我国弓形虫病我国弓形虫病流行概况及防治基础研究进展
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摘要
弓形虫是一种重要的人兽共患病原体,弓形虫病严重危害人体健康及畜牧业生产。本文综述了我国弓形虫感染流行情况、基因分型、致病机制、诊断、治疗和疫苗研发等研究进展,旨在为我国弓形虫和弓形虫病研究提供参考。
Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic pathogen and its infection has a significant impact on human health and animal husbandry.This review presents the research progresses in the epidemic,genotype,pathogenicity,diagnosis,treatment and vaccine development of Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis in China,so as to provide the reference for the study of the pathogen and the disease in the country.
Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic pathogen and its infection has a significant impact on human health and animal husbandry.This review presents the research progresses in the epidemic,genotype,pathogenicity,diagnosis,treatment and vaccine development of Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis in China,so as to provide the reference for the study of the pathogen and the disease in the country.
引文
[1]Su CL,Khan A,Zhou P,et al.Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2012,109(15):5844-5849.
[2]Hunter CA,Sibley LD.Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors[J].Nat Rev Microbiol,2012,10(11):766-778.
[3]Melo Mb JK,Saeij JP.Toxoplasma gondii effectors are master regulators of the inflammatory response[J].Trends Parasitol,2011,27(11):487-495.
[4]Jensen KD,Wang YD,Wojno ED,et al.Toxoplasma polymorphic effectors determine macrophage polarization and intestinal inflammation[J].Cell Host Microbe,2011,9(6):472-483.
[5]Sidik SM,Huet D,Ganesan SM,et al.A genome-wide CRISPRscreen in Toxoplasma identifies essential apicomplexan genes[J].Cell,2016,166(6):1423-1435.
[6]Mcconnell EV,Bruzual I,Pou S,et al.Targeted structure-activity analysis of endochin-like quinolones reveals potent Qi and Qo site inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome bc1 and identifies ELQ-400 as a remarkably effective compound against acute experimental toxoplasmosis[J].ACS Infect Dis,2018,4(11):1574-1584.
[7]Pan M,Lyu C,Zhao J,et al.Sixty years(1957-2017)of research on toxoplasmosis in China-an overview[J].Front Microbiol,2017,8:1825.
[8]黄艳,余新炳.食源性寄生虫病流行趋势、研究与发展方向[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2015,33(6):436-442.
[9]Rahimi MT,Daryani A,Sarvi SA,et al.Cats and Toxoplasma gondii:a systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran[J].Onderstepoort J Vet Res,2015,82(1):e1-e10.
[10]Ding H,Gao YM,Deng Y,et al.A systematic review and metaanalysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats in mainland China[J].Parasit Vectors,2017,10(1):27.
[11]Petersen E.Toxoplasmosis[J].Semin Fetal Neonatal Med,2007,12(3):214-223.
[12]Villena I,Ancelle T,Delmas C,et al.Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007:first results from a national surveillance system[J].Euro Surveill,2010,15(25):19600.
[13]Dubey JP,Lago EG,Gennari SM,et al.Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil:high prevalence,high burden of disease,and epidemiology[J].Parasitology,2012,139(11):1375-1424.
[14]全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查办公室.全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查报告[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2005,23(增刊):332-340.
[15]Dong H,Su R,Lu Y,et al.Prevalence,risk factors,and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans(2000-2017)from China[J].Front Microbiol,2018,9:2108.
[16]Li K,Wang M,Zhang H,et al.Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in native tibetans in Tibet,China[J].Acta Parasitol,2017,62(3):529-532.
[17]Jiang C,Li Z,Chen P,et al.The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Chinese population with cancer:a systematic review and Metaanalysis[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2015,94(50):e2274.
[18]Cong W,Liu GH,Meng QF,et al.Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients:prevalence,risk factors,genotypes and association with clinical diagnosis[J].Cancer Lett,2015,359(2):307-313.
[19]ZhouN,ZhangXY,LiYX,etal.Seroprevalenceandriskfactorsof ToxoplasmagondiiinfectioninoralcancerpatientsinChina:acase-control prospectivestudy[J].EpidemiolInfect,2018,146(15):1891-1895.
[20]朱正,孙莹莹,李楷.我国牛羊弓形虫感染情况及影响因素研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2017,38(3):107-110.
[21]Hide G.Role of vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in prevalence of infection[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2016,14(3):335-344.
[22]Dong H,Lu YY,Su RJ,et al.Low prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in dairy cattle from China's central region[J].BMC Vet Res,2018,14(1):315.
