中国旅游集团业务布局特征与形成机制研究
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摘要
大型旅游企业集团是旅游经济发展的主导力量,对行业发展具有战略性引领作用。2016年中国港中旅集团公司与中国国旅集团有限公司合并成为中国旅游集团有限公司,成为我国最大的旅游央企。文章以中国旅游集团截至2017年的567个业务点为研究样本,运用GIS空间分析工具对其业务的空间分布形态、分布密度、空间相关性和空间临近性进行刻画,协助企业高效监控业务布局有效性,寻找影响企业业务布局的关键因素,探寻业务布局特征的形成机制。研究表明:业务点在地理空间分布上趋于聚集状态,属于凝聚型分布格局;分布密度呈现明显的差异性,珠三角和川渝的密度最大,长三角和京津冀次之;空间分布的相关性不明显,业务布局不受周边区域布局影响;各业务点对客源市场、交通干线和旅游资源具有显著的空间邻近特征和空间依赖关系;所进入地区的经济发展水平、产业配套水平以及不同成长阶段下的集团业务板块规划和成长模式选择差异是业务布局空间分异的重要因素。
Prodigious tourism businesses are one of the leading forces behind the increase in tourism revenue in China and such businesses play a strategically important role in supportingthe permanent growth of the tourism industry. In 2016, China National Travel Service Group Corporation and China International Travel Service Group Corporation officially merged under the guidance of the Chinese State Council for the maintenance and improvement of state-owned assets. Following the merger, China International Travel Service Group Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Travel Service Group, which then changed its name to China National Travel Service Group Corporation(CNTS). This resulted in the formation of the largest central tourism business in China. In this study, an analysis was made of research samples collected from the official websites of 567 CNTS business locations including travel agencies,hotels, scenic sites and tourism real estate. GIS spatial analysis tools such as the Nearest Neighbor Index(NNI), Kernel Density Estimation(KDE), Global Moran's I and buffer analysis were used to depict and analyze the business locations' spatial configuration,distribution density, spatial auto-correlation and spatial proximity in order to identify their perceptible quantitative characteristics. Consequently, in identifying and confirming the key factors that affect the spatial configuration of tourism businesses, it was possible to explore the mechanism of CNTS's spatial differentiation characteristics from a regional perspective.The information gathered can be used toassist businesses, enabling them to monitor their strategic layouts to increase their effectiveness. The final results show the following:(1) 567 of CNTS business locations, from a national point of view,display the features of an aggregate distribution in their geographical area.(2) The spatial distribution of the business locations clearly differ depending on the region: the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomerations are the regions where a large number of business locations aggregate, followed by the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.(3) There is no obvious correlation between the business locations' spatial distribution and their geographical proximity, suggesting that the existing local arrangement did not influence CNTS business distribution at a provincial level, but was more apparent in urban and metropolitan areas.(4) The significant features of spatial proximity in contrasting business areas differed according to their reliance on the capability of the tourist market, the convenience of the area for local traffic and the funding of tourist resources. It was concluded that the largest contributors to CNTS's spatial diversity are regional economic strength and localized tourism industry structure, the number of auxiliary measures available, planning for local businesses and the development of trends in different areas. Those particular features are fundamental conditions that are of central importance in determining the crucial parameters for the formation of a desired spatial configuration and business landscape. The empirical data gathered from this study offer a valuable reference tool to those responsible forthe selection of prominent business locations and can assist with the formulation of key spatial distribution strategies for the benefit of large tourism groups such as CNTS.
