三峡库区防护林林分结构特征与径流、泥沙输出的关系
|
摘要
为揭示三峡库区防护林林分结构与径流、泥沙输出之关系,基于森林资源二类调查数据,把三峡库区秭归县茅坪镇中西部林区马尾松、杉木和针阔混交林等3个优势树种以郁闭度的差异而划分为15个林分类型,调查各林分类型灌木、草本盖度等结构特征以及径流和泥沙的输出量。结果表明:1)马尾松、杉木和混交林分,灌木盖度与郁闭度均呈负指数关系,郁闭度对杉木林灌木盖度的影响最为敏感;草本盖度与郁闭度呈明显的抛物线关系。郁闭度相同的林分,混交林更适合草本植物的生长;马尾松、杉木和混交林林分郁闭度为0.65、0.60、0.61时,具有最大枯落物生物量。2)在4次降雨事件中,马尾松、杉木、混交林分产生的径流量分别为29.9、30.4、32.7mm,混交林径流量最大,与马尾松和杉木差异显著(P<0.05),马尾松和杉木差异并不显著。3)4次产沙事件中,马尾松、杉木和混交林泥沙输出量分别为289.0、299.6kg·hm~(-2)和277.3kg·hm~(-2),混交林泥沙输出量最小,杉木输出量最大。马尾松与杉木泥沙输出量差异并不显著,混交林与马尾松和杉木差异均显著。研究结果说明本区域马尾松郁闭度为0.55~0.65、杉木为0.52~0.60、混交林为0.61~0.77时,才能形成较好的灌草结构,发挥良好的水源涵养和水土保持效益。
In order to reveal the relationship between stand structure and runoff or sediment export from shelter forests in Three Gorges Reservoir area,based on the second-class survey database of forest resources and on-the-spot investigation,forests with three dominant species,i.e,.Masson pine(MP,Pinus massoniana),Chinese fir(CF,Cunninghamia lanceolata)and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved trees(CB)occurring in central and western forest area of Maoping Township of Zigui County were divided into15 stand types.The structure characteristics and runoff and sediment export from 15 stand types were investigated.The results showed that 1)the relationship between shrub coverage and canopy density of three species was negatively exponential.The canopy density was the most sensitive to shrub coverage of CF.There was a significant and parabolic relationship between canopy coverage and canopy density.CB was more suitable for the growth of herbs in the same canopy density of stand.The canopy densities with maxi-mum litter biomass for MP,CF and MF was 0.65,0.60 and 0.61,respectively.2)The outputs of the runoff of MP,CF and CB were 29.9,30.4 and 32.7 mm,respectively,in the four rainfall events.The largest runoff occurred in CB,which was significantly different from MP and CF.The difference of runoff between MP and CF was not significant.3)The outputs of the sediment of MP,CF and CBS were 289.0,299.6 and277.3 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,in the four rainfall events.The smallest sediment occurred in CB,which was significantly different from MP and CF.This study showed that when the canopy densities of MP,CF and CB were 0.55-0.65,0.52-0.60 and 0.61-0.77,respectively,the perfect stand spatial structure could be formed,and the best water and soil conservation benefits could be achieved under the condition of geography and climate in study area.
In order to reveal the relationship between stand structure and runoff or sediment export from shelter forests in Three Gorges Reservoir area,based on the second-class survey database of forest resources and on-the-spot investigation,forests with three dominant species,i.e,.Masson pine(MP,Pinus massoniana),Chinese fir(CF,Cunninghamia lanceolata)and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved trees(CB)occurring in central and western forest area of Maoping Township of Zigui County were divided into15 stand types.The structure characteristics and runoff and sediment export from 15 stand types were investigated.The results showed that 1)the relationship between shrub coverage and canopy density of three species was negatively exponential.The canopy density was the most sensitive to shrub coverage of CF.There was a significant and parabolic relationship between canopy coverage and canopy density.CB was more suitable for the growth of herbs in the same canopy density of stand.The canopy densities with maxi-mum litter biomass for MP,CF and MF was 0.65,0.60 and 0.61,respectively.2)The outputs of the runoff of MP,CF and CB were 29.9,30.4 and 32.7 mm,respectively,in the four rainfall events.The largest runoff occurred in CB,which was significantly different from MP and CF.The difference of runoff between MP and CF was not significant.3)The outputs of the sediment of MP,CF and CBS were 289.0,299.6 and277.3 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,in the four rainfall events.The smallest sediment occurred in CB,which was significantly different from MP and CF.This study showed that when the canopy densities of MP,CF and CB were 0.55-0.65,0.52-0.60 and 0.61-0.77,respectively,the perfect stand spatial structure could be formed,and the best water and soil conservation benefits could be achieved under the condition of geography and climate in study area.