[23]Shwab EK,Saraf P,Zhu XQ,et al.Human impact on the diversity and virulence of the ubiquitous zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2018,115(29):E6956-E6963.
[24]Weiss LM,Kim K.Toxoplasma gondii:The Model ApicomplexanPerspectives and Methods(Second Edition)[M].Academic Press,2013:27-30.
[25]Sibley LD,Boothroyd JC.Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a singleclonallineage[J].Nature,1992,359(6390):82-85.
[26]Howe DK,Sibley LD.Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages:correlation of parasite genotype with human disease[J].JInfect Dis,1995,172(6):1561-1566.
[27]Pena H,Gennari SM,Dubey JP,et al.Population structure and mouse-virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil[J].Int J Parasitol,2008,38(5):561-569.
[28]Behnke Ms DJ,Sibley LD.Genetic mapping mapping of pathogenesis pathogenesis determinants determinants in Toxoplasma gondii[J].Annu Rev Microbiol,2016,70:63-81.
[29]Khan A,Fux B,Su C,et al.Recent transcontinental sweep of Toxoplasma gondii driven by a single monomorphic chromosome[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2007,104(37):14872-14877.
[30]Hosseini SA,Amouei A,Sharif M,et al.Human toxoplasmosis:a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples[J].Epidemiol Infect,2019,147:1-9.
[31]Dubey JP,Zhu XQ,Sundar N,et al.Genetic and biologic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates of Cats from China[J].Vet Parasitol,2007,145(3/4):352-356.
[32]Chaichan P,Mercier A,Galal L,et al.Geographical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Asia:A Link with neighboring continents[J].Infect Genet Evol,2017,53:227-238.
[33]Chen ZW,Gao JM,Huo XX,et al.Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Cats in different geographic regions of China[J].Vet Parasitol,2011,183(1/2):166-170.
[34]Wang L,Cheng HW,Huang KQ,et al.Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in food animals and rodents in different regions of China:isolation,genotyping and mousepathogenicity[J].ParasitVectors,2013,6:273.
[35]Wang L,Chen H,Liu D,et al.Genotypes and mouse virulence of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from animals and humans in China[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e53483.
[36]Zhou P,Sun XT,Yin CC,et al.Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Pigs in southwestern China[J].J Parasitol,2011,97(6):1193-1195.
[37]Zhou P,Zhang H,Lin RQ,et al.Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolatesfromChina[J].ParasitolInt,2009,58(2):193-195.
[38]沈继龙,王林.弓形虫的基因型及其主要效应分子的致病机制[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2015,33(6):429-435.
[39]Gao JM,Xie YT,Xu ZS,et al.Genetic analyses of Chinese isolates of Toxoplasma gondii reveal a new genotype with high virulence to murine hosts[J].Vet Parasitol,2017,241:52-60.
[40]Alvarez C,De-La-Torre A,Vargas M,et al.Striking divergence divergence in Toxoplasma ROP16 nucleotide nucleotide sequences sequences ffrom human human and meat meat samples samples[J].J Infect Dis,2015,211(12):2006-2013.
[41]Cheng WS,Liu F,Li M,et al.Variation detection based on next-generation sequencing of type Chinese 1 strains of Toxoplasma gondii with differentvirulencefromChina[J].BMCGenomics,2015,16:888.
[42]Wang C,Cheng W,Yu Q,et al.Toxoplasma Chinese 1 Sstrain of WH3△Deltarop16I/III/gra15II genetic background contributes to abnormal pregnant outcomes in murine model[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:1222.
[43]Ajzenberg D,Cogne N,Paris L,et al.Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital toxoplasmosis,and correlation withclinicalfindings[J].J InfectDis,2002,186(5):684-689.
[44]Pardini L,Bernstein M,Carral LA,et al.Congenital human toxoplasmosis caused by non-clonal Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Argentina[J].Parasitol Int,2019,68(1):48-52.
[45]Khan A,Jordan C,Muccioli C,et al.Genetic divergence of Toxoplasma gondii strains associated with ocular toxoplasmosis,Brazil[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2006,12(6):942-949.
[46]Fuglewicz Aj PP,Stodolak A.Relationship between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia:A review[J].Adv Clin Exp Med,2017,26(6):1031-1036.
[47]An R,Tang YE,Chen LJ,et al.Encephalitis is mediated by ROP18 of Toxoplasma gondii,a severe pathogen in AIDS patients[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2018,115(23):E5344-E5352.
