城市工作贫困及其影响因素研究——来自CFPS数据的实证
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摘要
市场经济的发展衍生出一部分即使努力工作也无法摆脱贫困的城市工作贫困群体,其生活状况一直为社会所忽视。本文以劳动者工作现状和相对贫困线为标准测量城市工作贫困程度,利用中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS)测算出我国城市社会的工作贫困发生率为27%左右,工作贫困深度平均约为84%。并构建了城市工作贫困及其贫困深度的影响因素模型,实证结果表明:家庭负担大是工作贫困者相对于传统贫困的典型特征,而职业和行业收入差异是工作贫困者无法通过工作改善生计的主要原因。关注城市工作贫困群体的生计问题,提升人力资本、消除职业壁垒和加强困难群体教育及医疗等综合措施是缓解城市工作贫困的有效路径。
With the development of market economy,there are part of the urban workers can not get rid of poverty even if they work hard. Their living conditions have been ignored by the community.Based on the work status quo and the relative poverty line,this paper measures the poverty degree of urban workers,and uses the Chinese Family Panel Studies( CFPS) to measure the working poor in our urban society. It displays the working poor rate is 26% and the depth of work poverty is 84%.This paper also constructed the model of influencing factors of urban working poverty. The empirical results show that the family burden is the typical characteristic of the working poor relative to the traditional poverty,and the labor market exclusion is the main reason why the working poor cannot improve their livelihood through work. It is an effective way to alleviate the poverty of urban worker by focusing on the livelihood problems of urban working poor groups. Raising human capital,promoting employment further,eliminating occupational barriers and strengthening the difficulties of group education and medical treatment could be helpful.
With the development of market economy,there are part of the urban workers can not get rid of poverty even if they work hard. Their living conditions have been ignored by the community.Based on the work status quo and the relative poverty line,this paper measures the poverty degree of urban workers,and uses the Chinese Family Panel Studies( CFPS) to measure the working poor in our urban society. It displays the working poor rate is 26% and the depth of work poverty is 84%.This paper also constructed the model of influencing factors of urban working poverty. The empirical results show that the family burden is the typical characteristic of the working poor relative to the traditional poverty,and the labor market exclusion is the main reason why the working poor cannot improve their livelihood through work. It is an effective way to alleviate the poverty of urban worker by focusing on the livelihood problems of urban working poor groups. Raising human capital,promoting employment further,eliminating occupational barriers and strengthening the difficulties of group education and medical treatment could be helpful.
引文
[1]芦恒.“工作贫困”及其社会风险探析---以韩国青年贫困现象为例[J].青年研究,2012(3):53-62,95.
[2]FLEURY D,FORTIN M.When working is not enough to escape poverty:an analysis of Canada’s working poor[J].Human Resources and Social Development,2006(8):7-10.
[3]W.E.B.Du BOIS.The Philadelphia Negro:a social study[M].University of Pennsylvania Press,1996:113-116.
[4]BLUESTONE B.The tripartite economy:labor markets and the working poor[J].Poverty and Human Resources,1970(5):15-35.
[5]SECCOMBE K,AMEY C.Playing by the rules and losing:health insurance and the working poor[J].Journal of Health and Social Behavior,1995,36(2):168-181.
[6]RAMON PERIA-CASAS,MIA LATTA.Working poor in the European Union[M].Office for official Publication of Brussels,2004:61-80.
[7]BRADY D,FULLERTON A S,CROSS J M.More than just nickels and dimes:a cross-national analysis of working poverty in affluent democracies[J].Social Problems,2010,57(4):559-585.
[8]CRETTAZ E.Fighting working poverty in post-industrial economies:causes,trade-offs and policy solutions[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,22(4):440-441.
[9]迈克尔·哈灵顿.另一个美国[M].郑飞北,译.北京:中国青年出版社,2012:92-101.
[10]CARR M,CHEN M A.Globalization and the informal economy:how global trade and investment impact on the working poor[J].General Information,2002,71(3):233-245.
[11]PRADELLA L.The working poor in western Europe:labour,poverty and global capitalism[J].Comparative European Politics,2015,13(5):596-613.
