资本类型如何影响新生代农村劳动力非农就业质量?——来自江苏的证据
|
摘要
新生代农村劳动力的非农就业质量是稳步推进农村劳动力有序转移和加快新型城镇化建设步伐的有力保障。利用江苏农户调研资料,首先归纳总结该群体的非农就业质量现状,发现非农就业质量的经济性、发展性、稳定性等客观指标和主观感知体验水平较高,但存在明显的群体分化特征。然后利用结构方程模型深入剖析资本类型对非农就业质量的影响机制和作用路径。研究表明,受教育程度为主的个体资本不仅对非农就业质量产生直接正影响,而且通过就业区域和就业时间对非农就业质量产生间接正影响,且直接正影响强于间接正影响。社交网络为主的社会资本主要对非农就业质量产生间接正影响。资本类型对非农就业质量的客观性指标如稳定性、发展性指标的影响高于经济性指标,同时高于自我感知体验等主观性指标。最后结合研究结论,提出提升群体受教育水平、构建多维度非农就业权益保障机制与公共就业服务体系、优化产业区域布局与发挥城市集聚效应,以及增强产业创新能力和发展效率等系列改善新生代农村劳动力非农就业质量的政策建议。
The non-farm employment quality of the young rural labor force ensures to promote rural labor force transfer orderly and speed up the pace of urbanization. Firstly,based on survey data for Jiangsu province,this paper summarizes the present situation of the group's non-farm employment quality,and then finds some employment quality 's objective indicators as economy,development and stability,with some subjective indicators reaching high level,but meanwhile the feature has an obvious polarization in the group. Secondly,the paper analyzes the influence mechanism for capital type on non-farm employment quality by structural equation model. It shows that personal capital not only has a direct positive effect on employment quality,but also brings indirect positive effect on it through employment area and employment time,and the direct positive effect is stronger than the indirect positive effect. Social capital mainly formed by social network has an indirect positive impact on employment quality. What 's more,some objective indicators for stability and development are influenced more than economy indicators and some subjective indicators such as self perception experience. At last,this paper proposes such policy suggestions as raising education level,constructing employment rights protection mechanism and public employment service system,optimizing industry regional distribution,exerting the effect of urban agglomeration,and promoting industry innovation capability and development efficiency for the purpose of improving the quality of non-farm employment.
The non-farm employment quality of the young rural labor force ensures to promote rural labor force transfer orderly and speed up the pace of urbanization. Firstly,based on survey data for Jiangsu province,this paper summarizes the present situation of the group's non-farm employment quality,and then finds some employment quality 's objective indicators as economy,development and stability,with some subjective indicators reaching high level,but meanwhile the feature has an obvious polarization in the group. Secondly,the paper analyzes the influence mechanism for capital type on non-farm employment quality by structural equation model. It shows that personal capital not only has a direct positive effect on employment quality,but also brings indirect positive effect on it through employment area and employment time,and the direct positive effect is stronger than the indirect positive effect. Social capital mainly formed by social network has an indirect positive impact on employment quality. What 's more,some objective indicators for stability and development are influenced more than economy indicators and some subjective indicators such as self perception experience. At last,this paper proposes such policy suggestions as raising education level,constructing employment rights protection mechanism and public employment service system,optimizing industry regional distribution,exerting the effect of urban agglomeration,and promoting industry innovation capability and development efficiency for the purpose of improving the quality of non-farm employment.
引文
[1]程名望、史清华、顾梦蛟,2013:《农民工城镇就业满意度及其影响因素:模型与实证》,《经济理论与经济管理》第5期。[Cheng Mingwang,Shi Qinghua and Gu Mengjiao,2013,A Model and Empirical Analysis on Urban Employment Satisfaction and Influencing Factors of Rural Migrant Workers,Economic Theory and Business Management,5.]
[2]孔荣、王欣,2013:《关于农民工收入质量内涵的思考》,《农业经济问题》第6期。[Kong Rong and Wang Xin,2013,A Reflection on the Connotation of the Income Quality of Migrant Workers,Issues in Agricultural Economy,6.]
