acids(TAA). It showed that the amino acids of chum salmon satisfied standard suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization(FAO/WHO). According to the nutritional evaluation in amino acids score(AAS),the first limited amino acid of wild and farmed chum salmon were Trp and Thr respectively. For the wild and farmed chum salmon, the essential amino acids index(EAAI)were 61.31 and 40.82. In the muscle of wild and farmed chum salmon, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acids were2.48 and 3.47 respectively. Furthermore, the high level of minerals in the muscles of wild and farmed chum salmon were detected and it was greatly beneficial for human metabolism and health.【Conclusion】Wild chum salmon muscle is a high quality and healthy food fish for human, because it contains high protein, low fat and high-quality fat. Farmed chum salmon muscle is rich in fatty acids but the quality of amino acids was lower than that of wild chum salmon.
引文
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[18]白庆利,张玉勇,张永泉,等.花羔红点鲑和白斑红点鲑肌肉营养成分分析[J].淡水渔业,2011,41(4):85-88.
[19]孙中武,李超,尹洪滨,等.不同品系虹鳟的肌肉营养成分分析[J].营养学报,2008,30(3):298-302.
[20]王继隆,刘伟,李培伦,等.乌苏里白鲑肌肉营养成分与品质评价[J].广东海洋大学学报,2018,38(5):35-40.
[21]张超,佟广香,匡友谊,等.哲罗鲑、细鳞鲑及其杂交种肌肉的营养成分分析[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(2):171-174.
[22]满庆利,曹永芬,杨质楠,等.大西洋鲑肌肉营养成分分析[J].河北渔业,2014,(1):12-14;17.
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[24]尹洪滨,孙中武,孙大江,等.6种养殖鲟鳇鱼肌肉营养成分的比较分析[J].大连水产学院学报,2004,19(2):92-96.
[25]尹洪滨,孙中武,沈希顺,等.山女鳟肌肉营养组成分析[J].水生生物学报,2004,28(5):577-580.
[26]胡园,周朝生,胡利华,等.海淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮营养分析比较[J].水生生物学报,2015,39(4):730-739.
[27]张昌颖,李亮,李昌甫,等.生物化学[M].第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:305;561.
[28]王萍,张银波,江木兰.多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展[J].中国油脂,2008,33(12):42-46.
[29]王炜,张伟敏.单不饱和脂肪酸的功能特性[J].中国食物与营养,2005(4):44-46.
[30]郑雪莉,段敏,卜书海,等.秦岭细鳞鲑肌肉营养成分的分析[J].营养学报,2010,32(5):516-520.
[31]柳学周,徐永江,李荣,等.黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)肌肉营养组成成分与评价[J].渔业科学进展,2017,38(2):128-135.
[32]庄平,宋超,章龙珍.舌虾虎鱼肌肉营养成分与品质的评价[J].水产学报,2010,34(4):559-564.
[33]胡玉婷,江河,凌俊,等.金色鳜鱼与普通鳜鱼肌肉营养成分的比较分析[J].水产养殖,2018,39(1):36-41.
[2]Chen J P,Sun D J,Dong C Z,et al.Genetic analysis of four wild chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta populations in China based on microsatellite markers[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2005,73:181-188.
[3]董崇智,李根钢.绥芬河大麻哈鱼类溯河群体结构的初步研究[J].水产学报,1989,13(2):124-132.
[4]董崇智,张觉民.绥芬河大麻哈鱼类种群生态的初步研究[J].海洋科学,1992,(3):59-63.
[5]王继隆,刘伟,唐富江,等.乌苏里江秋大麻哈鱼生殖洄游群体结构特征与分析[J].湖南农业科学,2011,(21):120-123.
[6]王继隆,唐富江,刘伟.大麻哈鱼的年龄与生长[J].水生生物学报,2012,36(6):1149-1155.
[7]王继隆,刘伟,唐富江,等.乌苏里江大麻哈鱼年龄结构及异龄组间生长差异[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(1):88-92.