[48]Wei W,Zhang FF,Chen H,et al.Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 15 induces apoptosis in choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells through endoplasmicreticulumstress[J].ParasitVectors,2018,11(1):251.
[49]Xu XC,He LY,Zhang AM,et al.Toxoplasma gondii isolate with genotype Chinese 1 triggers trophoblast apoptosis through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice[J].Exp Parasitol,2015,154:51-61.
[50]Kong LT,Zhang Q,Chao J,et al.Polarization of macrophages induced by Toxoplasma gondii and its impact on abnormal pregnancy in rats[J].Acta Trop,2015,143:1-7.
[51]Li Z,Zhao M,Li T,et al.Decidual macrophage functional polarization during abnormal pregnancy due to Toxoplasma gondii:role for LILRB4[J].Front Immunol,2017,8:1013.
[52]沈继龙.弓形虫病的若干术语释义及实验室诊断的解读与处置策略[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2017,35(4):382-384.
[53]严晓岚,闻礼永,官亚宜,等.《弓形虫病的诊断》标准解读[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2016,34(4):387-389.
[54]Dubey JP.The history of Toxoplasma gondii-the first 100 years[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol,2009,55(6):467-475.
[55]Dunay IR,Gajurel K,Dhakal R,et al.Treatment of toxoplasmosis:historical perspective perspective,animal models,and current clinical practice[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2018,31(4).
[56]Fox BA,Bzik DJ.Nonreplicating,cyst-defective type II Toxoplasma gondii vaccine strains stimulate protective immunity against acute andchronicinfection[J].InfectImmun,2015,83(5):2148-2155.
[57]张雪飞,王宏伟,韩少杰,等.青蒿素及其衍生物抗寄生虫研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2018,39(7):93-97.
[58]陈光,马淑霞,蔡连顺,等.中药大蒜素体外抗弓形虫效应及其机制的研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2009,21(9):812-816,821.
[59]司开卫,程彦斌,李哲,等.扁桃酸对小鼠体内弓形虫速殖子的作用机制[J].西安交通大学学报:医学版,2006,27(3):230-232.
[60]崔洁,王旗,杨小迪.金丝桃素对小鼠巨噬细胞内刚地弓形虫速殖子的增殖抑制作用[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2018,34(7):583-587.
[61]Hiszczynska-Sawicka E,Gatkowska JM,Grzybowski MM,et al.Veterinary vaccines against toxoplasmosis[J].Parasitology,2014,141(11):1365-1378.
[62]张忠佩,秦元华,任一鑫,等.人类寄生虫重组疫苗研究进展[J].中国病原生物学杂志,2017,12(5):476-479.
[2]Hunter CA,Sibley LD.Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors[J].Nat Rev Microbiol,2012,10(11):766-778.
[3]Melo Mb JK,Saeij JP.Toxoplasma gondii effectors are master regulators of the inflammatory response[J].Trends Parasitol,2011,27(11):487-495.
[4]Jensen KD,Wang YD,Wojno ED,et al.Toxoplasma polymorphic effectors determine macrophage polarization and intestinal inflammation[J].Cell Host Microbe,2011,9(6):472-483.
[5]Sidik SM,Huet D,Ganesan SM,et al.A genome-wide CRISPRscreen in Toxoplasma identifies essential apicomplexan genes[J].Cell,2016,166(6):1423-1435.
[6]Mcconnell EV,Bruzual I,Pou S,et al.Targeted structure-activity analysis of endochin-like quinolones reveals potent Qi and Qo site inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome bc1 and identifies ELQ-400 as a remarkably effective compound against acute experimental toxoplasmosis[J].ACS Infect Dis,2018,4(11):1574-1584.
[7]Pan M,Lyu C,Zhao J,et al.Sixty years(1957-2017)of research on toxoplasmosis in China-an overview[J].Front Microbiol,2017,8:1825.
[8]黄艳,余新炳.食源性寄生虫病流行趋势、研究与发展方向[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2015,33(6):436-442.
[9]Rahimi MT,Daryani A,Sarvi SA,et al.Cats and Toxoplasma gondii:a systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran[J].Onderstepoort J Vet Res,2015,82(1):e1-e10.
[10]Ding H,Gao YM,Deng Y,et al.A systematic review and metaanalysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats in mainland China[J].Parasit Vectors,2017,10(1):27.