引文
[1]孟宪宇.测树学[M].2版.北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[2]杨存建,倪静,周其林,等.不同林分郁闭度与遥感数据的相关性[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2119-2125.YANG C J,NI J,ZHOU Q L,et al.Correlation analysis of canopy density with remote sensing data for different forest stand[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2119-2125.(in Chinese)
[3]龚固堂,陈俊华,黎燕琼.等.四川盆地四种柏木林分类型水文效应研究[J].生态学报,2011,31(10):2716-2726.
[4]龚固堂,黎燕琼,朱志芳,等.川中丘陵区人工柏木防护林适宜林分结构及水文效应[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):923-930.GONG G T,LI Y Q,ZHU Z F,et al.The suitable stand structure and hydrological effects of the cypress protection forests in the central Sichuan hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):923-930.(in Chinese)
[5]金艳强,包维楷.四川柏木人工林林下植被生物量与林分结构的关系[J].生态学报,2014,34(20):5849-5859.JIN Y Q,BAO W K.Relationships of the understory biomass with stand structure of the Sichuan cypress plantation forests across Sichuan basin,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(20):5849-5859.(in Chinese)
[6]唐万鹏,潘磊,崔鸿侠,等.三峡库区马尾松天然林林分结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(5):681-685.TANG W P,PAN L,CUI H X,et al.Analysis on structure characteristics of Pinus massoniana natural forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Forest Research,2015,28(5):681-685.(in Chinese)
[7]刁艳芳,王亚平,范世香,等.3种针叶林对降雨截流作用的比较[J].西北林学院学报,2016,31(5):74-77.DIAO Y F,WANG Y P,FAN S X.et al.Comparison of rainfall interception by three of coniferous forests[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2016,31(5):74-77.(in Chinese)
[8] LINDH B C,MUIR P S.Understory vegetation in young douglas-fir forests:does thinning help restore old-growth composition[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,192:285-296.
[9] WILSON D S,PUETTMANN K J.Density management and biodiversity in young douglas-fir forests:challenges of managing across scales[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,246:123-134.
[10]顾宇书,邢兆凯,韩友志,等.浑河上游4种典型林分类型枯落物持水特征[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2013,37(1):31-36.GU Y S,XING Z K,HAN Y Z,et al.Water-holding characteristics of four typical forests litter in upstream of Hunhe river[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Science Edition,2013,37(1):31-36.(in Chinese)
[11]邱治军,曾震军,周光益,等.流溪河小流域3种林分的土壤水分物理性质[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(3):62-66.
[12]霍小鹏,李贤伟,张健,等.川西亚高山不同植被类型土壤贮水与入渗性能试验[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):74-79.
[13]孙浩,杨民益,余杨春,等.宁夏六盘山几种典型水源涵养林林分结构与水文功能的关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(1):10-18.SUN H,YANG M Y,YU Y C,et al.Relationship between stand structure and hydrological functions of typical water conservation forests in Liupan mountains of Ningxia[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,12(1):10-18(in Chinese)
[14]王治国,张云龙,刘徐师,等.林业生态工程学-林草植被建设的理论与实践[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000:206-230.
[15]王燕,王兵,赵广东,等.江西大岗山3种林型土壤水分物理性质研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(14):151-153,173.WANG Y,WANG B,ZHAO G D,et al.Soil moisture physical characteristics of three forest types in Dagangshan mountain in Jiangxi Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(14):151-153,173.(in Chinese)
[16]田大伦,陈书军.樟树人工林土壤水文-物理性质特征分析[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(2):1-6.
