基于水利益共享的跨境流域水资源多目标分配研究——以澜沧江-湄公河为例
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摘要
以水利益共享代替分水的理念有利于充分发挥水资源效益和减少区域矛盾冲突,但由于缺乏具体可实施的分配模式一直停留在设想阶段。基于水利益共享理念,建立跨境流域水资源多目标分配指标体系,并结合澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水资源利用现状及需求,提出澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水资源多目标分配模型。为基于水利益共享的跨境水资源多目标分配提供了具有充分可操作性的指标体系和分配模型,有助于推进跨境流域水利益共享的实施,实现区域双边或多边在水资源利用上的共赢和发展目标。
Water benefit-sharing instead of allocation could provide full play to water resources profit thus release and reduce regional conflicts. But this concept still stays in the status of imagine and design without enforceable water allocation scheme. This study constructed an index system of transboundary multi-objective water resources allocation based on the concept of water benefit-sharing. Taking the Lancang-Mekong River Basin as an example, based on the analysis of current situation and demanol of water resources, it proposed an allocation model of multi-objective water resources allocation. The index system and allocation model provide an operable and practical way, which would facilitate the implementation of water benefit-sharing in trans-boundary rivers, thus promote to achieve the goals of win-win development in bilateral or multilateral countries on the utilization of cross-border water resources.
Water benefit-sharing instead of allocation could provide full play to water resources profit thus release and reduce regional conflicts. But this concept still stays in the status of imagine and design without enforceable water allocation scheme. This study constructed an index system of transboundary multi-objective water resources allocation based on the concept of water benefit-sharing. Taking the Lancang-Mekong River Basin as an example, based on the analysis of current situation and demanol of water resources, it proposed an allocation model of multi-objective water resources allocation. The index system and allocation model provide an operable and practical way, which would facilitate the implementation of water benefit-sharing in trans-boundary rivers, thus promote to achieve the goals of win-win development in bilateral or multilateral countries on the utilization of cross-border water resources.
引文
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[2]郭思哲.国际河流水权制度构建与实证研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学, 2014.[Guo Sizhe. Theoretical and empirical research on the construction of the system of international river water rights. Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2014.]
[3]冯彦,何大明,甘淑,等.跨境水分配及其生态阈值与国际法的关联[J].科学通报, 2006, 51(s2):21-26.[Feng Yan, He Daming, Gan Shu et al. Water allocation in water-transboundary river and correlation to international law. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(s2):21-26.]
[4]陈丽晖,何大明.澜沧江-湄公河整体水分配[J].经济地理,2001, 21(1):28-32.[Chen Lihui, He Daming. Integrated allocation of the water in Lancang-Mekong river. Economic Geography, 2001, 21(1):28-32.]
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[6] Parsons M, Ransom G, Thoms M et al. Australian river assessment system:AusRivAS physical and chemical assessment module[J]. Canberra:Environmental Australia, 2001:1-47.
[7] Clarke R T, Wright J F, Furse M T. RIVPACS models for predicting the expected macroinvertebrate fauna and assessing the ecological quality of rivers[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2003, 160(3):219-233.
[8] Kamp U, Binder W, H?lzl K. River habitat monitoring and assessment in Germany[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 2007, 127(1-3):209.
[9]刘恒,涂敏.对国外河流健康问题的初步认识[J].中国水利,2005(4):19-22.[Liu Heng, Tu Min. Brief review of healthy river issues in foreign countries. China Water Resources, 2005(4):19-22.]
[10]王超,夏军,李凌程.河流健康评价研究与进展[J].水资源研究, 2014, 3(3):189-197.[Wang Chao, Xia Jun, Li Lingcheng.Research and progress on river health assessment. Journal of Water Resources Research, 2014, 3(3):189-197.]
[11]文伏波,韩其为,许炯心,等.河流健康的定义与内涵[J].水科学进展, 2007, 18(1):140-150.[Wen Fubo, Han Qiwei, Xu Jiongxin et al. Definition and content of the health river. Advances in Water Science, 2007, 18(1):140-150.]
[12] Bates B, Kundzewicz Z W, Wu S et al. Climate change and water:Technical paper VI[J]. Environmental Policy Collection,2008, 128(5):343-355.
[13] Stahl K. Influence of hydroclimatology and socioeconomic conditions on water-related international relations[J]. Water International, 2005, 30(3):270-282.
[14] Wolf A T, Stahl K, Macomber M F. Conflict and cooperation within international river basins:The importance of institutional capacity[J]. Water Resource Update, 2003, 125:31-40.
[15]何大明,冯彦,陈丽晖,等.跨境水资源的分配模式、原则和指标体系研究[J].水科学进展, 2005, 16(2):255-262.[He Daming, Feng Yan, Chen Lihui et al. Study on models, principles and index system on trans-boundary water resources allocation.Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(2):255-262.]