[11]Petersen E.Toxoplasmosis[J].Semin Fetal Neonatal Med,2007,12(3):214-223.
[12]Villena I,Ancelle T,Delmas C,et al.Congenital toxoplasmosis in France in 2007:first results from a national surveillance system[J].Euro Surveill,2010,15(25):19600.
[13]Dubey JP,Lago EG,Gennari SM,et al.Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil:high prevalence,high burden of disease,and epidemiology[J].Parasitology,2012,139(11):1375-1424.
[14]全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查办公室.全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查报告[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2005,23(增刊):332-340.
[15]Dong H,Su R,Lu Y,et al.Prevalence,risk factors,and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans(2000-2017)from China[J].Front Microbiol,2018,9:2108.
[16]Li K,Wang M,Zhang H,et al.Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in native tibetans in Tibet,China[J].Acta Parasitol,2017,62(3):529-532.
[17]Jiang C,Li Z,Chen P,et al.The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Chinese population with cancer:a systematic review and Metaanalysis[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2015,94(50):e2274.
[18]Cong W,Liu GH,Meng QF,et al.Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients:prevalence,risk factors,genotypes and association with clinical diagnosis[J].Cancer Lett,2015,359(2):307-313.
[19]ZhouN,ZhangXY,LiYX,etal.Seroprevalenceandriskfactorsof ToxoplasmagondiiinfectioninoralcancerpatientsinChina:acase-control prospectivestudy[J].EpidemiolInfect,2018,146(15):1891-1895.
[20]朱正,孙莹莹,李楷.我国牛羊弓形虫感染情况及影响因素研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2017,38(3):107-110.
[21]Hide G.Role of vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in prevalence of infection[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2016,14(3):335-344.
[22]Dong H,Lu YY,Su RJ,et al.Low prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in dairy cattle from China's central region[J].BMC Vet Res,2018,14(1):315.
[23]Shwab EK,Saraf P,Zhu XQ,et al.Human impact on the diversity and virulence of the ubiquitous zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2018,115(29):E6956-E6963.
[24]Weiss LM,Kim K.Toxoplasma gondii:The Model ApicomplexanPerspectives and Methods(Second Edition)[M].Academic Press,2013:27-30.
[25]Sibley LD,Boothroyd JC.Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a singleclonallineage[J].Nature,1992,359(6390):82-85.
[26]Howe DK,Sibley LD.Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages:correlation of parasite genotype with human disease[J].JInfect Dis,1995,172(6):1561-1566.
[27]Pena H,Gennari SM,Dubey JP,et al.Population structure and mouse-virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil[J].Int J Parasitol,2008,38(5):561-569.
[28]Behnke Ms DJ,Sibley LD.Genetic mapping mapping of pathogenesis pathogenesis determinants determinants in Toxoplasma gondii[J].Annu Rev Microbiol,2016,70:63-81.
[29]Khan A,Fux B,Su C,et al.Recent transcontinental sweep of Toxoplasma gondii driven by a single monomorphic chromosome[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2007,104(37):14872-14877.
[30]Hosseini SA,Amouei A,Sharif M,et al.Human toxoplasmosis:a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples[J].Epidemiol Infect,2019,147:1-9.
[31]Dubey JP,Zhu XQ,Sundar N,et al.Genetic and biologic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates of Cats from China[J].Vet Parasitol,2007,145(3/4):352-356.
[32]Chaichan P,Mercier A,Galal L,et al.Geographical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Asia:A Link with neighboring continents[J].Infect Genet Evol,2017,53:227-238.
[33]Chen ZW,Gao JM,Huo XX,et al.Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Cats in different geographic regions of China[J].Vet Parasitol,2011,183(1/2):166-170.
[34]Wang L,Cheng HW,Huang KQ,et al.Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in food animals and rodents in different regions of China:isolation,genotyping and mousepathogenicity[J].ParasitVectors,2013,6:273.
[35]Wang L,Chen H,Liu D,et al.Genotypes and mouse virulence of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from animals and humans in China[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e53483.
[36]Zhou P,Sun XT,Yin CC,et al.Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Pigs in southwestern China[J].J Parasitol,2011,97(6):1193-1195.
[37]Zhou P,Zhang H,Lin RQ,et al.Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolatesfromChina[J].ParasitolInt,2009,58(2):193-195.
[38]沈继龙,王林.弓形虫的基因型及其主要效应分子的致病机制[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2015,33(6):429-435.