Prodigious tourism businesses are one of the leading forces behind the increase in tourism revenue in China and such businesses play a strategically important role in supportingthe permanent growth of the tourism industry. In 2016, China National Travel Service Group Corporation and China International Travel Service Group Corporation officially merged under the guidance of the Chinese State Council for the maintenance and improvement of state-owned assets. Following the merger, China International Travel Service Group Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Travel Service Group, which then changed its name to China National Travel Service Group Corporation(CNTS). This resulted in the formation of the largest central tourism business in China. In this study, an analysis was made of research samples collected from the official websites of 567 CNTS business locations including travel agencies,hotels, scenic sites and tourism real estate. GIS spatial analysis tools such as the Nearest Neighbor Index(NNI), Kernel Density Estimation(KDE), Global Moran's I and buffer analysis were used to depict and analyze the business locations' spatial configuration,distribution density, spatial auto-correlation and spatial proximity in order to identify their perceptible quantitative characteristics. Consequently, in identifying and confirming the key factors that affect the spatial configuration of tourism businesses, it was possible to explore the mechanism of CNTS's spatial differentiation characteristics from a regional perspective.The information gathered can be used toassist businesses, enabling them to monitor their strategic layouts to increase their effectiveness. The final results show the following:(1) 567 of CNTS business locations, from a national point of view,display the features of an aggregate distribution in their geographical area.(2) The spatial distribution of the business locations clearly differ depending on the region: the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan-Chongqing urban agglomerations are the regions where a large number of business locations aggregate, followed by the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.(3) There is no obvious correlation between the business locations' spatial distribution and their geographical proximity, suggesting that the existing local arrangement did not influence CNTS business distribution at a provincial level, but was more apparent in urban and metropolitan areas.(4) The significant features of spatial proximity in contrasting business areas differed according to their reliance on the capability of the tourist market, the convenience of the area for local traffic and the funding of tourist resources. It was concluded that the largest contributors to CNTS's spatial diversity are regional economic strength and localized tourism industry structure, the number of auxiliary measures available, planning for local businesses and the development of trends in different areas. Those particular features are fundamental conditions that are of central importance in determining the crucial parameters for the formation of a desired spatial configuration and business landscape. The empirical data gathered from this study offer a valuable reference tool to those responsible forthe selection of prominent business locations and can assist with the formulation of key spatial distribution strategies for the benefit of large tourism groups such as CNTS.
引文
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(1)根据东方财富Choice统计所得。
(1)数据来源:根据2018年各省统计年鉴、统计公报数据计算得出。
(1)数据来源:根据2018年各省统计年鉴、统计公报数据计算得出。
(1)数据来源:根据2018年各省统计年鉴、统计公报数据计算得出。
(1)数据来源:根据中国旅游集团有限公司2016年年报数据计算得出。
[2]WANG Yuming.Core-periphery geographical theory in regional tourism planning[J].Economic Geography,2002,(3):372-375.[汪宇明.核心-边缘理论在区域旅游规划中的运用[J].经济地理,2002,(3):372-375.]
[3]MASSON S,PETIOT R.Can the high speed rail reinforce tourism attractiveness?The case of the high speed rail between Perpignan(France)and Barcelona(Spain)[J].Technovation,2009,29(9):611-617.
[4]PANG Wen,MA Yaofeng.The analysis of the core-periphery tourism spatial structure in Guanzhong-Tianshui economic zone[J].Human Geography,2012,27(1):152-155;160.[庞闻,马耀峰.关中天水经济区核心-边缘旅游空间结构解析[J].人文地理,2012,27(1):152-155;160.]
[5]CHRISTALLER W.Some considerations of tourism location in Europe:The peripheral region-underdeveloped countries-recreation areas[J].Papers and Proceedings of Regional Science Association,1964,(12):95-105.
[6]FAN Xinyou.Study on the formation mechanism of spatial layout of regional tourism industry:Taking Jiuzhaigou as an example[J].Special Zone Economy,2008,(11):158-159.[樊信友.论区域旅游产业空间布局的形成机制--以九寨沟为例[J].特区经济,2008,(11):158-159.]
[7]CHEN Jianshe,ZHU Xiang,XU Mei.A study on the scale and spatial structure of regional tourism center based on fractal theory:Taking Hunan province as an example[J].Tourism Tribune,2012,27(9):34-39.[陈建设,朱翔,徐美.基于分形理论的区域旅游中心地规模与空间结构研究--以湖南省为例[J].旅游学刊,2012,27(9):34-39.]
[8]LADO-SESTAYO R,OTERO-GONZALEZ L,VIVEL-BUA M,et al.Impact of location on profitability in the Spanish hotel sector[J].Tourism Management,2016,52:405-415.
[9]MING Qingzhong.Tourist Destination Planning[M].Beijing:Science Press,2003:1-332.[明庆忠.旅游地规划[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:1-332.]
[10]YIN Duo,LYU Huaxian.Management of tourism estate through“growth pole theory”:A case study of Guilin[J].Territory&Natural Resources Study,2011,(3):48-49.[尹铎,吕华鲜.基于增长极理论的旅游地产发展研究--以桂林为例[J].国土与自然资源研究,2011,(3):48-49.]
[11]CHEN Chuankang.Regionally sustainable development and the development of industries[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1997,(6):518-527.[陈传康.区域可持续发展与行业开发[J].地理学报,1997,(6):518-527.]