[12]MARCELLI P J.Working poverty in southern California:towards an operational measure[J].Social Science Research,2005,34(1):20-43.
[13]姚建平.中国城市工作贫困化问题研究---基于CGSS数据的分析[J].社会科学,2016(2):42-51.
[14]FLEURY D.A study of poverty and working poverty among recent immigrants to Canada[J].Human Resources&Social Development,2007(1):3-43.
[15]胡永健.我国工资差异变化及影响因素分析---基于家计调查的实证研究[J].技术经济与管理研究,2012(4):83-86.
[16]蔡武,陈广汉.异质型人力资本溢出、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距[J].云南财经大学学报,2013(6):24-32.
[17]谢勇.中国城镇居民低收入群体研究综述[J].人口与经济,2006(2):54-59.
[18]寇竞,胡永健.城镇劳动者个人和家庭因素对工作贫困的影响分析[J].贵州财经大学学报,2014(6):90-94.
[19]黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁---中国乡村社会研究丛书[M].北京:中华书局,2000:161-175.
[20]陈光金.中国农村贫困的程度、特征与影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2008(9):13-25,34.
[21]谢东梅.农户贫困的影响因素分析---基于福建省20个县(市、区)的农户微观层面数据[J].农业技术经济,2009(5):39-45.
[22]尹海洁,王翌佳.东北地区城市工作贫困群体就业质量研究---来自哈尔滨、长春和沈阳市的调查[J].中国人口科学,2015(3):116-125,128.
[23]CRETTAZ E,BONOLI G.Why are some workers poor?the mechanisms that produce working poverty in a comparative perspective[J].Ssrn Electronic Journal,2010,13(10):1-31.
[24]尹海洁,王翌佳.城市工作贫困研究:回顾与展望[J].改革与开放,2016(9):71-73,124.
[25]KIM M,MERGOUPIS T.The working poor and welfare recipiency:participation,evidence,and policy directions[J].Journal of Economic Issues,1997,31(3):707-728.
[26]周娟.关于工作贫穷研究的述评与展望[J].社会保障研究,2009(3):72-76.
[27]池振合,杨宜勇.贫困线研究综述[J].经济理论与经济管理,2012(7):56-64.
[28]杨立雄.贫困线计算方法及调查机制比较研究[J].经济社会体制比较,2010(5):52-62.
[29]唐钧.确定中国贫困线方法的探讨[J].社会学研究,1997(2):60-71.
[30]王晓琦,顾昕.中国贫困线水平研究[J].学习与实践,2015(5):76-87.
(1)周娟在论文《关于工作贫困的述评与展望》中总结得到:美国工作贫困的界定标准是家庭成员一年总工时超过1750小时且家庭收入低于FPL;加拿大的界定标准为家庭总收入超过50%是来自工资或自营收入且家庭税后收入低于官方贫困线;韩国的界定标准为家庭中至少有一个成员在工作且家庭收入低于官方贫困线;英国的界定标准为家庭中至少有一份收入是来自全时或部分工时的工资且家庭收入低于国民所得中位数的50%或60%。
(2)由于平均收入可能受到样本分布的影响,本文以个人中位收入作为中等收入标准。
(1)贫困深度=(相对贫困线标准-个人可支配收入)/相对贫困线标准。
(2)感谢北京大学社会科学调查中心为本文提供数据支持。
[2]FLEURY D,FORTIN M.When working is not enough to escape poverty:an analysis of Canada’s working poor[J].Human Resources and Social Development,2006(8):7-10.
[3]W.E.B.Du BOIS.The Philadelphia Negro:a social study[M].University of Pennsylvania Press,1996:113-116.
[4]BLUESTONE B.The tripartite economy:labor markets and the working poor[J].Poverty and Human Resources,1970(5):15-35.
[5]SECCOMBE K,AMEY C.Playing by the rules and losing:health insurance and the working poor[J].Journal of Health and Social Behavior,1995,36(2):168-181.
[6]RAMON PERIA-CASAS,MIA LATTA.Working poor in the European Union[M].Office for official Publication of Brussels,2004:61-80.