[39]Gao JM,Xie YT,Xu ZS,et al.Genetic analyses of Chinese isolates of Toxoplasma gondii reveal a new genotype with high virulence to murine hosts[J].Vet Parasitol,2017,241:52-60.
[40]Alvarez C,De-La-Torre A,Vargas M,et al.Striking divergence divergence in Toxoplasma ROP16 nucleotide nucleotide sequences sequences ffrom human human and meat meat samples samples[J].J Infect Dis,2015,211(12):2006-2013.
[41]Cheng WS,Liu F,Li M,et al.Variation detection based on next-generation sequencing of type Chinese 1 strains of Toxoplasma gondii with differentvirulencefromChina[J].BMCGenomics,2015,16:888.
[42]Wang C,Cheng W,Yu Q,et al.Toxoplasma Chinese 1 Sstrain of WH3△Deltarop16I/III/gra15II genetic background contributes to abnormal pregnant outcomes in murine model[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:1222.
[43]Ajzenberg D,Cogne N,Paris L,et al.Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital toxoplasmosis,and correlation withclinicalfindings[J].J InfectDis,2002,186(5):684-689.
[44]Pardini L,Bernstein M,Carral LA,et al.Congenital human toxoplasmosis caused by non-clonal Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Argentina[J].Parasitol Int,2019,68(1):48-52.
[45]Khan A,Jordan C,Muccioli C,et al.Genetic divergence of Toxoplasma gondii strains associated with ocular toxoplasmosis,Brazil[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2006,12(6):942-949.
[46]Fuglewicz Aj PP,Stodolak A.Relationship between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia:A review[J].Adv Clin Exp Med,2017,26(6):1031-1036.
[47]An R,Tang YE,Chen LJ,et al.Encephalitis is mediated by ROP18 of Toxoplasma gondii,a severe pathogen in AIDS patients[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2018,115(23):E5344-E5352.
[48]Wei W,Zhang FF,Chen H,et al.Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 15 induces apoptosis in choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells through endoplasmicreticulumstress[J].ParasitVectors,2018,11(1):251.
[49]Xu XC,He LY,Zhang AM,et al.Toxoplasma gondii isolate with genotype Chinese 1 triggers trophoblast apoptosis through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice[J].Exp Parasitol,2015,154:51-61.
[50]Kong LT,Zhang Q,Chao J,et al.Polarization of macrophages induced by Toxoplasma gondii and its impact on abnormal pregnancy in rats[J].Acta Trop,2015,143:1-7.
[51]Li Z,Zhao M,Li T,et al.Decidual macrophage functional polarization during abnormal pregnancy due to Toxoplasma gondii:role for LILRB4[J].Front Immunol,2017,8:1013.
[52]沈继龙.弓形虫病的若干术语释义及实验室诊断的解读与处置策略[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2017,35(4):382-384.
[53]严晓岚,闻礼永,官亚宜,等.《弓形虫病的诊断》标准解读[J].中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,2016,34(4):387-389.
[54]Dubey JP.The history of Toxoplasma gondii-the first 100 years[J].J Eukaryot Microbiol,2009,55(6):467-475.
[55]Dunay IR,Gajurel K,Dhakal R,et al.Treatment of toxoplasmosis:historical perspective perspective,animal models,and current clinical practice[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2018,31(4).
[56]Fox BA,Bzik DJ.Nonreplicating,cyst-defective type II Toxoplasma gondii vaccine strains stimulate protective immunity against acute andchronicinfection[J].InfectImmun,2015,83(5):2148-2155.
[57]张雪飞,王宏伟,韩少杰,等.青蒿素及其衍生物抗寄生虫研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2018,39(7):93-97.
[58]陈光,马淑霞,蔡连顺,等.中药大蒜素体外抗弓形虫效应及其机制的研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2009,21(9):812-816,821.
[59]司开卫,程彦斌,李哲,等.扁桃酸对小鼠体内弓形虫速殖子的作用机制[J].西安交通大学学报:医学版,2006,27(3):230-232.
[60]崔洁,王旗,杨小迪.金丝桃素对小鼠巨噬细胞内刚地弓形虫速殖子的增殖抑制作用[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2018,34(7):583-587.
[61]Hiszczynska-Sawicka E,Gatkowska JM,Grzybowski MM,et al.Veterinary vaccines against toxoplasmosis[J].Parasitology,2014,141(11):1365-1378.
[62]张忠佩,秦元华,任一鑫,等.人类寄生虫重组疫苗研究进展[J].中国病原生物学杂志,2017,12(5):476-479.