[17]康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等.马尾松人工林林分密度对林下植被及土壤性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2323-2331.KANG B,LIU S R,CAI D X,et al.Effects of Pinus massoniana plantation stand density on understory vegetation and soil properties[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(10):2323-2331.(in Chinese)
[18]孙书存,高贤明,包维楷,等.岷江上游油松造林密度对油松生长和群落结构的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2005,11(1):8-13.SUN S C,GAO X M,BAO W K.et al.Density effects on tree growth and community structure of Chinese pine plantations in the upper reaches of the Min River,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2005,11(1):8-13.(in Chinese)
[19]蒋桂娟,郑小贤,宁杨翠.林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究——以北京八达岭林场为例[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):175-179.JIANG G J,ZHENG X X,NING Y C.Relationship between forest stand structure and function of water conservation—a case study of Badaling forest farm[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(2):175-179.(in Chinese)
[20]李金良,郑小贤,陆元昌.六盘山水源林林分结构优化调整研究[J].林业资源管理,2012(5):31-38.LI J L,ZHENG X X,LU Y C.Optimized stand structure regulation for watershed forests in Liupan Mountains[J].Forest Resources Management,2012(5):31-38.(in Chinese)
[21]余新晓,王雄宾,张晓明.北京山区防护林适宜林分结构研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(Supp.2):103-106.YU X X,WANG X B,ZHANG X M.Suitable stand structure of shelterbelts in Beijing mountainous area[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2008,30(Supp.2):103-106.(in Chinese)
[22]王威,郑小贤,杜丽侠.北京山区水源林林分结构与功能耦合关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(7):22-24.
[23]余新晓,张晓明,武思宏,等.黄土区林草植被与降水对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响[J].山地学报,2006,24(1):19-26.YU X X,ZHANG X M,WU S H.et al.The effect of vegetation and precipitation upon runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of loess area[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(1):19-26.(in Chinese)
[24]田耀武,黄志霖,肖文发,等.基于AnnAGNPS模型的三峡水库生态屏障区径流与土壤侵蚀的变化[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(6):24-28.TIAN Y W,HUANG Z L,XIAO W F,et al.Changes of runoff and sediment yield in Three Gorges Reservoir's ecological barrier range based on AnnAGNPS model[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(6):24-28.(in Chinese)
[2]杨存建,倪静,周其林,等.不同林分郁闭度与遥感数据的相关性[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2119-2125.YANG C J,NI J,ZHOU Q L,et al.Correlation analysis of canopy density with remote sensing data for different forest stand[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2119-2125.(in Chinese)
[3]龚固堂,陈俊华,黎燕琼.等.四川盆地四种柏木林分类型水文效应研究[J].生态学报,2011,31(10):2716-2726.
[4]龚固堂,黎燕琼,朱志芳,等.川中丘陵区人工柏木防护林适宜林分结构及水文效应[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):923-930.GONG G T,LI Y Q,ZHU Z F,et al.The suitable stand structure and hydrological effects of the cypress protection forests in the central Sichuan hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):923-930.(in Chinese)
[5]金艳强,包维楷.四川柏木人工林林下植被生物量与林分结构的关系[J].生态学报,2014,34(20):5849-5859.JIN Y Q,BAO W K.Relationships of the understory biomass with stand structure of the Sichuan cypress plantation forests across Sichuan basin,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(20):5849-5859.(in Chinese)
[6]唐万鹏,潘磊,崔鸿侠,等.三峡库区马尾松天然林林分结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(5):681-685.TANG W P,PAN L,CUI H X,et al.Analysis on structure characteristics of Pinus massoniana natural forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Forest Research,2015,28(5):681-685.(in Chinese)
[7]刁艳芳,王亚平,范世香,等.3种针叶林对降雨截流作用的比较[J].西北林学院学报,2016,31(5):74-77.DIAO Y F,WANG Y P,FAN S X.et al.Comparison of rainfall interception by three of coniferous forests[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2016,31(5):74-77.(in Chinese)
[8] LINDH B C,MUIR P S.Understory vegetation in young douglas-fir forests:does thinning help restore old-growth composition[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,192:285-296.
