一种河口湾海岸线渐进化简方法
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摘要
形态复杂的河口湾海岸线自动化简是当前线要素化简研究的难点之一。在现有研究基础上,结合地理特征影响下河口湾海岸线形态特点及海图综合约束,提出一种河口湾海岸线渐进化简方法。该方法以约束Delaunay三角网为支撑构建河口湾骨架线二叉树模型,结构化表达河口湾海岸线形态特征;基于此模型,通过叶子流路渐进取舍、"退化"充分化简细小弯曲或弯曲细小部分,通过局部夸大消除河口湾内视觉冲突等,实现河口湾海岸线化简。试验结果表明,该方法充分化简目标尺度下不可视的局部细节,顾及河口湾海岸线整体形态特征保持,在几何层次、地理层次上都具有一定优越性,适于多种形态河口湾海岸线化简应用。
Estuary coastline simplification is one of the most difficult research of linear features simplification.Having analyzed current researches,a new progressive simplification method for estuary coastline is proposed,considering that representation characteristics influenced by geographical features and rules of chart generalization for coastlines.Firstly,a binary tree of estuary skeletons is structured by Delaunay triangulation network to represent the pattern of the estuary coastline.Secondly,leaf streams of the structured model are removed or partial removed gradually to simplify small bends and parts of the coastline enough.Thirdly,narrow details of the bendssimplified coastline are exaggerated to avoid visual conflicts of the estuary.Results of experiments show that small details,invisible at the target scale,of coastline are simplified enough by the proposed method,while pattern features of the original estuary coastline are preserved.Besides,the proposed simplification method has advantages in both geometry and geography.Additionally,it is suitable for the proposed method to simplify various estuary coastlines in applications.
Estuary coastline simplification is one of the most difficult research of linear features simplification.Having analyzed current researches,a new progressive simplification method for estuary coastline is proposed,considering that representation characteristics influenced by geographical features and rules of chart generalization for coastlines.Firstly,a binary tree of estuary skeletons is structured by Delaunay triangulation network to represent the pattern of the estuary coastline.Secondly,leaf streams of the structured model are removed or partial removed gradually to simplify small bends and parts of the coastline enough.Thirdly,narrow details of the bendssimplified coastline are exaggerated to avoid visual conflicts of the estuary.Results of experiments show that small details,invisible at the target scale,of coastline are simplified enough by the proposed method,while pattern features of the original estuary coastline are preserved.Besides,the proposed simplification method has advantages in both geometry and geography.Additionally,it is suitable for the proposed method to simplify various estuary coastlines in applications.
引文
[1]武芳,巩现勇,杜佳威.地图制图综合回顾与前望[J].测绘学报,2017,46(10):1645-1664.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170287.WU Fang,GONG Xianyong,DU Jiawei.Overview of the Research Progress in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(10):1645-1664.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170287.
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[6]RAPOSO P.Scale-specific Automated Line Simplification by Vertex Clustering on a Hexagonal Tessellation[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2013,40(5):427-443.
[7]TIENAAH T,STEFANAKIS E,COLEMAN D.Contextual Douglas-Peucker Simplification[J].Geomatica,2015,69(3):327-338.
[8]李成名,郭沛沛,殷勇,等.一种顾及空间关系约束的线化简算法[J].测绘学报,2017,46(4):498-506.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160546.LI Chengming,GUO Peipei,YIN Yong,et al.A Line Simplification Algorithm Considering Spatial Relations between Two Lines[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(4):498-506.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160546.
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[10]翟仁健,武芳,朱丽,等.利用地理特征约束进行曲线化简[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.ZHAI Renjian,WU Fang,ZHU Li,et al.Structured Representation of Curve Shape[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.
[11]杜佳威,武芳,李靖涵,等.采用多元弯曲组划分的线要素化简方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2017,29(12):2189-2196.DU Jiawei,WU Fang,LI Jinghan,et al.Line Simplification Method Based on Multi-bends Groups Division[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2017,29(12):2189-2196.
[12]彭东亮,邓敏,刘慧敏.更充分利用独立弯曲结构的线状要素Morphing变换方法[J].测绘学报,2014,43(6):637-644,652.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0100.PENG Dongliang,DENG Min,LIU Huimin.Morphing Transformation of Linear Features by Using Independent Bend Structures More Sufficiently[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(6):637-644,652.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0100.
[13]QIAN Haizhong,ZHANG Meng,WU Fang.A New Simplification Approach Based on the Oblique-dividingcurve Method for Contour Lines[J].International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(9):153.
[14]AI Tinghua,KE Shu,YANG Min,et al.Envelope Generation and Simplification of Polylines Using Delaunay Triangulation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2017,31(2):297-319.
[15]武芳,邓红艳.基于遗传算法的线要素自动化简模型[J].测绘学报,2003,32(4):349-355.WU Fang,DENG Hongyan.Using Genetic Algorithms for Solving Problems in Automated Line Simplification[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2003,32(4):349-355.
[16]JIANG Bin,NAKOS B.Line Simplification Using Selforganizing Maps[C/DK]//A Working Paper Presented at ISPRS Workshop on Spatial Analysis and Decision Making.Hong Kong,China:ISPRS,2003.