[16] Wouters P, Tarlock A D. Are shared benefits of international waters an equitable apportionment?[J]. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law&Policy, 2007, 18(3):523-536.
[17] Paisley R. Adversaries into partners:International water law and the equitable sharing of downstream benefits[J]. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 2002,3:280-300.
[18] Sadoff C W, Grey D. Cooperation on international rivers:A continuum for securing and sharing benefits[J]. Water International, 2005,30(4):420-427.
[19] Keskinen M, Guillaume J H A, Kattelus M et al. The water-energy-food nexus and the transboundary context:Insights from large Asian rivers[J]. Water, 2016, 8(5):1-25.
[20] Mcintyre O. Benefit-sharing and upstream/downstream cooperation for ecological protection of transboundary waters:Opportunities for China as an upstream state[J]. Water International,2015, 40(1):48-70.
[21] Sadoff C W, Grey D. Beyond the river:The benefits of cooperation on international rivers[J]. Water Police, 2002,4:389-403.
[22] Rai S P, Sharma N. Benefit sharing approach for the transboundary Brahmaputra river basin in South Asia-A case study[J]. Water&Energy International, 2016, 58(12):56-61.
[23] Arjoon D, Tilmant A, Herrmann M. Sharing water and benefits in transboundary river basins[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences, 2016, 20(6):2135-2150.
[24]陈陆滢,黄德春.国际河流开发项目中初始水权分配模型研究[J].项目管理技术, 2013, 11(12):34-38.[Chen Luying,Huang Dechun. Research on initial water-right allocation model in international river development. Project Management Technology, 2013, 11(12):34-38.]
[25] Kampragou E, Eleftheriadou E, Mylopoulos Y. Implementing equitable water allocation in transboundary catchments:The case of River Nestos/Mesta[J]. Water Resources Management,2007, 21(5):909-918.
[26]冯彦,何大明,杨丽萍.河流健康评价的主评指标筛选[J].地理研究, 2012, 31(3):389-398.[Feng Yan, He Daming, Yang Liping. Selection of major evaluation indicators on river health evaluation. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(3):389-398.]
[27]何大明.澜沧江-湄公河水文特征分析[J].云南地理环境研究, 1995(1):58-74.[He Daming. Analysis of hydrological characteristics in Lancang-Mekong river. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 1995(1):58-74.]
[28]文云冬.澜沧江-湄公河水资源分配问题研究[D].武汉:武汉大学, 2016.[Wen Yundong. A study on the allocation of the water resources of Lancang-Mekong river. Wuhan:Wuhan Unversity, 2016.]
[29]何大明,杨明,冯彦.西南国际河流水资源的合理利用与国际合作研究[J].地理学报, 1999,54(1):29-37.[He Daming, Yang Ming, Feng Yan. Study on reasonable utilization of water resources in international rivers and international region cooperation in southwest China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999,54(1):29-37.]
[30]于洋,韩宇,李栋楠,等.澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水量-水能-生态互馈关系模拟[J].水利学报,2017,48(6):720-729.[Yu Yang, Han Yu, Li Dongnan et al. Simulation of transboundary water-hydropower-ecology nexus in Lancang-Mekong Basin.SHUILI XUEBAO, 2017,48(6):720-729.]
[2]郭思哲.国际河流水权制度构建与实证研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学, 2014.[Guo Sizhe. Theoretical and empirical research on the construction of the system of international river water rights. Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2014.]
[3]冯彦,何大明,甘淑,等.跨境水分配及其生态阈值与国际法的关联[J].科学通报, 2006, 51(s2):21-26.[Feng Yan, He Daming, Gan Shu et al. Water allocation in water-transboundary river and correlation to international law. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(s2):21-26.]
[4]陈丽晖,何大明.澜沧江-湄公河整体水分配[J].经济地理,2001, 21(1):28-32.[Chen Lihui, He Daming. Integrated allocation of the water in Lancang-Mekong river. Economic Geography, 2001, 21(1):28-32.]
[5] European Community. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council[J]. Official Journal of the European Communities, 2000:1-72.
[6] Parsons M, Ransom G, Thoms M et al. Australian river assessment system:AusRivAS physical and chemical assessment module[J]. Canberra:Environmental Australia, 2001:1-47.
[7] Clarke R T, Wright J F, Furse M T. RIVPACS models for predicting the expected macroinvertebrate fauna and assessing the ecological quality of rivers[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2003, 160(3):219-233.
[8] Kamp U, Binder W, H?lzl K. River habitat monitoring and assessment in Germany[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 2007, 127(1-3):209.