[12]WANG Zhongcheng,LI Jinlian.Study on the tour industry spatial layout of the Yangtze River Delta[J].Economic Geography,2006,(S2):83-86.[王忠诚,李金莲.长江三角洲地区旅游产业空间布局[J].经济地理,2006,(S2):83-86.]
[13]WU Bihu.The Theory and Method of Regional Tourism Planning[R].Post doctoral Research Report of Peking University,1998:74-80.[吴必虎.区域旅游规划的理论与方法[R].北京大学博士后研究出站报告,1998:74-80.]
[14]DREDGE D.Destination place planning and design[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1999,6(4):773-786.
[15]WANG Chaohui,LU Lin,FANG Ting,et al.Spatial pattern evolution of Shanghai tourist lodging industry during the World Expo construction period[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,(10):1423-1437.[王朝辉,陆林,方婷,等.世博建设期上海市旅游住宿产业空间格局演化[J].地理学报,2012,(10):1423-1437.]
[16]PAPATHEODOROU A.Exploring the evolution of tourism resorts[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2003,1(1):219-237.
[17]WANG Degen.The spatial structure of urban tourism:Its evolution and optimization:A case study of Suzhou city[J].Urban Studies,2007,14(1):21-26.[汪德根.城市旅游空间结构演变与优化研究--以苏州市为例[J].城市发展研究,2007,14(1):21-26.]
[18]YUE Yanxiang.The Research on the Interactive Relationship between the Transportation Development and the Tourism Industry Organization[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2011.[岳燕祥.交通发展与旅游产业布局的互动关系研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2011.]
[19]WEAVER D B.Peripheries of the periphery:Tourism in Tobago and Barbuda[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1998,25(2):292-313.
[20]YIN Huaguang,WANG Huanru,YAO Yungui,et al.Research of the spatial layout optimization of tourism industry of Wuling Mountain area[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology:Social Sciences,2015,9(1):33-38;43.[尹华光,王换茹,姚云贵,等.武陵山片区旅游产业空间布局优化研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报:社会科学版,2015,9(1):33-38;43.]
[21]LIANG Qi,CAI Jiangang.The belt and road initiative and the spatial layout optimization of regional tourism in China[J].Journal of Jishou University:Social Sciences Edition,2018,39(3):39-47.[梁琦,蔡建刚.“一带一路”与我国区域旅游空间布局优化[J].吉首大学学报:社会科学版,2018,39(3):39-47.]
[22]MAGRETTA J.Why business models matter?[J].Harvard Business Review,2002,80(5):86-92;133.
[23]ZHU Ling.Study on the Growth of Tourism Group in China[D].Changsha:Central South Forestry College,2002.[朱玲.中国旅游集团的成长研究[D].长沙:中南林学院,2002.]
[24]NI Qiang.Study on Development of China’s Tourism Enterprises Grouping[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2008.[倪强.中国旅游企业集团化发展研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008.]
[25]LI Li,CHEN Xuejun.An empirical research on the growth mode selection of tourism enterprise groups[J].East China Economic Management,2014,(10):92-97.[李莉,陈雪钧.旅游企业集团成长模式选择实证研究[J].华东经济管理,2014,(10):92-97.]
[26]LI Li.Research on the value chain growth models of tourism enterprise groups:A case of OCT[J].Tourism Forum,2015,8(1):61-66.[李莉.旅游企业集团的价值链成长模式:华侨城的实践及启示[J].旅游论坛,2015,8(1):61-66.]
[27]ROPER A,BROOKES M.The multi-cultural management of international hotel groups[J].International Journal of Hospitality Management,1997,6(2):147-159.
[28]SUN Muyou.On strategic selection about the development of China’s tourism enterprise conglomerate[J].Tourism Tribune,2002,17(6):23-25.[孙睦优.我国旅游企业集团化发展战略选择[J].旅游学刊,2002,17(6):23-25.]
[29]LI Meng.A Study of China Tourist Enterprises Business Model Development Path Based on Value Model Evolvement[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016.[李萌.基于价值模式演进的我国旅游企业商业模式发展路径研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2016.]
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(1)根据东方财富Choice统计所得。
(1)数据来源:根据2018年各省统计年鉴、统计公报数据计算得出。
(1)数据来源:根据2018年各省统计年鉴、统计公报数据计算得出。
(1)数据来源:根据2018年各省统计年鉴、统计公报数据计算得出。
(1)数据来源:根据中国旅游集团有限公司2016年年报数据计算得出。