氮肥统筹对麦玉周年产量及氮肥利用效率的影响
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摘要
为进一步提高麦玉周年产量及氮肥利用效率,探讨麦玉周年氮素分配比例,以玉米品种郑单958和小麦品种济麦22为供试材料,采用裂区设计研究周年氮素分配比例(4∶6、5∶5和6∶4)及肥料种类(树脂包膜尿素、脲酶抑制剂型肥料和脲甲醛型肥料)对麦玉周年产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,麦玉周年氮素分配比例为5∶5时效果较好,较4∶6和6∶4处理,麦玉周年产量分别提高1.3%和3.8%,氮素积累量分别提高8.0%和8.6%,氮肥表观利用率分别提高23.6%和25.8%,氮肥农学利用率分别提高8.8%和26.5%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高1.5%和3.7%。施肥种类对麦玉周年产量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率的影响均以树脂包膜尿素较高,但各处理间无显著性差异。
In order to further improve the annual yield and nitrogen use efficiency and explore the nitrogen allocation ratios of wheat and maize, the maize variety Zhengdan 958 and wheat variety Jimai 22 were used to study the effects of annual nitrogen allocation ratio(4∶6, 5∶5 and 6∶4) and fertilizer types(resin coated urea, urease inhibitory fertilizer, urea-formaldehyde fertilizer) on their annual yields and nitrogen use efficiency by split plot design. The results showed that the annual nitrogen allocation ratio as 5∶5 of wheat and maize had the best effect. Compared with the ratios of 4∶6 and 6∶4, the annual yield of wheat and maize increased by 1.3% and 3.8%, the nitrogen accumulation amounts increased by 8.0% and 8.6%, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiencies increased by 23.6% and 25.8%, the nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiencies increased by 8.8% and 26.5%, and the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivities increased by 1.5% and 3.7%, respectively. Resin-coated urea was the most suitable fertilizer for annual yield, nitrogen fertilizer partial productivities,nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiency of wheat and maize, but there were no significant differences among the treatments.
In order to further improve the annual yield and nitrogen use efficiency and explore the nitrogen allocation ratios of wheat and maize, the maize variety Zhengdan 958 and wheat variety Jimai 22 were used to study the effects of annual nitrogen allocation ratio(4∶6, 5∶5 and 6∶4) and fertilizer types(resin coated urea, urease inhibitory fertilizer, urea-formaldehyde fertilizer) on their annual yields and nitrogen use efficiency by split plot design. The results showed that the annual nitrogen allocation ratio as 5∶5 of wheat and maize had the best effect. Compared with the ratios of 4∶6 and 6∶4, the annual yield of wheat and maize increased by 1.3% and 3.8%, the nitrogen accumulation amounts increased by 8.0% and 8.6%, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiencies increased by 23.6% and 25.8%, the nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiencies increased by 8.8% and 26.5%, and the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivities increased by 1.5% and 3.7%, respectively. Resin-coated urea was the most suitable fertilizer for annual yield, nitrogen fertilizer partial productivities,nitrogen agronomic utilization efficiency of wheat and maize, but there were no significant differences among the treatments.
引文
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[22] 牛巧龙,曹高燚,杜锦,等.施氮量对玉米产量及叶片部分酶活性的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(1):187-192.
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[28] 高肖贤,张华芳,马文奇,等.不同施氮量对夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(1):121-126,131.
[29] 郭战玲,寇长林,张香凝,等.潮土区夏玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入量研究[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(28):1-6.
[30] 张经廷,陈青云,吕丽华,等.冬小麦—夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):886-896.
[31] 李金秀,王震,张彬,等.小麦/玉米一体化氮肥运筹对矮抗58产量的影响[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(9):1304-1307.
[32] 张玉娥.耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及小麦玉米产量的影响[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2017.
[33] 郑文魁.控释尿素在小麦—玉米轮作体系中的养分高效利用研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[34] 周丽娜,金建新,李凤霞,等.尿素配施脲酶抑制剂对春玉米株高和生物量的影响[J].宁夏农林科技,2017(12):53-55.
[35] 倪露,白由路,杨俐苹,等.不同组分脲甲醛缓释肥的夏玉米肥料效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(17):3370-3379.
[36] 周丽平,杨俐苹,白由路,等.夏玉米施用不同缓释化处理氮肥的效果及氮肥去向[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(8):1527-1536.
[37] 李玥.缓控释氮肥及配施对机插稻氮素利用特征、产量及土壤理化性质的影响[D].成都:四川农业大学,2016.
[2] Good A G,Beatty P H.Fertilizing Nature:Atragedy of excess in the commons[J].PLoS Biology,2011,9(8):e1001124.
