小清河污灌区农田土壤重金属形态分析及风险评价
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摘要
选取小清河污灌区农田为研究区域,采集31个表层土壤样品,测定了土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As和Pb)含量,采用改进的BCR顺序提取法对土壤重金属的形态进行分析,并基于潜在生态风险指数法和风险编码法(RAC)对土壤中重金属的生态风险进行评估.结果表明,小清河污灌区土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Pb平均含量分别是0.37、51.61、32.62、68.49、34.12、40.77、32.26 mg·kg~(-1).土壤中Cr、Zn、Ni、As以残渣态占绝对优势,Cu以残渣态和可氧化态为主,Pb则以可还原态为主,而Cd表现出了形态多样的分布特征;重金属生物活性大小排序为:Cd> Pb> Cu> Zn> As> Ni> Cr;潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,Cd处于中度-很强风险水平,As处于轻微-中度风险水平,其他重金属为轻微风险水平.综合潜在生态风险指数RI值在51.23—199.33,处于轻微-中等风险水平,Cd、As是土壤重金属的主要风险源,其对综合潜在生态风险指数的贡献率分别为57%、31%;RAC评价结果表明,土壤Cd处于中度-高风险水平,Zn处于低-中度风险水平,其他重金属为低风险水平.
In the sewage irrigated area of Xiaoqing River, 31 surface soil samples were collected to determine the total concentrations of heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Pb). A modified BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to identify the fraction distribution of heavy metals in the soil. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Pb in the soil were 0.37, 51.61, 32.62, 68.49, 34.12, 40.77, 32.26 mg·kg~(-1) in this area. The ecological risk of heavy metals was assessed by using two methods including potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code(RAC). The results showed that Cr, Zn, Ni and As were dominated by the residual fractions, Cu was mainly composed of the residual and oxidizable fractions, and mass fractions of Pb existed mainly in the reducible fractions, while Cd was controlled by various fractions. The bioavailability of heavy metals was in the descending order of Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > As > Ni > Cr. Based on the calculation of the potential ecological risk index, it was found that Cd was at the level of medium to high risk, As was at the level of low to medium risk, and other metals were of low risk to the environment. The integrate potential ecological risk index(RI) of the heavy metals was in the range of 51.23—199.33, which was at low to medium potential risk level. Particularly, it was found that both Cd and As were the major risk resources to the environment, since the contribution rates of Cd and As were 57% and 31%, respectively. Finally, the results of the RAC showed that Cd was at a moderate to high risk level, Zn was at a low to medium ecological risk level, and other metals presented low level of risk to the environment.
In the sewage irrigated area of Xiaoqing River, 31 surface soil samples were collected to determine the total concentrations of heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Pb). A modified BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to identify the fraction distribution of heavy metals in the soil. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Pb in the soil were 0.37, 51.61, 32.62, 68.49, 34.12, 40.77, 32.26 mg·kg~(-1) in this area. The ecological risk of heavy metals was assessed by using two methods including potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code(RAC). The results showed that Cr, Zn, Ni and As were dominated by the residual fractions, Cu was mainly composed of the residual and oxidizable fractions, and mass fractions of Pb existed mainly in the reducible fractions, while Cd was controlled by various fractions. The bioavailability of heavy metals was in the descending order of Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > As > Ni > Cr. Based on the calculation of the potential ecological risk index, it was found that Cd was at the level of medium to high risk, As was at the level of low to medium risk, and other metals were of low risk to the environment. The integrate potential ecological risk index(RI) of the heavy metals was in the range of 51.23—199.33, which was at low to medium potential risk level. Particularly, it was found that both Cd and As were the major risk resources to the environment, since the contribution rates of Cd and As were 57% and 31%, respectively. Finally, the results of the RAC showed that Cd was at a moderate to high risk level, Zn was at a low to medium ecological risk level, and other metals presented low level of risk to the environment.
引文
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[2] 邢洪连,郭华明,王轶等. 河北保定市安新-清苑县土壤重金属形态分布及风险评估[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2016,43(2):140-146.XING H L, GUO H M, WANG Y, et al. Fraction distribution and risk assessment of soil heavy metals in Anxin-Qingyuan County in Baoding of Hebei[J]. Hydrogenology & Engineering Geology, 2016, 43(2):140-146(in Chinee).
[3] 王蕊,陈明,陈楠等. 基于总量及形态的土壤重金属生态风险评价对比:以龙岩市适中镇为例[J]. 环境科学,2016,38(10):4348-4359. WANG R, CHEN M, CHEN N, et al. Comparision of ecological risk assessment based on the total amount and speciation distribution of heavy metals in soil: a case study for Longyan City, Fujian Province[J]. Environmental Science, 2016,38(10):4348-4359(in Chinee).
[4] 卞凯,于瑞莲,胡恭任等. 农业区旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属赋存形态与生态分析评价[J]. 地球与环境,2016, 44(5):542-548. BIAN K, YU R L, HU G R, et al. Speciation and the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in vertical profile soil of agricultural area[J]. Earth and Environment, 2016, 44(5): 542-548(in Chinee).
[5] 王亚平,黄毅,王苏明等.土壤和沉积物中元素的化学形态及其顺序提取法[J]. 地质通报,2005,24(8):7-28.WANG Y P, HUANG Y, WANG S M, et al. Chemical speciation of elements in sediments and soils and their sequential process[J]. Geological Bulletion of China, 2005, 24 (8): 7-28(in Chinee).