[7]BRADY D,FULLERTON A S,CROSS J M.More than just nickels and dimes:a cross-national analysis of working poverty in affluent democracies[J].Social Problems,2010,57(4):559-585.
[8]CRETTAZ E.Fighting working poverty in post-industrial economies:causes,trade-offs and policy solutions[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,22(4):440-441.
[9]迈克尔·哈灵顿.另一个美国[M].郑飞北,译.北京:中国青年出版社,2012:92-101.
[10]CARR M,CHEN M A.Globalization and the informal economy:how global trade and investment impact on the working poor[J].General Information,2002,71(3):233-245.
[11]PRADELLA L.The working poor in western Europe:labour,poverty and global capitalism[J].Comparative European Politics,2015,13(5):596-613.
[12]MARCELLI P J.Working poverty in southern California:towards an operational measure[J].Social Science Research,2005,34(1):20-43.
[13]姚建平.中国城市工作贫困化问题研究---基于CGSS数据的分析[J].社会科学,2016(2):42-51.
[14]FLEURY D.A study of poverty and working poverty among recent immigrants to Canada[J].Human Resources&Social Development,2007(1):3-43.
[15]胡永健.我国工资差异变化及影响因素分析---基于家计调查的实证研究[J].技术经济与管理研究,2012(4):83-86.
[16]蔡武,陈广汉.异质型人力资本溢出、劳动力流动与城乡收入差距[J].云南财经大学学报,2013(6):24-32.
[17]谢勇.中国城镇居民低收入群体研究综述[J].人口与经济,2006(2):54-59.
[18]寇竞,胡永健.城镇劳动者个人和家庭因素对工作贫困的影响分析[J].贵州财经大学学报,2014(6):90-94.
[19]黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁---中国乡村社会研究丛书[M].北京:中华书局,2000:161-175.
[20]陈光金.中国农村贫困的程度、特征与影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2008(9):13-25,34.
[21]谢东梅.农户贫困的影响因素分析---基于福建省20个县(市、区)的农户微观层面数据[J].农业技术经济,2009(5):39-45.
[22]尹海洁,王翌佳.东北地区城市工作贫困群体就业质量研究---来自哈尔滨、长春和沈阳市的调查[J].中国人口科学,2015(3):116-125,128.
[23]CRETTAZ E,BONOLI G.Why are some workers poor?the mechanisms that produce working poverty in a comparative perspective[J].Ssrn Electronic Journal,2010,13(10):1-31.
[24]尹海洁,王翌佳.城市工作贫困研究:回顾与展望[J].改革与开放,2016(9):71-73,124.
[25]KIM M,MERGOUPIS T.The working poor and welfare recipiency:participation,evidence,and policy directions[J].Journal of Economic Issues,1997,31(3):707-728.
[26]周娟.关于工作贫穷研究的述评与展望[J].社会保障研究,2009(3):72-76.
[27]池振合,杨宜勇.贫困线研究综述[J].经济理论与经济管理,2012(7):56-64.
[28]杨立雄.贫困线计算方法及调查机制比较研究[J].经济社会体制比较,2010(5):52-62.
[29]唐钧.确定中国贫困线方法的探讨[J].社会学研究,1997(2):60-71.
[30]王晓琦,顾昕.中国贫困线水平研究[J].学习与实践,2015(5):76-87.
(1)周娟在论文《关于工作贫困的述评与展望》中总结得到:美国工作贫困的界定标准是家庭成员一年总工时超过1750小时且家庭收入低于FPL;加拿大的界定标准为家庭总收入超过50%是来自工资或自营收入且家庭税后收入低于官方贫困线;韩国的界定标准为家庭中至少有一个成员在工作且家庭收入低于官方贫困线;英国的界定标准为家庭中至少有一份收入是来自全时或部分工时的工资且家庭收入低于国民所得中位数的50%或60%。
(2)由于平均收入可能受到样本分布的影响,本文以个人中位收入作为中等收入标准。
(1)贫困深度=(相对贫困线标准-个人可支配收入)/相对贫困线标准。
(2)感谢北京大学社会科学调查中心为本文提供数据支持。