[9]刘恒,涂敏.对国外河流健康问题的初步认识[J].中国水利,2005(4):19-22.[Liu Heng, Tu Min. Brief review of healthy river issues in foreign countries. China Water Resources, 2005(4):19-22.]
[10]王超,夏军,李凌程.河流健康评价研究与进展[J].水资源研究, 2014, 3(3):189-197.[Wang Chao, Xia Jun, Li Lingcheng.Research and progress on river health assessment. Journal of Water Resources Research, 2014, 3(3):189-197.]
[11]文伏波,韩其为,许炯心,等.河流健康的定义与内涵[J].水科学进展, 2007, 18(1):140-150.[Wen Fubo, Han Qiwei, Xu Jiongxin et al. Definition and content of the health river. Advances in Water Science, 2007, 18(1):140-150.]
[12] Bates B, Kundzewicz Z W, Wu S et al. Climate change and water:Technical paper VI[J]. Environmental Policy Collection,2008, 128(5):343-355.
[13] Stahl K. Influence of hydroclimatology and socioeconomic conditions on water-related international relations[J]. Water International, 2005, 30(3):270-282.
[14] Wolf A T, Stahl K, Macomber M F. Conflict and cooperation within international river basins:The importance of institutional capacity[J]. Water Resource Update, 2003, 125:31-40.
[15]何大明,冯彦,陈丽晖,等.跨境水资源的分配模式、原则和指标体系研究[J].水科学进展, 2005, 16(2):255-262.[He Daming, Feng Yan, Chen Lihui et al. Study on models, principles and index system on trans-boundary water resources allocation.Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(2):255-262.]
[16] Wouters P, Tarlock A D. Are shared benefits of international waters an equitable apportionment?[J]. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law&Policy, 2007, 18(3):523-536.
[17] Paisley R. Adversaries into partners:International water law and the equitable sharing of downstream benefits[J]. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 2002,3:280-300.
[18] Sadoff C W, Grey D. Cooperation on international rivers:A continuum for securing and sharing benefits[J]. Water International, 2005,30(4):420-427.
[19] Keskinen M, Guillaume J H A, Kattelus M et al. The water-energy-food nexus and the transboundary context:Insights from large Asian rivers[J]. Water, 2016, 8(5):1-25.
[20] Mcintyre O. Benefit-sharing and upstream/downstream cooperation for ecological protection of transboundary waters:Opportunities for China as an upstream state[J]. Water International,2015, 40(1):48-70.
[21] Sadoff C W, Grey D. Beyond the river:The benefits of cooperation on international rivers[J]. Water Police, 2002,4:389-403.
[22] Rai S P, Sharma N. Benefit sharing approach for the transboundary Brahmaputra river basin in South Asia-A case study[J]. Water&Energy International, 2016, 58(12):56-61.
[23] Arjoon D, Tilmant A, Herrmann M. Sharing water and benefits in transboundary river basins[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences, 2016, 20(6):2135-2150.
[24]陈陆滢,黄德春.国际河流开发项目中初始水权分配模型研究[J].项目管理技术, 2013, 11(12):34-38.[Chen Luying,Huang Dechun. Research on initial water-right allocation model in international river development. Project Management Technology, 2013, 11(12):34-38.]
[25] Kampragou E, Eleftheriadou E, Mylopoulos Y. Implementing equitable water allocation in transboundary catchments:The case of River Nestos/Mesta[J]. Water Resources Management,2007, 21(5):909-918.
[26]冯彦,何大明,杨丽萍.河流健康评价的主评指标筛选[J].地理研究, 2012, 31(3):389-398.[Feng Yan, He Daming, Yang Liping. Selection of major evaluation indicators on river health evaluation. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(3):389-398.]
[27]何大明.澜沧江-湄公河水文特征分析[J].云南地理环境研究, 1995(1):58-74.[He Daming. Analysis of hydrological characteristics in Lancang-Mekong river. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 1995(1):58-74.]
[28]文云冬.澜沧江-湄公河水资源分配问题研究[D].武汉:武汉大学, 2016.[Wen Yundong. A study on the allocation of the water resources of Lancang-Mekong river. Wuhan:Wuhan Unversity, 2016.]
[29]何大明,杨明,冯彦.西南国际河流水资源的合理利用与国际合作研究[J].地理学报, 1999,54(1):29-37.[He Daming, Yang Ming, Feng Yan. Study on reasonable utilization of water resources in international rivers and international region cooperation in southwest China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999,54(1):29-37.]
[30]于洋,韩宇,李栋楠,等.澜沧江-湄公河流域跨境水量-水能-生态互馈关系模拟[J].水利学报,2017,48(6):720-729.[Yu Yang, Han Yu, Li Dongnan et al. Simulation of transboundary water-hydropower-ecology nexus in Lancang-Mekong Basin.SHUILI XUEBAO, 2017,48(6):720-729.]