三门峡虢国墓地出土青铜器的材质与矿料来源分析
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摘要
虢国墓地是一处西周至春秋时期规模宏大、等级齐全、排列有序、保存完整的大型邦国公墓。通过金相显微镜与扫描电镜能谱对虢国墓地出土的47件器物分析发现,金相组织有铸造、铸后受热、铸后(局部)热加工等组织形式,合金类型为铅锡青铜与锡青铜两种。铅同位素比值测定表明都为普通铅,且聚集在较小的范围内,推测不同墓葬的青铜器具有相同的矿料来源。
The Guo State cemetery is a large scale well preserved state cemetery with complete grade and orderly arrangement from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period.Fifty bronze samples from the Guo State cemetery were analyzed by metallographic microscope and SEM.The results show that the metallographic structure includes cast,heatness after casting,hot process after casting(local)and so on.The alloy includes lead-tin bronze and tin bronze.Lead isotope ratio measurements indicate common lead concentrated in a small range.It is speculated that the bronzes of different tombs have similar source of minerals.
The Guo State cemetery is a large scale well preserved state cemetery with complete grade and orderly arrangement from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period.Fifty bronze samples from the Guo State cemetery were analyzed by metallographic microscope and SEM.The results show that the metallographic structure includes cast,heatness after casting,hot process after casting(local)and so on.The alloy includes lead-tin bronze and tin bronze.Lead isotope ratio measurements indicate common lead concentrated in a small range.It is speculated that the bronzes of different tombs have similar source of minerals.
引文
[1]河南省文物考古研究所,三门峡市文物工作队.三门峡虢国墓(第一卷)[M].北京:文物出版社,1999:1-12.
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[4]张利洁,赵福生,孙淑云,等.北京琉璃河燕国墓地出土铜器的成分和金相研究[J].文物,2005(6):82-91.
[5]韩炳华,崔剑锋.山西长治分水岭东周墓地出土青铜器的科学分析[J].考古,2009(7):80-88.
[6]HANSON D,DELL-WAPOLE W T.Chill-Cast Tin Bronzes[M].London:Edward Aronld&Co,1951:242-243.
[7]刘煜.殷墟青铜礼器铸造工艺研究综论[J].华夏考古,2009(1):102-113.
[8]WANG Q.Metallworking technology and deterioration of Jin bronzes form the Tianma-Qucun Site,Shanxi,China[M].Basingstoke Press,Oxford,2002:63-80.
[9]湖北省博物馆.曾侯乙墓:上[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:618-620.
[10]邵安定,宋俊荣,孙伟刚,等.陕西临潼新丰秦墓出土青铜器的初步科学分析研究[J].文博,2017(2):77-84.
[11]杨颖亮.晋侯墓地出土青铜器的合金成分、显微结构和铅同位素比值研究[D].北京:北京大学,2005.
[12]张吉,陈建立.东周青铜器铅同位素比值的初步研究[J].南方文物,2017(2):94-102.
[13]马克·波拉德,彼得·布睿,彼得·荷马,等.牛津研究体系在中国古代青铜器研究中的应用[J].考古,2017(1):95-106.
[14]郁永彬,陈建立,梅建军,等.关于叶家山青铜器铅同位素比值研究的几个问题[J].南方文物,2016(1):94-102.
[15]彭子成,刘永刚,刘诗中,等.赣鄂豫地区商代青铜器和部分铜铅矿料来源的初探[J].自然科学史研究,1999,18(3):241-249.
[16]彭子成,孙卫东,黄允兰,等.赣鄂皖诸地古代矿料去向的初步研究[J].考古,1997(7):53-61.
[17]金正耀.中国铅同位素考古[M].合肥:中国科学技术出版社,2008:267-269.
[18]储雪蕾,张巽.内蒙古林西县大井铜多金属矿床的硫、碳和铅同位素及成矿物质来源[J].岩石学报,2002(4):566-574.
[19]徐文忻,汪礼明,李蘅,等.中条山铜矿床同位素化学研究[J].地球学报,2005,26(增刊1):130-133.
[2]中国科学院考古研究所.上村岭虢国墓地[M].北京:科学出版社,1959:6-10.
[3]贾洪波.关于虢国墓地的年代和M2001、M2009的墓主问题[J].中原文物,2014(6):17-25.
[4]张利洁,赵福生,孙淑云,等.北京琉璃河燕国墓地出土铜器的成分和金相研究[J].文物,2005(6):82-91.
[5]韩炳华,崔剑锋.山西长治分水岭东周墓地出土青铜器的科学分析[J].考古,2009(7):80-88.
[6]HANSON D,DELL-WAPOLE W T.Chill-Cast Tin Bronzes[M].London:Edward Aronld&Co,1951:242-243.
[7]刘煜.殷墟青铜礼器铸造工艺研究综论[J].华夏考古,2009(1):102-113.
[8]WANG Q.Metallworking technology and deterioration of Jin bronzes form the Tianma-Qucun Site,Shanxi,China[M].Basingstoke Press,Oxford,2002:63-80.
[9]湖北省博物馆.曾侯乙墓:上[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:618-620.
[10]邵安定,宋俊荣,孙伟刚,等.陕西临潼新丰秦墓出土青铜器的初步科学分析研究[J].文博,2017(2):77-84.
[11]杨颖亮.晋侯墓地出土青铜器的合金成分、显微结构和铅同位素比值研究[D].北京:北京大学,2005.
[12]张吉,陈建立.东周青铜器铅同位素比值的初步研究[J].南方文物,2017(2):94-102.
[13]马克·波拉德,彼得·布睿,彼得·荷马,等.牛津研究体系在中国古代青铜器研究中的应用[J].考古,2017(1):95-106.
[14]郁永彬,陈建立,梅建军,等.关于叶家山青铜器铅同位素比值研究的几个问题[J].南方文物,2016(1):94-102.
[15]彭子成,刘永刚,刘诗中,等.赣鄂豫地区商代青铜器和部分铜铅矿料来源的初探[J].自然科学史研究,1999,18(3):241-249.
[16]彭子成,孙卫东,黄允兰,等.赣鄂皖诸地古代矿料去向的初步研究[J].考古,1997(7):53-61.
[17]金正耀.中国铅同位素考古[M].合肥:中国科学技术出版社,2008:267-269.
[18]储雪蕾,张巽.内蒙古林西县大井铜多金属矿床的硫、碳和铅同位素及成矿物质来源[J].岩石学报,2002(4):566-574.
[19]徐文忻,汪礼明,李蘅,等.中条山铜矿床同位素化学研究[J].地球学报,2005,26(增刊1):130-133.