荥阳小胡村墓地出土部分铜器的科学分析
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摘要
小胡村墓地为殷墟晚期"舌"氏家族墓地,为探讨其出土铜器的腐蚀特征,揭示其所蕴含制作技术和相应考古学信息,从而为器物保护修复提供科学依据,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜及能谱仪对墓地出土12件铜器进行基体锈层结构和制作技术分析研究。研究表明,相较纯铜、铜锡和铜锡铅合金,铜铅合金耐腐蚀能力较弱,腐蚀严重;铜器经冷热加工处理易造成内部组织结构不均内应力残存,间接加速铜器腐蚀;12件铜器材质:纯铜2件、铜铅合金4件、铜锡合金3件和铜锡铅合金3件;仅2件兵器(刀M28:1、戈M38:1)经有意铸后热锻和冷加工,其余皆直接铸造成型。M21墓4件铜器皆为铜铅合金明器,小胡村墓地作为殷墟周边商文化系统,趋同商文化中心区,亦呈现部分中小贵族随葬铜器明器化现象。研究结果可为器物修复保护提供科学依据。
The Xiaohu-village cemetery was the family cemetery of the " She" clan of the late Shang Dynasty. We analyzed the rust layer structure and the manufacturing technology of 12 bronze objects unearthed from the cemetery,in order to explore their corrosion characteristics and unveil the archaeological information. These studies showed that pure copper,a Cu-Sn alloy and a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy had better corrosion resistance than did a Cu-Pb alloy. The 12 copper artifacts can be divided into four kinds: 2 pure copper,4 Cu-Pb alloy,3 Cu-Sn alloy and 3 Cu-Pb-Sn alloy. Of these,2 weapons( sword M28: 1,dagger-axe M38: 1) were processed after casting,while the others were made by cast molding only. All copper artifacts unearthed from tomb M21 were special funerary objects,suggesting that some small and middle nobles were buried with special funerary weapons and vessels in the Xiaohu-village cemetery. This phenomenon was similar to that seen in the central area of the Yinxu culture.The research results could provide a scientific basis for conservation and restoration of bronze wares.
The Xiaohu-village cemetery was the family cemetery of the " She" clan of the late Shang Dynasty. We analyzed the rust layer structure and the manufacturing technology of 12 bronze objects unearthed from the cemetery,in order to explore their corrosion characteristics and unveil the archaeological information. These studies showed that pure copper,a Cu-Sn alloy and a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy had better corrosion resistance than did a Cu-Pb alloy. The 12 copper artifacts can be divided into four kinds: 2 pure copper,4 Cu-Pb alloy,3 Cu-Sn alloy and 3 Cu-Pb-Sn alloy. Of these,2 weapons( sword M28: 1,dagger-axe M38: 1) were processed after casting,while the others were made by cast molding only. All copper artifacts unearthed from tomb M21 were special funerary objects,suggesting that some small and middle nobles were buried with special funerary weapons and vessels in the Xiaohu-village cemetery. This phenomenon was similar to that seen in the central area of the Yinxu culture.The research results could provide a scientific basis for conservation and restoration of bronze wares.
引文
[1]河南省文物考古研究院.河南荥阳小胡村墓地商代墓葬发掘简报[J].华夏考古,2015(1):3-13.Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology.Excavation of Shang period tombs at Xiaohu-village in Anyang,Henan[J].Huaxia Archaeology,2015(1):3-13.
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[8]李敏生.先秦用铅的历史概况[J].文物,1984(10):84-89.LI Min-sheng.Historical overview of application of lead before Qin dynasty[J].Chinese Cultural Relics,1984(10):84-89.
[9]中国社会科学院考古研究所实验室.殷墟金属器物成分的测定报告(一)——妇好墓铜器测定[C]//考古学集刊2.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1982:181-193.Laboratory Department of Archaeology Institute Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.The composition measurement report of bronzes unearthed from Fuhao tomb in Yinxu[C]//Archaeology Quarterly 2.Beijing:Chinese Social Science Press,1982:181-193.
[10]李敏生,黄素英,季连琪.殷墟金属器物成分的测定报告(二)——殷墟西区铜器和铅器测定[C]//考古学集刊4.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984:328-341.LI Min-sheng,HUANG Su-ying,JI Lian-qi.The composition measurement report of bronzesandleadwork unearthed from western region of Yinxu[C]//Archaeology Quarterly 4.Beijing:Chinese Social Science Press,1984:328-341.
[11]季连琪.河南安阳郭家庄160号墓出土铜器的成分分析研究[J].考古,1997(2):80-84.JI Lian-qi.An analytical study of bronzes unearthed from Guojiazhuang 160 tomb in Anyang,Henan[J].Archaeology,1997(2):80-84.
[12]赵春燕.安阳殷墟出土青铜器的化学成分分析与研究[C]//考古学集刊15.北京:文物出版社,2004:243-268.ZHAO Chun-yan.Study on the chemical constituents of bronzes unearthed from Yinxu in Anyang[C]//Archaeology Quarterly 15.Beijing:Cultural Relics Press,2004:243-268.
[13]赵春燕,岳占伟,徐广德.安阳殷墟刘家庄北1046号墓出土铜器的化学组成分析[J].文物,2008(1):92-94.ZHAO Chun-yan,YUE Zhan-wei,XU Guang-de.The chemical constituents analysis of bronzes unearthed from Liujiazhuang1046 tombs of Yinxu in Anyang[J].Chinese Cultural Relics,2008(1):92-94.