[3] Chen X,Cui Z,Vitousek P M,et al.Integrated soil-crop system management for food security[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2011,108(16):6399.
[4] Zhang X,Davidson E A,Mauzerall D L,et al.Managing nitrogen for sustainable development[J].Nature,2015,528:51-59.
[5] 张震,钟雯雯,王兴亚,等.前茬冬小麦栽培措施对后茬夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(4):155-161.
[6] 王永华,黄源,辛明华,等.周年氮磷钾配施模式对砂姜黑土麦玉轮作体系籽粒产量和养分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(6):1031-1046.
[7] Cui Z,Zhang F,Chen X,et al.In-season nitrogen management strategy for winter wheat:maximizing yields,minimizing environmental impact in an over-fertilization context[J].Field Crops Research,2010,116(1/2):140-146.
[8] Vitousek P M,Naylor R,Crews T,et al.Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development[J].Science,2009,324(5934):1519-1520.
[9] Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
[10] Liu X J,Zhang Y,Han W,et al.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,2013,494(7438):459-462.
[11] Zhang W F,Dou Z X,He P,et al.New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U S A,2013,110(21):8375-8380.
[12] Chen X P,Cui Z L,Fan M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[13] 杨利华,马瑞崑,张丽华,等.冬小麦、夏玉米品种搭配及氮磷钾统筹施肥技术研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2006,29(4):1-5.
[14] 李若楠,王丽英,张彦才,等.氮肥追施时期及包膜控释氮肥对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(2):277-280.
[15] 薛泽民,要娟娟,赵萍萍,等.氮肥分配对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作产量和氮肥效率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(1):59-63.
[16] 张宏,周建斌,刘瑞,等.不同栽培模式及施氮对半旱地冬小麦/夏玉米氮素累积、分配及氮肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):1-8.
[17] 黄立梅,黄绍文,韩宝文.冬小麦—夏玉米适宜氮磷用量和平衡施肥效应[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(5):38-44.
[18] 王宏庭,赵萍萍,郭军玲,等.不同施氮运筹对夏玉米产量、净收益及氮肥利用率的影响[J].山西农业科学,2010(10):30-33.
[19] 王月福,姜东,于振文,等.氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5):513-520.
[20] 郭丽,郑春莲,曹彩云,等.土壤肥力和施肥措施对冬小麦—夏玉米产量地力贡献率和土壤容重的影响[J].河北农业科学,2016,20(2):29-33.
[21] 邢永锋,王洪庆,张相武,等.小麦—玉米一体化氮肥运筹对小麦群体质量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(29):10094-10096.
[22] 牛巧龙,曹高燚,杜锦,等.施氮量对玉米产量及叶片部分酶活性的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(1):187-192.
[23] 张福锁,陈新平,陈清,等.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009:66-67.
[24] 杨利玲,季保平,乔显亮.不同施氮量及运筹对小麦生长和土壤养分的影响[J].甘肃农业,2004(5):46.
[25] 王俊忠,黄高宝,张超男,等.施氮量对不同肥力水平下夏玉米碳氮代谢及氮素利用率的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(4):2045-2052.
[26] 吕鹏,张吉旺,刘伟,等.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):852-860.
[27] 岳克,马雪,宋晓,等.新型氮肥及施氮量对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(4):75-81.
[28] 高肖贤,张华芳,马文奇,等.不同施氮量对夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(1):121-126,131.
[29] 郭战玲,寇长林,张香凝,等.潮土区夏玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入量研究[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(28):1-6.
[30] 张经廷,陈青云,吕丽华,等.冬小麦—夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):886-896.
[31] 李金秀,王震,张彬,等.小麦/玉米一体化氮肥运筹对矮抗58产量的影响[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(9):1304-1307.
[32] 张玉娥.耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及小麦玉米产量的影响[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2017.
[33] 郑文魁.控释尿素在小麦—玉米轮作体系中的养分高效利用研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[34] 周丽娜,金建新,李凤霞,等.尿素配施脲酶抑制剂对春玉米株高和生物量的影响[J].宁夏农林科技,2017(12):53-55.
[35] 倪露,白由路,杨俐苹,等.不同组分脲甲醛缓释肥的夏玉米肥料效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(17):3370-3379.
[36] 周丽平,杨俐苹,白由路,等.夏玉米施用不同缓释化处理氮肥的效果及氮肥去向[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(8):1527-1536.
[37] 李玥.缓控释氮肥及配施对机插稻氮素利用特征、产量及土壤理化性质的影响[D].成都:四川农业大学,2016.