[17]郑春燕,郭庆胜,胡华科.基于蚁群优化算法的线状目标简化模型[J].测绘学报,2011,40(5):635-638.ZHENG Chunyan,GUO Qingsheng,HU Huake.The Simplification Model of Linear Objects Based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2011,40(5):635-638.
[18]AI Tinghua,ZHOU Qi,ZHANG Xiang,et al.A Simplification of Ria Coastline with Geomorphologic Characteristics Preserved[J].Marine Geodesy,2014,37(2):167-186.
[19]王厚祥,李进杰.海图制图综合[M].北京:测绘出版社,1999.WANG Houxiang,LI Jinjie.Chart Cartographic Generalization[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,1999.
[20]CHRISTENSEN A H J.Cartographic Line Generalization with Waterlines and Medial-axes[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,1999,26(1):19-32.
[21]王亮,吴艳兰,汤军,等.改进的双向缓冲海岸线综合方法研究[J].测绘科学,2015,40(1):18-21,13.WANG Liang,WU Yanlan,TANG Jun,et al.A Coastline Generalization Method for Marine Delimitation[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2015,40(1):18-21,13.
[22]陈惠荣,彭认灿,郑义东,等.以弯曲骨架线为化简指标的海岸线综合方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2011,36(12):1418-1422.CHEN Huirong,PENG Rencan,ZHENG Yidong,et al.Coastline Generalization Based on Skeleton Line of Curve Bends[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2011,36(12):1418-1422.
[23]WANG Zeshen,MULLER J C.Complex Coastline Generalization[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,1993,20(2):96-106.
[24]VISVALINGAM M,WHELAN J C.Implications of Weighting Metrics for Line Generalization with Visvalingam’s Algorithm[J].The Cartographic Journal,2016,53(3):253-267.
[25]金长茂,眭良仁.试论河口湾[J].海洋学报,1989,11(3):378-384.JIN Changmao,SUI Liangren.Discussion on the Estuary[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1989,11(3):378-384.
[26]夏东兴,边淑华,丰爱平,等.海岸带地貌学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2014.XIA Dongxing,BIAN Shuhua,FENG Aiping,et al.Coastal Zone Geomorphology[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2014.
[27]王家耀,范亦爱,韩同春,等.普通地图制图综合原理[M].北京:测绘出版社,1993.WANG Jiayao,FAN Yiai,HAN Tongchun,et al.Cartographic Generalization Theory of General Map[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,1993.
[28]李振豪,杨春成,魏斌,等.道路与建筑物空间冲突的几何相似性移位算法[J].测绘学报,2016,45(6):747-755.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20150559.LI Zhenhao,YANG Chuncheng,WEI Bin,et al.A Displacement Algorithm Based on Geometry Similarity for Spatial Conflicts Between Roads and Buildings[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2016,45(6):747-755.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20150559.
[29]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.顾及"保真性"原则的双向滚动球变换DDM多尺度表达算法[J].测绘学报,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.Multiscale Representation of Digital Depth Model Based on Double Direction Rolling Ball Transform According to the Reality Principle[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.
[30]朱鲲鹏,武芳,王辉连,等.Li-Openshaw算法的改进与评价[J].测绘学报,2007,36(4):450-456.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2007.04.015.ZHU Kunpeng,WU Fang,WANG Huilian,et al.Improvement and Assessment of Li-Openshaw Algorithm[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2007,36(4):450-456.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2007.04.015.
[2]DOUGLAS D H,PEUCKER T K.Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points Required to Represent a Digitized Line or its Caricature[J].Cartographica:The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,1973,10(2):112-122.
[3]LI Zhilin,OPENSHAW S.A Natural Principle for the Objective Generalization of Digital Maps[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,1993,20(1):19-29.
[4]VISVALINGAM M,WHYATT J D.Line Generalization by Repeated Elimination of Points[J].The Cartographic Journal,1993,30(1):46-51.
[5]GUO Qingsheng,BRANDENBERGER C,HURNI L.A Progressive Line Simplification Algorithm[J].Geo-spatial Information Science,2002,5(3):41-45.
[6]RAPOSO P.Scale-specific Automated Line Simplification by Vertex Clustering on a Hexagonal Tessellation[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2013,40(5):427-443.
[7]TIENAAH T,STEFANAKIS E,COLEMAN D.Contextual Douglas-Peucker Simplification[J].Geomatica,2015,69(3):327-338.
[8]李成名,郭沛沛,殷勇,等.一种顾及空间关系约束的线化简算法[J].测绘学报,2017,46(4):498-506.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160546.LI Chengming,GUO Peipei,YIN Yong,et al.A Line Simplification Algorithm Considering Spatial Relations between Two Lines[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(4):498-506.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160546.
[9]艾廷华,郭仁忠,刘耀林.曲线弯曲深度层次结构的二叉树表达[J].测绘学报,2001,30(4):343-348.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong,LIU Yaolin.A Binary Tree Representation of Curve Hierarchical Structure in Depth[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2001,30(4):343-348.