[8]王继隆,刘伟,唐富江.黑龙江水系(中国)大麻哈鱼生物学特征分析[J].中国水产科学,2013,20(1):93-100.
[9]支兵杰,刘伟,石连玉.人工培育秋大麻哈幼鱼的生长与形态研究[J].水产学杂志,2009,22(2):49-52.
[10]PELLETT P L,YONG V R.Nutritional evaluation of protein foods[M].Tokyo:The United National University Publishing Company,1980:26-29.
[11]王忠良,黄建盛,陈刚,等.野生细鳞鯻(Therapon jarbua)肌肉主要营养成分分析及评价[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(4):1-6.
[12]邴旭文,蔡宝玉,王利平.中华倒刺鲃肌肉营养成分与品质的评价[J].中国水产科学,2005,12(2):211-215.
[13]陆九韶,夏重志,李永发,等.陆封型大西洋鲑肌肉营养成分分析[J].水产学杂志,2004,17(2):72-75.
[14]郭焱,马燕武,蔡林刚,等.赛里木湖高白鲑和凹目白鲑肌肉、卵的营养分析评价[J].水产学杂志,2014,17(1):62-67.
[15]刘洋,徐革锋,牟振波,等.黑龙江水系细鳞鱼肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价[J].营养学报,2010,32(1):99-100.
[16]姜作发,刘永,李永发,等.野生、人工养殖哲罗鱼生化成分分析和营养品质评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(4):34-36.
[17]王芳,户国,周建设,等.亚东鲑Salmo trutta fario肌肉营养成分分析和品质评价[J].水产学杂志,2015,28(3):21-25.
[18]白庆利,张玉勇,张永泉,等.花羔红点鲑和白斑红点鲑肌肉营养成分分析[J].淡水渔业,2011,41(4):85-88.
[19]孙中武,李超,尹洪滨,等.不同品系虹鳟的肌肉营养成分分析[J].营养学报,2008,30(3):298-302.
[20]王继隆,刘伟,李培伦,等.乌苏里白鲑肌肉营养成分与品质评价[J].广东海洋大学学报,2018,38(5):35-40.
[21]张超,佟广香,匡友谊,等.哲罗鲑、细鳞鲑及其杂交种肌肉的营养成分分析[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(2):171-174.
[22]满庆利,曹永芬,杨质楠,等.大西洋鲑肌肉营养成分分析[J].河北渔业,2014,(1):12-14;17.
[23]刘霞,杨成辉,陆迎伟,等.湖白鲑肌肉营养成分分析[J].淡水渔业,2010,40(5):72-75.
[24]尹洪滨,孙中武,孙大江,等.6种养殖鲟鳇鱼肌肉营养成分的比较分析[J].大连水产学院学报,2004,19(2):92-96.
[25]尹洪滨,孙中武,沈希顺,等.山女鳟肌肉营养组成分析[J].水生生物学报,2004,28(5):577-580.
[26]胡园,周朝生,胡利华,等.海淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮营养分析比较[J].水生生物学报,2015,39(4):730-739.
[27]张昌颖,李亮,李昌甫,等.生物化学[M].第二版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:305;561.
[28]王萍,张银波,江木兰.多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展[J].中国油脂,2008,33(12):42-46.
[29]王炜,张伟敏.单不饱和脂肪酸的功能特性[J].中国食物与营养,2005(4):44-46.
[30]郑雪莉,段敏,卜书海,等.秦岭细鳞鲑肌肉营养成分的分析[J].营养学报,2010,32(5):516-520.
[31]柳学周,徐永江,李荣,等.黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)肌肉营养组成成分与评价[J].渔业科学进展,2017,38(2):128-135.
[32]庄平,宋超,章龙珍.舌虾虎鱼肌肉营养成分与品质的评价[J].水产学报,2010,34(4):559-564.
[33]胡玉婷,江河,凌俊,等.金色鳜鱼与普通鳜鱼肌肉营养成分的比较分析[J].水产养殖,2018,39(1):36-41.