[14]刘煜,何毓灵,徐广德.M54及M60出土青铜器的成分分析[C]//安阳殷墟花园庄东地商代墓葬.北京:科学出版社,2007:289-296.LIU Yu,HE Yu-ling,XU Guang-de.The chemical constituentsanalysis of bronzes unearthed from 54 tomb and 60 tomb[C]//Tombs of Shang dynastyfoundin the easternregion of the Huayuan village,Anyang.Beijing:Science Press,2007:289-296.
[15]郭妍利.论商代青铜兵器的明器化现象[J].考古与文物,2006(6):66-73.GUO Yan-li.Study on the phenomenon of bronze weapons for funeral of Shang dynasty[J].Archaeology and Cultural Relics,2006(6):66-73.
[16]韩汝玢,孙淑云,李秀辉.中国古代铜器的显微组织[J].北京科技大学学报,2002,24(2):219-230.HAN Ru-bin,SUN Shu-yun,LI Xiu-hui.The microstructure of ancient Chinese bronze[J].Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2002,24(2):219-230.
[2]张军涛,席奇峰.殷商舌族考[J].三峡大学学报(人文社会科学版),2008,30(增刊2):208-210.ZHANG Jun-tao,XI Qi-feng.Probing into the She Clan in Yin Shang Dynasty[J].Jouma1 of China Three Gorges University(Humanities&Social Sciences),2008,30(Suppl 2):208-210.
[3]汤威.舌族探微——1933年安阳薛家庄殷墓稽考[J].中原文物,2011(3):28-35.TANG Wei.The exploration of the She Clan-the verify of the dynasty tomb at Xuejiazhuang in Anyang[J].Cultural Relics of Central China,2011(3):28-35.
[4]汤威.郑州出土舌铭铜器考[J].中国国家博物馆馆刊,2011(10):33-43.TANG Wei.A study on bronzes unearthed in Zhengzhou inscribed with the character She[J].Journal of National Museum of China,2011(10):33-43.
[5]David A Scott.Copper and bronze in art:corrosion,colorants,conservation[M].Los Angeles:Getty Conservation Institute,2002:65.
[6]孙淑云,韩汝玢,李秀辉.中国古代金属材料显微组织图谱:有色金属卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:7-65.SUN Shu-yun,HAN Ru-bin,LI Xiu-hui.Microstructure atlas of ancient metal materials in China:non-ferrous metal[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:7-65.
[7]何毓灵.殷墟墓葬随葬品冥器化现象分析[C]//三代考古(二).北京:科学出版社,2006:375-382.HE Yu-ling.Analysis of the phenomenon of funerary objects in Yinxutombs[C]//Three generation archaeology(2).Beijing:Science Press,2006:375-382.
[8]李敏生.先秦用铅的历史概况[J].文物,1984(10):84-89.LI Min-sheng.Historical overview of application of lead before Qin dynasty[J].Chinese Cultural Relics,1984(10):84-89.
[9]中国社会科学院考古研究所实验室.殷墟金属器物成分的测定报告(一)——妇好墓铜器测定[C]//考古学集刊2.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1982:181-193.Laboratory Department of Archaeology Institute Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.The composition measurement report of bronzes unearthed from Fuhao tomb in Yinxu[C]//Archaeology Quarterly 2.Beijing:Chinese Social Science Press,1982:181-193.
[10]李敏生,黄素英,季连琪.殷墟金属器物成分的测定报告(二)——殷墟西区铜器和铅器测定[C]//考古学集刊4.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984:328-341.LI Min-sheng,HUANG Su-ying,JI Lian-qi.The composition measurement report of bronzesandleadwork unearthed from western region of Yinxu[C]//Archaeology Quarterly 4.Beijing:Chinese Social Science Press,1984:328-341.
[11]季连琪.河南安阳郭家庄160号墓出土铜器的成分分析研究[J].考古,1997(2):80-84.JI Lian-qi.An analytical study of bronzes unearthed from Guojiazhuang 160 tomb in Anyang,Henan[J].Archaeology,1997(2):80-84.
[12]赵春燕.安阳殷墟出土青铜器的化学成分分析与研究[C]//考古学集刊15.北京:文物出版社,2004:243-268.ZHAO Chun-yan.Study on the chemical constituents of bronzes unearthed from Yinxu in Anyang[C]//Archaeology Quarterly 15.Beijing:Cultural Relics Press,2004:243-268.
[13]赵春燕,岳占伟,徐广德.安阳殷墟刘家庄北1046号墓出土铜器的化学组成分析[J].文物,2008(1):92-94.ZHAO Chun-yan,YUE Zhan-wei,XU Guang-de.The chemical constituents analysis of bronzes unearthed from Liujiazhuang1046 tombs of Yinxu in Anyang[J].Chinese Cultural Relics,2008(1):92-94.
[14]刘煜,何毓灵,徐广德.M54及M60出土青铜器的成分分析[C]//安阳殷墟花园庄东地商代墓葬.北京:科学出版社,2007:289-296.LIU Yu,HE Yu-ling,XU Guang-de.The chemical constituentsanalysis of bronzes unearthed from 54 tomb and 60 tomb[C]//Tombs of Shang dynastyfoundin the easternregion of the Huayuan village,Anyang.Beijing:Science Press,2007:289-296.
[15]郭妍利.论商代青铜兵器的明器化现象[J].考古与文物,2006(6):66-73.GUO Yan-li.Study on the phenomenon of bronze weapons for funeral of Shang dynasty[J].Archaeology and Cultural Relics,2006(6):66-73.
[16]韩汝玢,孙淑云,李秀辉.中国古代铜器的显微组织[J].北京科技大学学报,2002,24(2):219-230.HAN Ru-bin,SUN Shu-yun,LI Xiu-hui.The microstructure of ancient Chinese bronze[J].Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2002,24(2):219-230.