[3]赖德胜、苏丽锋、孟大虎、李长安,2011:《中国各地区就业质量测算与评价》,《经济理论与经济管理》第11期。[Lai Desheng,Su Lifeng,Meng Dahu and Li Chang’an,2011,Employment Quality Index of China’s Provinces,Economic Theory and Business Management,11.]
[4]罗竖元,2015:《新生代农民工的择业行为与就业质量》,《华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第1期。[Luo Shuyuan,2015,Job Selection Behavior and the Employment Quality of the New Generation Migrant Workers,Journal of South China Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),1.]
[5]苏丽锋,2013a:《我国转型期各地就业质量的测算与决定机制研究》,《经济科学》第4期。[Su Lifeng,2013,A Study on the Measurement and Decision Mechanism of Employment Quality in China's Transitional Period,Economic Science,4.]
[6]苏丽锋,2013b:《我国新时期个人就业质量研究——基于调查数据的比较分析》,《经济学家》第7期。[Su Lifeng,2013,A Study on the Quality of Individual Employment in the New Period in China-Based on the Comparative Analysis of Survey Data,Economist,7.]
[7]温忠麟、张雷、侯杰泰、刘红云,2004:《中介效应检验程序及其应用》,《心理学报》第5期。[Wen Zhonglin,Zhang Lei,Hou Jietai and Liu Hongyun,2004,The Test Procedure and Its Application of Mediating Effect,Acta Psychologica Sinica,5.]
[8]尹海洁、王翌佳,2015:《东北地区城市工作贫困群体就业质量研究——来自哈尔滨、长春和沈阳市的调查》,《中国人口科学》第3期。[Yin Haijie and Wang Yijia,2015,Job Quality of the Working Poor in Northeast China:A Survey from Haerbin,Shenyang and Changchun City,Chinese Journal of Population Science,3.]
[9]张洪霞、崔宁,2014:《市民化视阈下新生代农民工就业质量问题研究——基于全国3402个样本数据的调查》,《调研世界》第11期。[Zhang Hongxia and Cui Ning,2014,A Study on the Employment Quality of the New Generation of Migrant Workers from the Perspective of Urbanization:Based on the Survey of 3402 National Sample Data,The World of Survey and Research,11.]
[10]张抗私、李善乐,2015:《我国就业质量评价研究——基于2000-2012年辽宁宏观数据的分析》,《人口与经济》第6期。[Zhang Kangsi and Li Shanle,2015,A Research on the Employment Quality of China:Based on the Macro Data from2000 to 2012 of Liaoning,Population&Economics,6.]
[11]张务伟、张福明、杨学成,2011:《农村劳动力就业状况的微观影响因素及其作用机理——基于入户调查数据的实证分析》,《中国农村经济》第11期。[Zhang Wuwei,Zhang Fuming and Yang Xuecheng,2011,The Micro Influence Factors and Mechanism of Rural Labor Employment:An Empirical Analysis Based on Household Survey Data,Chinese Rural Economy,11.]
[12]Aerden,K.,Moors,G.and Levecque,K.,2015,The Relationship between Employment Quality and Work-related Well-being in the European Labor Force,Journal of Vocational Behavior,86,pp.66-76.
[13]Barling,J.,Rogers,K.and Kelloway,E.,1995,Some Effects of Teenagers'Part-time Employment:The Quantity and Quality of Work Make the Difference,Journal of Organizational Behavior,16(2),pp.143-154.
[14]Chai,D.,2003,Decent Work:Concept and Indicators,International Labor Review,142(2),pp.113-145.
[15]Nayyar,G.,2012,The Quality of Employment in India's Services Sector:Exploring the Heterogeneity,Applied Economics,44(36),pp.4701-4719.
[16]Saks,A.and Ashforth,B.,2002,Is Job Search Related to Employment Quality?It all Depends on the Fit,Journal of Applied Psychology,87(4),pp.646-654.