[10]翟仁健,武芳,朱丽,等.利用地理特征约束进行曲线化简[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.ZHAI Renjian,WU Fang,ZHU Li,et al.Structured Representation of Curve Shape[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.
[11]杜佳威,武芳,李靖涵,等.采用多元弯曲组划分的线要素化简方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2017,29(12):2189-2196.DU Jiawei,WU Fang,LI Jinghan,et al.Line Simplification Method Based on Multi-bends Groups Division[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2017,29(12):2189-2196.
[12]彭东亮,邓敏,刘慧敏.更充分利用独立弯曲结构的线状要素Morphing变换方法[J].测绘学报,2014,43(6):637-644,652.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0100.PENG Dongliang,DENG Min,LIU Huimin.Morphing Transformation of Linear Features by Using Independent Bend Structures More Sufficiently[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(6):637-644,652.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0100.
[13]QIAN Haizhong,ZHANG Meng,WU Fang.A New Simplification Approach Based on the Oblique-dividingcurve Method for Contour Lines[J].International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(9):153.
[14]AI Tinghua,KE Shu,YANG Min,et al.Envelope Generation and Simplification of Polylines Using Delaunay Triangulation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2017,31(2):297-319.
[15]武芳,邓红艳.基于遗传算法的线要素自动化简模型[J].测绘学报,2003,32(4):349-355.WU Fang,DENG Hongyan.Using Genetic Algorithms for Solving Problems in Automated Line Simplification[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2003,32(4):349-355.
[16]JIANG Bin,NAKOS B.Line Simplification Using Selforganizing Maps[C/DK]//A Working Paper Presented at ISPRS Workshop on Spatial Analysis and Decision Making.Hong Kong,China:ISPRS,2003.
[17]郑春燕,郭庆胜,胡华科.基于蚁群优化算法的线状目标简化模型[J].测绘学报,2011,40(5):635-638.ZHENG Chunyan,GUO Qingsheng,HU Huake.The Simplification Model of Linear Objects Based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2011,40(5):635-638.
[18]AI Tinghua,ZHOU Qi,ZHANG Xiang,et al.A Simplification of Ria Coastline with Geomorphologic Characteristics Preserved[J].Marine Geodesy,2014,37(2):167-186.
[19]王厚祥,李进杰.海图制图综合[M].北京:测绘出版社,1999.WANG Houxiang,LI Jinjie.Chart Cartographic Generalization[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,1999.
[20]CHRISTENSEN A H J.Cartographic Line Generalization with Waterlines and Medial-axes[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,1999,26(1):19-32.
[21]王亮,吴艳兰,汤军,等.改进的双向缓冲海岸线综合方法研究[J].测绘科学,2015,40(1):18-21,13.WANG Liang,WU Yanlan,TANG Jun,et al.A Coastline Generalization Method for Marine Delimitation[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2015,40(1):18-21,13.
[22]陈惠荣,彭认灿,郑义东,等.以弯曲骨架线为化简指标的海岸线综合方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2011,36(12):1418-1422.CHEN Huirong,PENG Rencan,ZHENG Yidong,et al.Coastline Generalization Based on Skeleton Line of Curve Bends[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2011,36(12):1418-1422.
[23]WANG Zeshen,MULLER J C.Complex Coastline Generalization[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,1993,20(2):96-106.
[24]VISVALINGAM M,WHELAN J C.Implications of Weighting Metrics for Line Generalization with Visvalingam’s Algorithm[J].The Cartographic Journal,2016,53(3):253-267.
[25]金长茂,眭良仁.试论河口湾[J].海洋学报,1989,11(3):378-384.JIN Changmao,SUI Liangren.Discussion on the Estuary[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1989,11(3):378-384.
[26]夏东兴,边淑华,丰爱平,等.海岸带地貌学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2014.XIA Dongxing,BIAN Shuhua,FENG Aiping,et al.Coastal Zone Geomorphology[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2014.
[27]王家耀,范亦爱,韩同春,等.普通地图制图综合原理[M].北京:测绘出版社,1993.WANG Jiayao,FAN Yiai,HAN Tongchun,et al.Cartographic Generalization Theory of General Map[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,1993.
[28]李振豪,杨春成,魏斌,等.道路与建筑物空间冲突的几何相似性移位算法[J].测绘学报,2016,45(6):747-755.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20150559.LI Zhenhao,YANG Chuncheng,WEI Bin,et al.A Displacement Algorithm Based on Geometry Similarity for Spatial Conflicts Between Roads and Buildings[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2016,45(6):747-755.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20150559.
[29]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.顾及"保真性"原则的双向滚动球变换DDM多尺度表达算法[J].测绘学报,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.Multiscale Representation of Digital Depth Model Based on Double Direction Rolling Ball Transform According to the Reality Principle[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.
[30]朱鲲鹏,武芳,王辉连,等.Li-Openshaw算法的改进与评价[J].测绘学报,2007,36(4):450-456.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2007.04.015.ZHU Kunpeng,WU Fang,WANG Huilian,et al.Improvement and Assessment of Li-Openshaw Algorithm[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2007,36(4):450-456.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2007.04.015.