[9] WILSON D S,PUETTMANN K J.Density management and biodiversity in young douglas-fir forests:challenges of managing across scales[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,246:123-134.
[10]顾宇书,邢兆凯,韩友志,等.浑河上游4种典型林分类型枯落物持水特征[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2013,37(1):31-36.GU Y S,XING Z K,HAN Y Z,et al.Water-holding characteristics of four typical forests litter in upstream of Hunhe river[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Science Edition,2013,37(1):31-36.(in Chinese)
[11]邱治军,曾震军,周光益,等.流溪河小流域3种林分的土壤水分物理性质[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(3):62-66.
[12]霍小鹏,李贤伟,张健,等.川西亚高山不同植被类型土壤贮水与入渗性能试验[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):74-79.
[13]孙浩,杨民益,余杨春,等.宁夏六盘山几种典型水源涵养林林分结构与水文功能的关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(1):10-18.SUN H,YANG M Y,YU Y C,et al.Relationship between stand structure and hydrological functions of typical water conservation forests in Liupan mountains of Ningxia[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,12(1):10-18(in Chinese)
[14]王治国,张云龙,刘徐师,等.林业生态工程学-林草植被建设的理论与实践[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000:206-230.
[15]王燕,王兵,赵广东,等.江西大岗山3种林型土壤水分物理性质研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(14):151-153,173.WANG Y,WANG B,ZHAO G D,et al.Soil moisture physical characteristics of three forest types in Dagangshan mountain in Jiangxi Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(14):151-153,173.(in Chinese)
[16]田大伦,陈书军.樟树人工林土壤水文-物理性质特征分析[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(2):1-6.
[17]康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等.马尾松人工林林分密度对林下植被及土壤性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2323-2331.KANG B,LIU S R,CAI D X,et al.Effects of Pinus massoniana plantation stand density on understory vegetation and soil properties[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(10):2323-2331.(in Chinese)
[18]孙书存,高贤明,包维楷,等.岷江上游油松造林密度对油松生长和群落结构的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2005,11(1):8-13.SUN S C,GAO X M,BAO W K.et al.Density effects on tree growth and community structure of Chinese pine plantations in the upper reaches of the Min River,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2005,11(1):8-13.(in Chinese)
[19]蒋桂娟,郑小贤,宁杨翠.林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究——以北京八达岭林场为例[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):175-179.JIANG G J,ZHENG X X,NING Y C.Relationship between forest stand structure and function of water conservation—a case study of Badaling forest farm[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(2):175-179.(in Chinese)
[20]李金良,郑小贤,陆元昌.六盘山水源林林分结构优化调整研究[J].林业资源管理,2012(5):31-38.LI J L,ZHENG X X,LU Y C.Optimized stand structure regulation for watershed forests in Liupan Mountains[J].Forest Resources Management,2012(5):31-38.(in Chinese)
[21]余新晓,王雄宾,张晓明.北京山区防护林适宜林分结构研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(Supp.2):103-106.YU X X,WANG X B,ZHANG X M.Suitable stand structure of shelterbelts in Beijing mountainous area[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2008,30(Supp.2):103-106.(in Chinese)
[22]王威,郑小贤,杜丽侠.北京山区水源林林分结构与功能耦合关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(7):22-24.
[23]余新晓,张晓明,武思宏,等.黄土区林草植被与降水对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响[J].山地学报,2006,24(1):19-26.YU X X,ZHANG X M,WU S H.et al.The effect of vegetation and precipitation upon runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of loess area[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(1):19-26.(in Chinese)
[24]田耀武,黄志霖,肖文发,等.基于AnnAGNPS模型的三峡水库生态屏障区径流与土壤侵蚀的变化[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(6):24-28.TIAN Y W,HUANG Z L,XIAO W F,et al.Changes of runoff and sediment yield in Three Gorges Reservoir's ecological barrier range based on AnnAGNPS model[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(6):24-28.(in Chinese)