(1)学界对就业质量已经形成微观、中观和宏观三层次释义。微观方面突出表现为工作效率、职位匹配和薪酬激励等;中观方面主要涵盖劳动力市场的运行状况和资源配置效率;宏观层面主要涉及1999年国际劳工组织提出的体面劳动概念,指劳动者在自由、平等、保证安全和个人尊严的前提下获得体面高效工作的机会。
(2)借鉴Chai(2003)、孔荣(2013)对就业质量的内涵界定,并结合农村劳动力的非农就业诉求和价值取向,定义非农就业质量为:农村劳动力由从事农业劳动转向非农就业后,在非农工作过程和结果中获得的关于劳动报酬、工作强度、就业环境、就业稳定、职业发展、社会权益等的客观水平以及职业认同与满意程度等方面的主观评价。
(3)城镇化既体现为农村传统自然经济转向城市社会化大生产的经济城镇化,又体现为农村生活方式转向城市生活方式的社会城镇化、农村地貌转向城市景观的地理城镇化,更体现为农村人口持续向城市迁移和聚集的人口城镇化。
(1)城镇化率是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展、社会组织程度和管理水平的重要标志。考虑到按人口指标计算的城镇化率在城镇地域范围和城镇人口群体范围上均较为宽泛,因此实际城镇化水平应远低于该水平。
(2)产业结构偏离度指标定义有多种形式,本文定义产业结构偏离度=产业从业人员比重-产业产值比重。
(1)根据调研结果和结构方程模型应用要求,选择非农就业状态指标时,职业种类因过于庞杂予以剔除,就业雇佣状态因呈严重偏态而予以剔除,以就业行业构建的模型估计效果不佳。最终非农就业状态内生中介潜变量的观测变量仅选取就业城市级别和就业时间两项指标反映。
(1)关于中介效应显著性检验问题,温忠麟等(2004)提出了一个中介效应检验程序。本文参照其检验思路和程序对模型进行了中介效应的显著性检验,显著性水平设定为0.1。
[2]孔荣、王欣,2013:《关于农民工收入质量内涵的思考》,《农业经济问题》第6期。[Kong Rong and Wang Xin,2013,A Reflection on the Connotation of the Income Quality of Migrant Workers,Issues in Agricultural Economy,6.]
[3]赖德胜、苏丽锋、孟大虎、李长安,2011:《中国各地区就业质量测算与评价》,《经济理论与经济管理》第11期。[Lai Desheng,Su Lifeng,Meng Dahu and Li Chang’an,2011,Employment Quality Index of China’s Provinces,Economic Theory and Business Management,11.]
[4]罗竖元,2015:《新生代农民工的择业行为与就业质量》,《华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第1期。[Luo Shuyuan,2015,Job Selection Behavior and the Employment Quality of the New Generation Migrant Workers,Journal of South China Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),1.]
[5]苏丽锋,2013a:《我国转型期各地就业质量的测算与决定机制研究》,《经济科学》第4期。[Su Lifeng,2013,A Study on the Measurement and Decision Mechanism of Employment Quality in China's Transitional Period,Economic Science,4.]
[6]苏丽锋,2013b:《我国新时期个人就业质量研究——基于调查数据的比较分析》,《经济学家》第7期。[Su Lifeng,2013,A Study on the Quality of Individual Employment in the New Period in China-Based on the Comparative Analysis of Survey Data,Economist,7.]
[7]温忠麟、张雷、侯杰泰、刘红云,2004:《中介效应检验程序及其应用》,《心理学报》第5期。[Wen Zhonglin,Zhang Lei,Hou Jietai and Liu Hongyun,2004,The Test Procedure and Its Application of Mediating Effect,Acta Psychologica Sinica,5.]
[8]尹海洁、王翌佳,2015:《东北地区城市工作贫困群体就业质量研究——来自哈尔滨、长春和沈阳市的调查》,《中国人口科学》第3期。[Yin Haijie and Wang Yijia,2015,Job Quality of the Working Poor in Northeast China:A Survey from Haerbin,Shenyang and Changchun City,Chinese Journal of Population Science,3.]