[6] 辛术贞,李花粉,苏德纯. 我国污水灌溉水中重金属含量特征及年代变化规律[J]. 农业环境科学学报,2011, 30(11):2271-2278.XIN S Z, LI H F, SU D C, et al. Concentration characteristics and historical changes of heavy metals in irrigation sewage in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011, 30(11): 2271-2278(in Chinee).
[7] 李小牛,周长松,杜斌等. 北方污灌区土壤重金属污染特征分析[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报,2014,42:205-212.LI X N, ZHOU C S, DU B, et al. Pollution characteristics of heavy metals in sewage irrigated soil of Northern China[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University, 2014, 42: 205-212(in Chinee).
[8] 陈俊,范文宏,孙如梦等. 新河污灌区土壤中重金属的形态分布和生物有效性研究[J]. 环境科学学报,2007,27(5):831-837. CHEN J, FAN W H, SUN R M, et al. Bioavailability and species distribution of heavy metals irrigated soil from Xinhe[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae, 2007, 27(5): 831-837(in Chinee).
[9] 马详爱,秦俊梅,冯两蕊. 长期污水灌溉条件下土壤重金属形态及生物活性的研究[J]. 中国农学通报,2010,26(22):318-322.MA X A, QING J M, FENG L R. Chemical fractions and bioavailability of heavy metals in long-term sewage-irrigated soil[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(22): 318-322(in Chinee).
[10] 王存龙,夏学齐,赵西强等. 山东省小清河沿岸土壤重金属污染分布及迁移规律[J]. 中国地质,2012, 39(2):530-538.WANG C L, XIA X Q, ZHAO X Q, et al. Distribution and migration regularity of soil heavy metal pollution along the Xiaoqing watershed, Shandong Province[J]. Geology in China, 2012, 39(2): 530-538(in Chinee).
[11] 庞绪贵,陈长峰,李秀章等. 鲁北小清河流域土壤中元素分布特征及环境质量评价[J]. 地质通报,2005,24(2): 160-163. PANG X G, CHEN C F, LI X Z, et al. Distribution characteristics of elements in soils and environment quality evaluation in the Xiaoqing River valley, northern Shandong[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2005, 24(2): 160-163.
[12] 姜会敏. 山东省表层重金属来源及评估[J]. 中国人口. 资源与环境,2017,27(5):48-50. JIANG H M. Source and risk assessment of heavy metal in surface soils of Shandong[J]. Chinese Population, Resources and Environment, 2017, 27(5): 48-50(in Chinee).
[13] PARDO R, HELENA B A, CAZURRO C, et al. Application of two-and three way principal component analysis to the interpretation of chemical fractionation results obtained by the use of the B.C.R procedure [J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004, 523(1): 125-132.
[14] 张凤英,阎百兴,朱立禄. 松花江沉积物重金属形态赋存特征研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报,2010,29(1):163-167.ZHANG F Y, YAN B X, ZHU L L, et al. Speciation of heavy metals in sediment of the Songhua River, Northeast of China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010, 29(1): 163-167(in Chinee).
[15] HAKANSON L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control-A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14: 975-1001.
[16] 代杰瑞,祝德成,庞绪贵等. 济南市土壤元素地球化学特征及环境质量[J]. 中国地质,2015,42(1): 308-316.DAI J R, ZHU D C, PANG X G, et al. Geochemical characteristics and environmental quality of soil elements in Jinan City[J]. Geology in China, 2015, 42(1): 308-316(in Chinee).
[17] 徐争启,倪师军,庹先国等. 潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J]. 环境科学与技术,2008, 31(2):112-115.XU Z Q, NI S J, TUO X G, et al. Calculation of heavy metals toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 31(2): 112-115(in Chinee).
[18] 刘宗平. 环境重金属污染物的生物有效性[J]. 生态学报,2005,25(2):273-278.LIU Z P. The bioactivity of environment heavy metal pollutants in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal smelters[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005, 25(2): 273-278(in Chinee).
[19] WILLIAMS C H, DAVID D J. The effect of superphosphate on the cadmium content of soils and plants[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 1973, 11:43-56.
[20] LIN Y P, TENG T P, CHANG T K. Multivariate analysis of soil heavy metal pollution and landscape pattern in Changhua county in Taiwan[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 62: 19-35.
[21] FACCHINELLI A, SACCHI E, MALLEN L. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2001, 114: 313-324.
[22] 李如忠,徐晶晶,姜艳敏等. 铜陵市惠溪河滨岸带土壤重金属形态分布及风险评估[J]. 环境科学研究,2013, 26(1):88-96.LI R Z, XU J J, JIANG Y M, et al. Fraction distribution and ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals in the riparian zone of Huixi Stream in Tongling City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2013, 26(1): 88-96(in Chinee).
[23] 麻冰涓,王海邻,李小超等. 河南省武陟县大田土壤重金属形态分布及潜在生态风险评价[J]. 安全与环境学报,2015,15(4):363-367.MA B J, WANG H L, LI X C, et al. Fractional distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil, Wuzhi, Henan[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2015, 15(4): 363-367(in Chinee).
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