[9]张洪霞、崔宁,2014:《市民化视阈下新生代农民工就业质量问题研究——基于全国3402个样本数据的调查》,《调研世界》第11期。[Zhang Hongxia and Cui Ning,2014,A Study on the Employment Quality of the New Generation of Migrant Workers from the Perspective of Urbanization:Based on the Survey of 3402 National Sample Data,The World of Survey and Research,11.]
[10]张抗私、李善乐,2015:《我国就业质量评价研究——基于2000-2012年辽宁宏观数据的分析》,《人口与经济》第6期。[Zhang Kangsi and Li Shanle,2015,A Research on the Employment Quality of China:Based on the Macro Data from2000 to 2012 of Liaoning,Population&Economics,6.]
[11]张务伟、张福明、杨学成,2011:《农村劳动力就业状况的微观影响因素及其作用机理——基于入户调查数据的实证分析》,《中国农村经济》第11期。[Zhang Wuwei,Zhang Fuming and Yang Xuecheng,2011,The Micro Influence Factors and Mechanism of Rural Labor Employment:An Empirical Analysis Based on Household Survey Data,Chinese Rural Economy,11.]
[12]Aerden,K.,Moors,G.and Levecque,K.,2015,The Relationship between Employment Quality and Work-related Well-being in the European Labor Force,Journal of Vocational Behavior,86,pp.66-76.
[13]Barling,J.,Rogers,K.and Kelloway,E.,1995,Some Effects of Teenagers'Part-time Employment:The Quantity and Quality of Work Make the Difference,Journal of Organizational Behavior,16(2),pp.143-154.
[14]Chai,D.,2003,Decent Work:Concept and Indicators,International Labor Review,142(2),pp.113-145.
[15]Nayyar,G.,2012,The Quality of Employment in India's Services Sector:Exploring the Heterogeneity,Applied Economics,44(36),pp.4701-4719.
[16]Saks,A.and Ashforth,B.,2002,Is Job Search Related to Employment Quality?It all Depends on the Fit,Journal of Applied Psychology,87(4),pp.646-654.
(1)学界对就业质量已经形成微观、中观和宏观三层次释义。微观方面突出表现为工作效率、职位匹配和薪酬激励等;中观方面主要涵盖劳动力市场的运行状况和资源配置效率;宏观层面主要涉及1999年国际劳工组织提出的体面劳动概念,指劳动者在自由、平等、保证安全和个人尊严的前提下获得体面高效工作的机会。
(2)借鉴Chai(2003)、孔荣(2013)对就业质量的内涵界定,并结合农村劳动力的非农就业诉求和价值取向,定义非农就业质量为:农村劳动力由从事农业劳动转向非农就业后,在非农工作过程和结果中获得的关于劳动报酬、工作强度、就业环境、就业稳定、职业发展、社会权益等的客观水平以及职业认同与满意程度等方面的主观评价。
(3)城镇化既体现为农村传统自然经济转向城市社会化大生产的经济城镇化,又体现为农村生活方式转向城市生活方式的社会城镇化、农村地貌转向城市景观的地理城镇化,更体现为农村人口持续向城市迁移和聚集的人口城镇化。
(1)城镇化率是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展、社会组织程度和管理水平的重要标志。考虑到按人口指标计算的城镇化率在城镇地域范围和城镇人口群体范围上均较为宽泛,因此实际城镇化水平应远低于该水平。
(2)产业结构偏离度指标定义有多种形式,本文定义产业结构偏离度=产业从业人员比重-产业产值比重。
(1)根据调研结果和结构方程模型应用要求,选择非农就业状态指标时,职业种类因过于庞杂予以剔除,就业雇佣状态因呈严重偏态而予以剔除,以就业行业构建的模型估计效果不佳。最终非农就业状态内生中介潜变量的观测变量仅选取就业城市级别和就业时间两项指标反映。
(1)关于中介效应显著性检验问题,温忠麟等(2004)提出了一个中介效应检验程序。本文参照其检验思路和程序对模型进行了中介效应的显著性检验,显著性水平设定为0.1。